超短波治疗对急性闭合性颅脑损伤大鼠脑NMDAR1及GAP-43表达的影响

目的探讨超短波治疗对急性闭合性颅脑损伤后神经保护及神经可塑性的影响。方法将54只成年大鼠随机分为超短波治疗组、对照组和正常组,治疗组和对照组又分为伤后1、3、7和14d组,每组6只动物。采用自由落体撞击法制作大鼠急性闭合性颅脑损伤模型。以无热量超短波照射大鼠脑部,用免疫组化方法测定各组大鼠脑N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体1(NMDAR1)和生长相关蛋白(GAP-43)的表达。结果与对照组比较,超短波治疗组NMDAR1免疫阳性细胞数在伤后1d时明显降低(P0.05),伤后3、7、14d时则明显升高(P0.05);GAP-43免疫阳性细胞数在伤后1d时与对照组无明显差异(P0.05),在伤后3、7、14d时则明显升高(P0.05)。结论本研究提示,颅脑损伤后适时的超短波治疗对损伤的脑组织有保护作用,这种保护可能是通过其调节MMDAR1和GAP-43的表达来实现的。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后GAP-43及IGF-1在神经系统中的表达

目的探讨大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后生长相关蛋白-43（GAP-43）和胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）的表达。方法成年健康雄性Wistar大鼠72只，随机分为GAP-43组36只和IGF-1组36只，每组再分为假手术组和缺血1h再灌注2h、6h、12h、24h、48h、3d、7d、14d组，每组4只（n=4）。应用线栓法制备大鼠脑缺血再灌注动物模型，免疫组织化学方法检测GAP-43与IGF-1在神经元中的表达。结果GAP-43组：缺血再灌注2h，皮质区、海马及纹状体区神经元GAP-43呈基础表达，6h后表达逐渐增高，7d达高峰，14d开始降低，较假手术组高（P〈0．05）。IGF-1组：缺血再灌2h IGF-1表达明显增高，24h达高峰，48h恒定表达，14d仍维持高表达，较假手术组高（P〈0．05）。结论GAP-43和IGF-1可能参与促进神经元轴突的再生。     

从Nogo-A-NgR信号通路探讨MCAO大鼠皮脊髓束重塑的启动及复健片干预机制

目的探讨缺血性脑梗死颈髓水平皮质脊髓束重塑的启动机制及复健片的脑外作用靶点。方法制备大脑中动脉闭塞(MACO)大鼠模型。采用免疫组化自由漂片染色法进行颈髓切片BDA染色;横木行走实验(BWT)评估大鼠运动功能; Western blot法检测颈髓GAP-43蛋白表达;免疫荧光法检测颈髓Nogo-A、NgR蛋白表达; RT-qPCR检测颈髓GAP-43 m RNA。结果术后1 w末3组大鼠GAP-43蛋白表达并无差异,但术后2 w末模型组与药物组GAP-43表达及梗死侧阳性CST神经纤维数均高于假手术组;术后1 w、2 w末,较之假手术组,模型组和药物组大鼠Nogo-A、NgR蛋白表达均减少,且BWT评分也有显著改善,其中药物组趋势均更为明显。结论脑梗死后颈髓由于失神经支配自发完成一定程度的皮质脊髓束重塑,而复健片可更大程度地促进CST重塑,从而促进缺损神经功能的恢复。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后GAP-43及IGF-1促进神经元再生表达的实验研究

目的探讨Wistar大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后生长相关蛋白GAP-43抑制神经元凋亡和胰岛素样生长因子-I(IGF-1),促进神经元再生的可塑性表达机制。方法将80只成年健康雄性Wistar大鼠,分为GAP-43组和IGF-1组,每组各40只,并随机分为正常对照组、假手术组和缺血1h再灌注2h、6h、12h、24h、48h、3d、7d、14d组,每组4只(n=4)。应用线栓法制备大鼠脑缺血再灌注动物模型,并采用免疫组织化学方法检测GAP-43与IGF-1在神经元凋亡中的表达情况,并进行图像分析。结果GAP-43组:缺血再灌注2h,海马、皮质区及纹状体区神经元GAP-43呈基础表达,6~48h表达逐渐增高,7d达高峰,14d达最低,P<005。与假手术组比较有显著性差异,P<005。IGF-1组:正常对照组及假手术组在海马区、皮质区及纹状体区IGF-1阳性标记出芽细胞呈基础表达。缺血再灌2hIGF-1表达明显增高,24h达高峰,P<0.05。48h恒定表达。3~14d仍维持高值表达,P<0.05。结论GAP-43与IGF-1参与抑制并促进神经元轴突再生的表达。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区星形胶质细胞与突触可塑性的关系

