中国版脑外伤意识清醒期简明国际功能、残疾和健康分类核心要素的初步研究

目的:初步确定中国版脑外伤意识清醒期简明国际功能、残疾和健康分类(ICF)的核心要素。方法:选取100例脑外伤意识清醒期患者。1临床调查结果:采用调查问卷记录患者信息,统计每一个分类项目的频率,将频率≥30%的ICF分类项目提取形成临床调查结果;2专家调查结果:将包含139项ICF二级分类项目的调查表发给47位专家进行调查,要求专家选取认为与脑外伤患者相关性较强的100项,设定专家调查取舍点为50%,即将半数以上专家选择的,认为与脑外伤患者非常相关的分类项目保留作为专家调查结果;3取临床调查结果和专家调查结果的交集;4将该结果与通用版ICF项目进行整合,作为最终的结果。结果:最终确定的中国版脑外伤意识清醒期简明ICF核心要素共29项,其中身体功能分类10项,身体结构分类1项,活动和参与分类10项,环境因素分类8项。结论:通过本研究初步确定了中国版脑外伤意识清醒期简明ICF核心要素的组成。     

针对脑卒中的ICF核心分类模板

目的通过循证和专家讨论研究法建立第一版针对脑卒中的一套综合ICF核心分类模板和与之相应的简明ICF核心分类模板。方法来自于不同国家和地区的国际专家从初步研究中搜集证据，结合这些证据进行正式的决策并最终达成共识。初步研究包括Delphi研究方法、对ICF分类的系统评价以及实证数据的收集。结果来自12个不同日家的39位专家出席会议并达成共识。专家初步研究决定在ICF分类的第二、第三和第四级水平上针列脑卒中确定一套448个类目的ICF核心分类摸板，其中193项类目属于身体功能，26项属于身体结构，165项属于活动和参与，64项属于环境因素。综合性ICF核心分类模板包括在ICF分类第二级水平上的130个类目，其中41项属于“身体功能”，5项属于“身体结构”，51项属于“活动和参与”，33项属于“环境因素”。简明型ICF核心分类模板包括在ICF分类第二级水平上的18个类日，其中6项属于身体功能，2项属于身体结构，7项属于活动参与，以及3项属于环境因素。结论专家组通过整合研究过程中的证据，以及专家们基于ICF框架和分类的观点达成正式的共识，并确定针对“脑卒中”的ICF核心分类模板，同时界定综合型ICF核心分类模板和简要型ICF核心分类模板。     

中国版脑卒中简明ICF核心要素量表的信度与效度研究

目的:检验中国版脑卒中简明ICF核心要素量表的信度与效度.方法:30例连续住院的脑卒中患者,按照中国版脑卒中简明ICF核心要素量表、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)和Barthel指数(BI)的评分规则进行评定.效度研究采用结构效度和校标效度的方法,信度研究采用重测信度、评测者问信度和内部一致性的分析方法.重测信度和评测者问的信度检验用Kappa相关;内容一致性检验用Cronbach a值分析;校标效度用Spearman相关,判断中国腑卒中简明ICF核心要素量表与美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)和Barthel指数(BI)的相关性.结果:中国版脑卒中简明ICF核心要素量表的四个成分中,身体功能、身体结构以及活动和参与成分的Kappa系数均在0.82-1.00之间,具有良好重测信度和评定者问信度.环境因素的Kappa系数稍低,在0.614-0.984之间,具有充分重测信度和评定者间信度.身体功能、活动和参与和环境因素三个成分都有很好的内容一致性,a值在0.779-0.970之间,身体结构成分因只有一个类目,不能计算a值.身体功能和活动和参与成分与BI和NIHSS间存在共同效度(r＞0.7).结论:采用中国版脑卒中简明ICF核心要素量表评定脑卒中患者的功能是可靠的、有效的,但这一结果的普适性尚需进一步检验.     

