胆管内外引流治疗内镜难治性恶性胆道梗阻的对比研究

目的　比较经皮经肝穿刺胆管金属支架内引流术与导管外引流术治疗内镜难治性恶性胆道梗阻的疗效及并发症。方法　回顾性分析 1999年 9月至 2 0 0 2年 8月上海长海医院对内镜难治性恶性胆道梗阻患者施行经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术的资料 ,比较两种引流术前后和引流术间肝功能的差异及并发症。共 2 7例患者 (2 9例次 )入选。其中 ,内引流组 13例 (13例次 ) ,男 9例 ,女 4例 ,平均年龄 6 2 5岁 ;外引流组 15例 (16例次 ) ,男 9例 ,女 6例 ,平均年龄 6 0 8岁。结果　术前 2～ 4d及术后5～ 7d血清总胆红素 (TB)在内引流组分别为 (2 79 19± 10 8 15 ) μmol/L和 (15 8 0 2± 99 97) μmol/L ,外引流组为 (2 6 1 0 9± 10 6 4 8) μmol/L和 (172 81± 10 6 4 8) μmol/L。血清直接胆红素 (DB)内引流组为(2 2 6 83± 84 0 3) μmol/L和 (132 5 7± 80 16 ) μmol/L ,外引流组为 (2 0 8 0 3± 95 0 3) μmol/L和 (14 2 6 1±83 74 ) μmol/L。术前两组间TB和DB差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;术后两组TB和DB均较术前显著降低 (P <0 0 1) ;术后TB和DB降低幅值在内引流组显著高于外引流组 (P <0 0 5 )。内引流组 1例出现胆漏和肠梗阻 ,1例出血 ;外引流组 2例导管移位和脱落 ,1例导管堵塞 ,1例出血 ,1例胆漏     

经ERCP置入胆道金属支架与PTCD治疗老年肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者临床疗效比较

目的观察比较经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)放置胆道金属支架与经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTCD治疗老年肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者的临床效果。方法 2014年10月～2017年10月我院收治的60例老年肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者,30接受PTCD治疗(对照组),另30例接受经ERCP胆道金属支架置入治疗(观察组)。随访1年。结果术后,观察组支架通畅时间为(225.4±52.6) d,显著长于对照组【(156.7±44.2) d,P0.05】,住院时间为(12.3±2.4)d,显著短于对照组【(19.9±4.1) d,P0.05】;观察组血清总胆红素为(110.2±60.1)μmol/L,显著低于对照组【(149.8±64.5)μmol/L,P0.05】,碱性磷酸酶为(216.8±127.6)IU/L,显著低于对照组【(312.9±149.5) I-U/L,P0.05】,谷氨酰转肽酶为(196.5±100.5) IU/L,显著低于对照组【(269.8±121.3) IU/L,P0.05】;观察组并发症发生率为10.0%,显著低于对照组的33.3%(P0.05);1 a生存率为30.0%,显著高于对照组的10.0%(x~2=3.922,P=0.045)。结论老年肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者接受经ERCP胆道金属支架置入治疗能短期降低黄疸,改善患者的肝功能指标,延长生存期。     