目的 研究大鼠脑组织缺血再灌注后星形胶质细胞与GAP-43变化的关系.方法 建立局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型.72只大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组,在各时间点处死取脑,应用免疫组化法检测海马CA1区GFAP、GAP-43的表达.结果 不同时间点缺血再灌注组GFAP、GAP-43表达均高于同时期假手术组(P＜0.01);缺血再灌注组GFAP与GAP-43高度相关(P＜0.05).结论 脑缺血再灌注后,海马CA1区星形胶质细胞与GAP-43变化具有高度相关性.     

缺氧预处理对颅脑损伤大鼠脑组织MMP-9表达及含水量的影响

目的观察缺氧预处理对颅脑损伤(TBI)大鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的表达和含水量变化。方法 SD雄性大鼠108只,随机分为对照组(n=6)、缺氧预处理组(HPC组,n=6)、TBI组(n=48)、缺氧预处理+外损组(HPCT组,n=48)。采用干湿重法测定脑组织含水量,RT-q PCR、Western blotting分别测定MMP-9 m RNA及蛋白表达水平。结果 TBI组和HPCT组MMP-9 m RNA在伤后3h、6h、12h、1d、3d明显升高(P0.05),MMP-9蛋白表达和脑组织含水量均在伤后3h、6h、12h、1d、3d、7d明显增加(P0.05)。HPCT组中MMP-9 m RNA在伤后3h、6h、12 h、1d、3d,MMP-9蛋白和脑组织含水量在伤后6h、12h、1d、3d、7 d明显低于TBI组(P0.05)。结论缺氧预处理能抑制颅脑损伤脑组织MMP-9表达从而减轻脑水肿,可能是缺氧预处理对颅脑损伤大鼠发挥脑保护作用的机制之一。     

脑缺血再灌注损伤后GAP-43蛋白的表达和意义

目的 探讨脑缺血再灌注损伤后生长相关蛋白-43（GAP-43）的表达对神经元轴突再生的可塑性变化.方法 成年健康雄性Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为正常对照组、假手术组和缺血1h再灌注2h、6h、12h、24h、48h、3d、7d、14d组,每组各4只（n=4）.应用线栓法制备大鼠脑中动脉闭塞再灌注模型（MCAO）,采用免疫组织化学方法检测GAP-43的表达并观察神经元轴突再生的变化,并进行计算机图像分析.结果 缺血再灌注2h,海马、皮质区及纹状体区GAP-43呈基础表达,6h、12h、24h、48h表达逐渐增高,7d达高峰,P＜0.05,14d达最低表达,P＜0.05.与假手术组比较有显著性差异,P＜0.05.正常对照组无表达.缺血再灌注48h～7d损伤区域神经元轴突呈出芽征,发出突触纤维.结论 脑缺血再灌注损伤后GAP-43呈非特异性表达,并促进神经元的修复和再生.     

安脑丸对实验性脑出血大鼠的保护作用

目的通过观察安脑丸对大鼠脑出血后NF-kBp65、GAP-43、Caspase3表达的影响,探讨安脑丸对脑出血的保护作用机制。方法将190只Sprague-Dawley雄性大鼠随机分为正常组、假手术组、模型组、安脑丸组,后三组组内又随机分为术后12 h、1、2、4、7、10 d六个时间点;按Rosenberg法建立脑出血模型,安脑丸组每天上午下午各灌胃1mg/ml安脑丸10 ml/kg1次;采用免疫组化法观察NF-kBp65、GAP-43、Caspase3阳性细胞表达情况及Western blot法检测Caspase3蛋白表达情况。结果安脑丸组NF-kBp65阳性细胞数明显少于模型组(P<0.05);安脑丸组GAP-43阳性细胞数明显多于模型组(P<0.05);同时安脑丸组caspase3阳性细胞数及蛋白表达与模型组比较均明显降低(P<0.05)。结论安脑丸可能通过下调NF-kBp65、Caspase3表达,上调GAP43表达,从而发挥对脑出血的保护作用。     