中国（武汉）地区应用慢性缺血性心脏病的ICF核心功能组合的研究

目的：研究适应中国（武汉）地区慢性缺血性心脏病（CHID）患者的简明国际功能、残疾与健康分类（ICF）的核心功能组合类目,使其能广泛应用于临床医疗实践、为CIHD患者健康状况的测量提供可靠的依据。方法：使用CIHD的ICF调查表同时对58例CIHD患者和32名心血管以及康复专家做面访或电邮调查,统计CIHD患者出现明显问题的频率和专家一致认为有显著意义的类目的频率。结果：得到患者阳性率≥30％的ICF类目30个,专家组意见显著性≥50％的ICF类目22个,合计得到具有显著性意义的ICF核心功能组合类目共有37个,其中身体功能13个,身体结构2个,活动与参与8个,环境因素14个。结论：本次研究所得的简明核心功能组合类目与已报道的简明ICF核心功能组合类目相比一致性较好,地域、调查对象等因素的影响也能对少数有差别的类目进行很好的解释,尚有部分类目确定有待更大样本的再次检验。     

中国版简明版糖尿病《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》核心要素的初步探讨

目的:初步确定中国版简明版糖尿病《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》(ICF)核心要素。方法:选取50例糖尿病患者。采用两种调查问卷记录患者信息,按ICF限定值评定患者每一分类项目的严重程度,统计每一个分类项目的频率,将频率≥30%的ICF分类项目提取形成初步临床调查结果,将这些分类项目整合成专家调查问卷发给13位康复专家和12位内分泌专家,本研究设定的专家调查取舍点为50%,即将半数以上专家认为与糖尿病患者非常相关的分类项目保留作为最终结果。结果:最终确定的中国版简明版糖尿病ICF核心要素共51项,其中2级分类43项,3级分类8项。身体功能分类28项,身体结构分类4项,活动和参与分类5项,环境因素分类14项。结论:通过本研究初步确定了中国版简明版糖尿病ICF核心要素。     

中国版简明版脑血管病急性期国际功能、残疾和健康分类核心要素的初步研究

摘要 目的：初步确定中国版简明版脑血管病急性期国际功能、残疾和健康分类（ICF）的核心要素。 方法：选取30例脑血管病患者。采用调查问卷记录患者信息,统计每一个分类项目的频率,将频率≥30%的ICF分类项目提取形成临床调查结果,将包含166项ICF二级分类项目的调查表发给15位专家进行专家调查,本研究设定的专家调查取舍点为50%,即将半数以上专家认为与脑血管病患者非常相关的分类项目保留作为专家调查结果,取临床调查结果和专家调查结果的交集作为最终的结果。 结果：最终确定的中国版简明版脑血管病急性期ICF核心要素共44项,其中身体功能分类21项,身体结构分类2项,活动和参与分类11项,环境因素分类10项。 结论：通过本研究初步确定了中国版简明版脑血管病急性期ICF核心要素。     

终末期肾病血液透析《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》核心组合的初步研究

目的:初步探讨我国终末期肾病血液透析ICF核心组合及简要版的内容.方法:参考国外相关文献及WHO的ICF checklist,制成两种调查问卷.一种是由医务人员填写的专用病历记录表和个案记录表.对入组的100名患者进行调查.使用描述性统计方法确定每一ICF条目的频率,其中有功能障碍的频率之和≥30％的条目作为终末期肾病...     

中国版脑卒中简明ICF核心要素量表在康复中的应用

目的探讨国际中文版脑卒中简明《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》(ICF)核心要素量表在脑卒中康复评定中的应用。方法180 例脑卒中患者接受规范康复2 个月。于治疗前、治疗结束时及治疗后6 个月,采用中国版脑卒中简明ICF 核心要素量表、Barthel 指数(BI)、功能综合评定量表(FCA)、世界卫生组织残疾评定量表(WHODASⅡ)进行评定。结果BI、FCA、WHODASⅡ评分与ICF核心量表总分及各成份分相关(P<0.05)。结论ICF核心量表是一种有效的脑卒中患者功能评定工具。     

中文版下背痛简明ICF核心要素及其效度与信度的初步研究

目的探讨中文版下背痛简明“国际功能、残疾和健康分类”（ICF）核心要素的组成，并检验其应用于下背痛患者的信度和效度。 方法参照国外ICF核心要素量表制定中文版下背痛简明ICF核心要素量表并应用于下背痛患者，确定该量表所包括的条目。同时采用中文版Oswestry功能障碍指数（ODI）和Roland-Morris功能障碍调查表（RMDQ），并结合患者自我报告、临床记录、医学检查等方法，对60例下背痛患者进行综合测评。将下背痛患者的简明ICF核心要素与中文版Oswestry功能障碍指数以及Roland-Morris功能障碍调查表评分进行相关性分析，2 d后重复测评ICF核心要素，评估其重测信度。 结果简明ICF核心要素量表的有效性测评结果显示其与ODI、RMDQ有显著相关性；ICF核心要素量表具有良好的可重复性。 结论下背痛简明ICF核心要素量表具有良好的信度和效度，且其评定指标较ODI和RMDQ更全面。     

汉语失语症国际功能、残疾和健康分类核心类目初探

目的:初步确定汉语失语症国际功能、残疾和健康分类(ICF)核心类目.方法:参考国外相关文献,选取66个失语症相关ICF类目,根据每个类目设计相关问题并将所有问题制成问卷.由研究人员根据该问卷对50例脑卒中后失语症患者进行定性访谈,将超过30％失语症患者认为对自己有影响的类目制成核心类目Ⅰ.向35名康复科卫生工作人员发送...     

Stroke-related knowledge and health behaviors among poststroke patients in inpatient rehabilitation

OBJECTIVE: To measure stroke knowledge and prestroke personal health behaviors of stroke patients undergoing inpatient rehabilitation and their caregivers. DESIGN: Prospective cohort. SETTING: Academic rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 130 stroke patients and 85 caregivers interviewed after ischemic stroke. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The Stroke Education Assessment measured stroke knowledge and prestroke personal health behaviors. RESULTS: Large deficiencies in patient and caregiver stroke knowledge were found. Fifty-two percent of patients could not name any stroke risk factors, 52% were unable to name a stroke warning sign, and 35% were unable to identify appropriate actions to take in a stroke emergency. Older patients were less knowledgeable than younger patients. Caregivers were more knowledgeable than patients. Regarding prestroke personal health behaviors, 28% of patients reported medication nonadherence, 26% did not see their primary care physician in the preceding year, and less than 40% of patients with diabetes or hypertension reported diets consistent with these diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke patients participating in inpatient rehabilitation and their caregivers have large gaps in stroke knowledge and have suboptimal personal health behaviors, thereby putting patients at high risk for recurrent stroke. Our finding highlights the need to develop stroke-education programs for rehabilitating patients that are effective in closing these gaps in knowledge and personal health behaviors.     

Hospital presentation after stroke in a community sample: the Mobile Stroke Project

BACKGROUND: Existing data regarding time between stroke and presentation for treatment are largely derived from hospital-based or multicenter databases and may not accurately reflect presentation patterns for most hospitalized stroke patients. METHODS: We evaluated a consecutive series of all hospitalized patients in Mobile County, Alabama. RESULTS: We identified 1,010 hospitalized stroke patients. Of all patients with out-of-hospital stroke, 42% came to a hospital within 3 hours of symptom onset. There were no statistically significant interhospital differences. Being asleep at the time of stroke or being transported by family or friends significantly increased the likelihood of late arrival. CONCLUSIONS: A minority of stroke patients arrive at a hospital early enough to qualify for acute intervention. Until development of acute therapies with longer therapeutic windows or more robust therapeutic benefit than tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), effective stroke prevention strategies will exert a greater influence on stroke incidence and morbidity.     

社区脑卒中患者居家状况调查

目的：了解社区脑卒中患者居家状况，提出相应的脑卒中患者家庭康复的对策，为开展社区服务工作提供依据。方法：选定包头市6个社区中218例脑卒中患者及其主要照顾者进行人户问卷调查。结果：被调查的患者有多种功能障碍；负性情绪存在较为普遍；多数患者未行康复训练和其家庭未根据患者的具体情况对家庭设施进行相应改造。结论：脑卒中患者的居家状况存在问题较多，亟待得到合适的整体家庭康复服务。     

What do nurses and therapists think about the positioning of stroke patients?