匹罗卡品致疒间大鼠海马GAP-43与TrkB基因表达及其意义

目的探讨生长相关蛋白(GAP-43)和脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)受体TrkB基因在匹罗卡品致疒间大鼠海马的表达及其意义.方法应用原位杂交组织化学方法研究匹罗卡品(PILO)致疒间大鼠海马GAP-43及TrkB mRNA表达的变化.结果匹罗卡品致癫疒间持续状态后3～6小时,海马齿状回颗粒细胞、CA3区及CA1区锥体细胞层TrkB mRNA表达显著高于对照组(P<0.01或0.05);在慢性期第7～30天,呈现第2次表达增强.致疒间后6～12小时,正常状态下并不表达GAP-43的大鼠海马颗粒细胞其GAP-43 mRNA表达较对照组显著增高(P<0.01),24小时～7天表达减少,在癫疒间慢性期表达再次高于对照组.结论 GAP-43及TrkB是颞叶癫疒间病理基础--海马苔藓纤维出芽的重要分子机制;BDNF对苔藓纤维的作用部分是通过GAP-43实现的.     

环维黄杨星D对高血压大鼠脑缺血GAP-43 mRNA表达与细胞损伤的影响

目的观察中药单体环维黄杨星D(CVB-D)对易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠(RHRSP)脑缺血再灌注不同时间脑组织生长相关蛋白-43(GAP-43)mRNA表达与细胞超微结构损伤的影响。方法采用环形银夹使SD大鼠的双侧肾动脉狭窄,制成RHRSP,再用线栓法制成一侧大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型。用原位杂交等方法观察CVB-D对脑缺血2h后复流1d、7d、14d、30d不同时间点大鼠脑组织GAP-43mRNA表达、水含量、梗死面积百分率、行为学评分及细胞超微结构的干预作用。结果脑缺血2h复流后1d缺血区周围及海马可见GAP-43mRNA表达,7d明显增多至高峰,14d开始下降,30d时则明显减少,CVB-D治疗组在上述区域各时间点较对照组显著增加。脑缺血再灌注7d后,治疗组较对照组大鼠脑水含量及梗死面积显著降低,受损脑组织神经元和血管壁的超微结构亦明显改善。结论CVB-D对RHRSP缺血性脑细胞损伤有一定保护作用,其促进轴突的再生可能与上调脑组织GAP-43mRNA表达有关。     

Cavernous nerve injury elicits GAP-43 mRNA expression but not regeneration of injured pelvic ganglion neurons

Recovery of erectile dysfunction after cavernous nerve injury takes a long period. To elucidate this mechanism, unilateral cavernous nerve of male rat was cut, and the expression level of a nerve regeneration marker, the growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) mRNA was evaluated by in situ hybridization and RT-PCR. While GAP-43 mRNA expression was transiently increased in the injured neurons of the major pelvic ganglion (MPG) at 7 days after nerve injury, continuous increase of GAP-43 mRNA was observed in the contralateral MPG from 7 days to 6 months after the nerve injury. Histochemical double-labeling studies for either neuronal NOS (nNOS) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the GAP-43 mRNA expression demonstrated that in injured MPG the transient up-regulation of GAP-43 mRNA was mainly seen in nNOS negative and/or TH positive neurons, suggesting non-parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons, and also demonstrated that in contralateral MPG GAP-43 mRNA positive neurons were gradually increased in nNOS positive but TH negative neurons, suggesting parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons. When a retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG) was injected into the penile crus 7 days before histological experiments, FG-positive neurons were, if any, hardly seen in nNOS-positive neurons of the injured MPG for at least 6 months, whereas numerous FG-positive cells were seen in nNOS-positive neurons of the contralateral MPG. These results suggest that post-ganglionic projecting neurons of the intact side, which express increased GAP-43 mRNA, would be most likely to contribute to the recovery of the erectile function after unilateral cavernous nerve injury possibly by a plastic change such as nerve sprouting.     

缝隙连接蛋白Cx43在爆炸伤兔脑组织中的表达

目的研究缝隙连接蛋白Cx43在爆炸伤脑组织中的表达。方法新西兰大白兔80只,随机分为对照组(n=10)和颅脑损伤组(n=70)。颅脑损伤组采用纸雷管制作兔颅脑爆炸伤模型,对照组不行爆炸致伤。颅脑损伤组根据处死时间再分为伤后即刻、6h、12h、24h、3d、7d、14d等7组,每组10只。采用苏木精-伊红染色、免疫组化法及Western-blot法观察各组兔脑组织病理变化及Cx43在皮质的表达。结果颅脑损伤组内各时间点Cx43表达差异显著(P0.01),随时间推移,Cx43表达逐渐增加,伤后6h即可见表达增强,3d达到高峰,14d基本正常。颅脑损伤组各时间点Cx43表达均高于对照组(P0.01)。结论颅脑损伤后Cx43表达逐渐增加,其变化规律与颅脑损伤进展的时间框架相吻合,提示Cx43参与颅脑损伤的病理形成过程,在颅脑损伤早期发挥协同杀伤效应,加重继发性脑损害。     