BACKGROUND: At present, there are a number of different positioning strategies for stroke patients, but these are mainly based on clinical experience rather than research. Prior to developing a study to evaluate the effect of positioning on outcome after stroke, it was important to establish if nurses in our hospital had given much thought to the positioning of stroke patients. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to explore whether nurses working on the stroke unit at a Scottish teaching hospital held different views on the positioning of conscious and unconscious stroke patients to nurses working on other wards with stroke patients and therapists. METHODS: Questionnaires on various aspects of patient positioning were sent to 150 nurses and 25 therapists working in five specialities where stroke patients are cared for in a large teaching hospital. FINDINGS: Overall, the majority of nurses and therapists (74%) believed that the best position for conscious stroke patients was sitting in a chair. Also, 80% of them believed that the best position for unconscious stroke patients was lying on the nonparetic side. There was less of a consensus between nurses and therapists working in the five specialities as to whether it was appropriate for conscious or unconscious stroke patients to lie on their paretic side, lie supine or sit propped-up in bed in either a 30 or 70 degrees angle. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of consensus between nurses working in the five specialities is probably because at present there is little research to guide nursing practices for the positioning of stroke patients. Therefore, research to confirm which positions improves or hinders outcome after stroke is essential. Indeed, positioning is a simple inexpensive strategy, which could have a substantial public health impact, as stroke is so common.     

Executive function deficits in acute stroke

OBJECTIVES: To establish the frequency of executive dysfunction during acute hospitalization for stroke and to examine the relationship of that dysfunction to stroke severity and premorbid characteristics. DESIGN: Inception cohort study. SETTING: Inpatient wards at a Veterans Affairs hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive sample of inpatients with radiologically or neurologically confirmed stroke. Final sample included 47 patients screened for aphasia and capable of neuropsychologic testing. Two nonstroke inpatient control samples (n=10 each) with either transient ischemic attack (TIA) or multiple stroke risk factors were administered the same research procedure and tests. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Composite cognitive impairment ratio (CIR), calculated from 8 scores indicative of executive function on 6 neuropsychologic tests by dividing number of tests completed into the number of scores falling below cutoff point, defined as 1.5 standard deviations below normative population mean. RESULTS: Stroke patients had a mean CIR of .61, compared with .48 for TIAs and .44 for stroke-risk-only. Analysis of variance revealed that CIRs of stroke-risk-only patients but not TIAs were lower than those of the stroke patients (P=.02). Impairment frequencies were at least 50% for stroke patients on most test scores. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (75% impairment) and a design fluency measure distinguished stroke from nonstroke patients. CIR was not related to stroke severity in the stroke patient sample, but was related to estimated premorbid intelligence. CONCLUSIONS: Executive function deficits are common in stroke patients. The data suggest that limitations in information processing due to these deficits may require environmental and procedural accommodations to increase rehabilitation benefit.     

影响脑卒中患者临床预后因素的研究

目的：寻找影响急性脑卒中患者临床预后的主要因素。方法：选择了17个可能对急性脑卒中患者临床预后有影响的因素。以发病后2月末Barthel's日常生活活动指数（BI）和发病后2月末与入院72小时内减少神经功能缺损评分（MFSSS）百分数为标准,进行前瞻性,单因素和多因素联合分析的研究。结果：对106例急性脑卒中患者的研究表明,影响脑卒中患者临床预后的主要因素有：入院MFSSS、年龄、院外延误时间、卒中部位、并发症、占位效应。结论：减少院外延误,预防和治疗并发症,入院MFSSS、年龄、院外延误时间、卒中部位、并发症、占位效应。结论：减少院外延误,预防和治疗并发症。重视对高龄,入院MFSSS积分较高,有占位效应的急性脑卒中患者的处理。对增进预后非常重要。     

脑卒中病人心理韧性影响因素分析

[目的]了解脑卒中病人的心理韧性水平及影响因素,为提供个性化护理提供依据,提高病人的逆境适应水平,促进病人康复。[方法]对106例脑卒中病人的一般资料、CD-RISC中文版量表、社会支持评定量表进行问卷调查。[结果]脑卒中病人心理韧性水平得分处于较低水平,偏瘫严重程度是脑卒中病人心理韧性的主要影响因素。[结论]对脑卒中病人实施护理干预时,应针对病人偏瘫情况制订康复计划,给予病人应对偏瘫方式上的指导,从而帮助病人更好地从逆境中成长。     