Cell body response to injury in motoneurons and primary sensory neurons of a mutant mouse,ola (Wld), in which wallerian degeneration is delayed

We examined the response to axon injury in the facial motoneurons and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of C57BL/Ola (Wld) mice, compared with the responses of C57BL/6J mice. The peripheral nerves of Ola mutants undergo remarkably slowed and muted Wallerian degeneration after injury. The increase in GAP-43 mRNA levels in facial motoneurons and DRG neurons was similar in both strains of mice, as was the initial decrease in medium-weight neurofilament (NFM) mRNA in facial motoneurons, and the increase in JUN immunoreactivity in both types of neurons. However, the subsequent recovery to normal low levels of JUN and GAP-43 mRNA expression and high levels of NFM mRNA was delayed in Ola motoneurons. We ascribe this delay to the slow regeneration and target reinnervation of facial axons in the Ola mice. These results show that absence of rapid Wallerian degeneration does not affect the initial cell body response to axonal injury. They also provide further evidence that restoration of normal levels of expression of GAP-43 and NFM mRNAs is dependent on target reinnervation and/or trophic factors provided by the distal nerve, Impaired regeneration in the Ola mouse does not seem to be a consequence of a defective cell body response to injury, and our results illustrate the general principle that, even if there is a vigorous cell body response to injury, normal axonal regeneration requires the additional provision of a favorable environment for growth. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

实时定量RT-PCR法检测健侧C7神经移位前后神经生长相关蛋白43的变化**★

背景：已有研究证实，周围神经损伤后大脑皮质会出现功能可塑性变化；神经生长相关蛋白43在发育中神经系统的表达特征提示，它与神经发育中突起延伸和突触形成有关，参与突触重建过程。 目的：实时定量RT-PCR方法检测实验动物健侧颈7神经根移位前后，不同阶段相应大脑皮质组织神经生长相关蛋白 mRNA 的相对表达量及动态变化,探讨周围神经修复与中枢神经可塑性的关系。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验，于2007-09/2008-12在上海市周围神经重点实验室和复旦大学实验动物科学部完成。 材料：成年SD大鼠108只，分为臂丛损伤未修复组(n＝48)、臂丛损伤修复组(n＝48)及对照组(n＝12)。 方法：大鼠左侧为实验侧，臂丛损伤未修复组在大鼠左侧取锁骨下横形切口，找到臂丛各神经根并造成全臂丛根性撕脱伤。臂丛损伤修复组同法将大鼠全臂丛神经根性撕脱后，取右侧锁骨下切口，显露健侧颈C7神经根备用；取左侧前臂尺神经通过皮下隧道桥接健侧颈7神经根与正中神经端端吻合。对照组为成年雌性正常大鼠，不进行任何处理。 主要观察指标：于术后1 d，3 d，1周，2周，1个月，3个月，6个月，10个月共8个时段及对照组取材，采用SYBR GreenⅠ实时定量RT-PCR法检测健侧颈7神经根移位术前后对侧(右侧)大脑前肢投射区域皮质组织生长相关蛋白43 mRNA相对表达量及动态变化。 结果：臂丛损伤未修复组对侧(右侧)大脑前肢投射区域皮质组织生长相关蛋白43 mRNA的相对表达量变化规律为术后第1天开始升高，第3天达到高峰，然后逐渐降低。术后1 d，3 d和1周与对照组比较差异具有显著性意义 (P < 0.05，P < 0.01)。臂丛损伤修复组对侧(右侧)大脑前肢投射区域皮质组织生长相关蛋白43 mRNA的相对表达量变化规律为术后第1天开始升高，第3天达到高峰，然后逐渐降低，至术后3个月再次升高，6个月达到高峰，然后逐渐降低。术后1 d，3 d，1周和6个月与对照组比较差异具有显著性意义(P < 0.05，P < 0.01)。 结论：臂丛损伤健侧颈7移位术前后相应大脑皮质生长相关蛋白表达变化与临床现象一致，提示生长相关蛋白在大脑皮质及突触可塑性方面发挥作用。     

Pathological changes in the retina and growth associated protein-43 expression following treatment of intracanalicular optic nerve injury via optic canal decompression, dexamethasone or their combination

BACKGROUND: The main clinical treatments for optic nerve injury are optic canal decompression and systemic administration of hormones, but both treatments have disadvantages. OBJECTIVE: To observe the pathological changes in the retina and growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) expression, to compare the treatment of optic canal decompression, hormones, and their combination with the intracanalicular optic nerve injury.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A randomized, controlled animal study was performed at the Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, China, from September 2007 to November 2008.MATERIALS: Dexamethasone (Shandong Huaxin Pharmaceutical, China) and rabbit anti-GAP-43 polyclonal antibody (Boster, China) were used.METHODS: All 36 healthy adult rabbits were randomly assigned to control group (n = 4), simple injury group (n = 20), and treatment group (n = 12). Intracanalicular optic nerve injury models were established using the metal cylinder free-fall impact method. The control group was left intact. The treatment group (four rabbits in each subgroup) was treated by optic nerve decompression, dexamethasone treatment (1 mg/kg daily via two intravenous infusions, 1/5 total dose reduction every 3 days, for 14 days), and simultaneously giving surgery and hormone treatment.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pathological changes in the retina were determined using hematoxylin-eosin staining. GAP-43 expression was detected using immunohistochemistry in the retina.RESULTS: Retina injury induced obvious pathological changes in the retina. With prolonged time after optic nerve injury, the number of retinal ganglion cells was gradually decreased, and reached the minimum on day 14 (P＜0.01). All three treatments increased the number of retinal ganglion cells (P＜0.01), but surgery + hormone treatment was most effective. No GAP-43 cells were present in the normal retinal, but they appeared 3 days after injury, peaked 7 days after injury, and then began to decline.CONCLUSION: Intracanalicular optic nerve injury induced obvious pathological changes in the retina, including increased GAP-43 expression. Optic canal decompression and hormones improved nerve repair after injury, and their combination produced better outcomes.     

新生小鼠缺血缺氧性脑损伤中TLR4-TRIF信号通路的表达

目的 建立新生小鼠缺血缺氧模型,探讨TLR4-TRIF信号通路中TLR4、IRF3的表达.方法 将60只7日龄C57BL/6小鼠分为假手术组、缺血缺氧1 d、2 d、3 d、4 d、7 d、建立新生小鼠缺血缺氧性脑病模型,比较鼠脑左右半球的质量,确定模型是否建立成功.以逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT -PCR）检测大脑皮质和海马中TLR4 mRNA、IRF3m RNA的表达.结果 缺血缺氧1 d组右侧的脑质量明显重于左侧,说明缺氧缺血1 d后,右脑水肿明显.缺氧缺血组的TLR4m RNA、IRF3m RNA的表达水平均明显高于假手术组.结论 脑缺氧缺血损伤可激活TLR4,引起IRF3表达量增加.     

硫氧还蛋白还原酶 TrxR2在颅脑损伤大鼠皮质的表达变化

目的：探究硫氧还蛋白还原酶2（TrxR2）在颅脑损伤大鼠皮质的动态表达变化。方法54只雄性 SD 大鼠,随机分为正常对照组（n =6）和颅脑损伤组（n =48）。颅脑损伤组采用改良的 Freeny＆#39;s 自由落体装置制作颅脑损伤大鼠模型,正常对照组不做处理。伤后1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、3 d、7 d、14 d,采用实时荧光定量 PCR （quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR）和Western blot 检测挫伤区周围皮质 TrxR2 mRNA 和蛋白的表达变化情况。结果 qRT-PCR 结果显示：皮质中 TrxR2 mRNA 颅脑损伤后1 h 表达增加,24 h 达到高峰,7 d 恢复正常;颅脑损伤组伤后1 h~3 d 各时间点 TrxR2 mRNA 表达明显高于正常对照组（均 P ＜0.05）。Western blot 检测显示：TrxR2蛋白在颅脑损伤后1 h 表达增加,24 h 达到高峰,14 d 恢复正常;颅脑损伤组1 h~7 d 各时间点 TrxR2蛋白表达高于正常对照组（均 P ＜0.05）。结论颅脑损伤后 TrxR2表达增多,提示 TrxR2作为一种急性应激反应蛋白参与颅脑损伤早期抗氧化应激反应。