Stroke patients ready for discharge from acute care- a multi-dimensional assessment of functions and further care

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe actual functions, performance of activities and needs of further care in patients with stroke in acute care wards at the time the physicians decided that the patients were ready for discharge, in relation to placement after discharge and the motives for the decision. Method: Thus 114 stroke patients in Stockholm County were assessed with the Resident Assessment Instrument, and the motives for further care were reviewed in the patients' case records. Results: The results showed that the oldest, most severely impaired stroke patients had the shortest mean length of stay before the physician considered the patients ready for discharge to nursing homes, where resources for long-term rehabilitation and stroke care vary. Conclusion: It is important to secure continuing adequate care and rehabilitation for elderly severely impaired stroke patients being discharged early from acute care hospitals.     

Cognitive recovery after stroke: a 2-year follow-up

OBJECTIVES: To determine (1) whether long-term improvement of cognitive function takes place after stroke and (2) which clinical factors influence cognitive recovery. DESIGN: Cohort study with patients who were assessed at 2.3 and 27.7 months after stroke. SETTING: Home-based stroke patients. PARTICIPANTS: From a group of 229 stroke patients, 92 were approached to participate. Sixty-five (43 men, 22 women; mean age, 56.4y) agreed, and they were neuropsychologically assessed at 72.2 days after stroke. A group of 33 controls (12 men, 21 women; mean age, 52.4y) was used as a reference sample. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Orientation, memory, attention, visuospatial, visuoconstructive, language, and arithmetic abilities were assessed with an extensive neuropsychologic test battery. RESULTS: Significant improvements across time were noted for all cognitive domains. The biggest improvement was found in the attentional domain; the least, in the memory domain. In addition, a small subset of patients accounted for the significant improvement in all cognitive domains; most patients showed no improvement or declined. Factors influencing recovery were side of the stroke and incidence of lowered consciousness on admission. Patients with right-side brain damage performed better than those with left-side brain damage and showed more improvement over time. Patients with lowered consciousness on admission performed worse than patients without lowered consciousness. No significant effect was found for gender, type of stroke, cortical versus subcortical lesions, having 1 stroke or multiple strokes, or the interval between the stroke and the neuropsychologic assessment. CONCLUSION: There was room for improvement in all cognitive domains, although this improvement was gained by only a small number of patients. Hence, most patients must cope with serious permanent cognitive decline after stroke.     

Paramedic and emergency department care of stroke: baseline data from a citywide performance improvement study.

BACKGROUND: Rapid diagnosis and transport by paramedics and efficient, effective emergency management are essential to improving care of acute stroke patients. OBJECTIVES: To measure the performance of paramedics and emergency departments providing care for patients with suspected acute stroke. METHODS: Two stroke centers and 4 other hospitals where most patients with acute stroke in Houston, Tex, are admitted participated. Hospital and paramedic performance data were collected prospectively on 446 patients with suspected acute stroke transported by paramedics between September 1999 and February 2000. RESULTS: Paramedics had a sensitivity of 66%, specificity of 98%, and overall accuracy of 72% in diagnosing stroke. For patients with suspected stroke, 58.5% arrived in the emergency department within 120 minutes of symptom onset; in confirmed cases, that percentage was 67%. Mean total transport time was 42.2 minutes and was significantly longer (P < .001) to inner-city hospitals (44 minutes) than to suburban, community-based centers (39 minutes). Door to computed tomography times were significantly (P < .001) shorter for the 2 stroke centers than the other hospitals. Overall thrombolysis treatment rate among patients with confirmed ischemic stroke was 7.4% (range, 0-19.4%); treatment rates at the 2 stroke centers were 5.9% and 19.4%. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of patients with suspected stroke arrive at hospitals while thrombolytic treatment is still feasible. Although the current rate for thrombolytic treatment in Houston exceeds the national rate, performance of paramedics and hospitals in treating acute stroke can be improved by increasing efficiency and standardizing medical practices.