经PTCD与ERCP途径胆道金属支架置入治疗恶性胆道梗阻对比研究

背景本文通过对恶性胆道梗阻患者内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograp hy,ERCP)与经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD)两种途径进行胆道金属支架置入治疗,观察两种手术方式对患者肝功能及黄疸的影响,分析两种手术方式临床应用优劣.目的探讨对恶性胆道梗阻患者行ERCP和PTCD途径胆道金属支架置入治疗对肝功能与黄疸的影响.方法回顾性分析2012-06/2017-06天津医科大学第二医院接诊的156例恶性胆道梗阻患者临床资料,按治疗方式不同将其分为两组. ERCP组72例患者行经ERCP途径胆道金属支架置入治疗, PTCD组84例患者经PTCD途径胆道金属支架置入治疗.比较两组肝功能[总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBiL)、谷氨酰转移酶(glutamyl transferase,GGT)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine transaminase, ALT)]、手术成功率、住院时间和费用、黄疸改善情况、生存时间和并发症发生情况.结果术后各时点两组TBiL、GGT、ALP、ALT水平较术前均有明显降低,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);E R C P组和P T C D组手术成功率分别为91.67%(66/72)、95.24%(80/84),差异无统计学意义(P0.05);ERCP组和PTCD组住院时间分别为13.54d±4.01 d、19.11 d±4.33 d,住院费用分别为47940.39元±4638.94元、51347.61元±6123.55元,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05); ERCP组和PTCD组黄疸改善率分别为87.88%(58/66)、90.00%(72/80),差异无统计学意义(P0.05); ERCP组生存时间为11.02 mo±1.23mo,PTCD组生存时间为11.27mo±1.19mo,差异无统计学意义(P0.05); ERCP组总并发症发生率为5.56%(4/72)低于PTCD组的21.43%(18/84),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05).结论经PTCD与ERCP途径胆道金属支架置入均是治疗恶性胆道梗阻患者的有效方式,能改善黄疸、实现胆道引流,对肝功能影响与术后生存时间相似;与PTCD相比, ERCP并发症较低且住院时间和费用较少.     

氩离子治疗术修剪移位胆道金属支架一例

患者男,56岁,有非霍奇金淋巴瘤病史,出现黄疸,经检查为胆道外压性梗阻,曾在我院行经皮经肝胆道引流术(PTCD)并置入10 mm×8 cm胆道金属支架,之后黄疸渐消退,并行R-CHOP方案化疗.4个月后出现黄疸、寒战高热,经实验室检查及腹部超声等检查考虑为梗阻性化脓性胆管炎.入院后行急诊ERCP,内镜下见胆道金属支架位于乳头外约4 cm,支架内充满食物残渣.     

恶性胆道梗阻3种术式预后的回顾性分析

目的回顾分析三种不同姑息性治疗对恶性胆道梗阻的疗效。方法回顾性选取内蒙古医科大学附属医院2017年1月至2018年12月148例恶性胆道梗阻患者,均为超声、CT、MRCP等影像学检查及实验室检查确诊且不能行根治手术的恶性胆道梗阻患者。按照不同引流方式分为三组:经内镜逆行胰胆管引流(ERCP)组(46例);经皮肝穿刺胆管引流(PTCD)组(51例);胆肠吻合组(51例),包括胆总管-空肠Roux-Y吻合术及胆总管十二指肠吻合术。对三种姑息性治疗术后的肝功恢复情况、住院时间、费用、术后并发症及生存期进行比较分析。结果三组病人术后黄疸、上腹不适、尿色加深、纳差等不适症状均有缓解,术后总胆红素及直接胆红素水平与术前相比均较明显降低,具有统计学差异(P均0. 05)。胆肠吻合组住院时间为17 d(中位数),明显高于其他两组,具有统计学差异(P 0. 05)。ERCP组及胆肠吻合组费用分别为36 775. 18元(中位数)、38 293. 59元(中位数),明显高于PTCD组22 061. 27元(中位数),有统计学差异(P 0. 05),而ERCP、胆肠吻合两组之间无差异(P0. 05)。PTCD组胆道感染率高于其余两组,具有统计学差异(P 0. 05),ERCP组及胆肠吻合组之间差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)。三组术后反复胆道感染率及胆道再狭窄率无统计学差异(P 0. 05)。PTCD组生存期短于ERCP组、胆肠吻合组(P 0. 05),ERCP、胆肠吻合组两组间无差异(P 0. 05)。结论三种治疗方式在降胆红素及改善一般情况方面效果相当;住院时间及费用方面ERCP、PTCD优于胆肠吻合术; PTCD术后胆道感染率明显高于ERCP及胆肠吻合术; ERCP生存期长于PTCD。     

PTCD联合胃镜引导经皮胃造瘘内引流治疗梗阻性黄疸

目的观察PTCD（经皮肝穿刺胆管外引流术）联合胃镜引导经皮胃造瘘内引流治疗梗阻性黄疸的效果,探讨其临床意义。方法不能手术治疗的恶性胆道梗阻黄疸患者20例,分为2组,PTCD联合胃造瘘内引流术组（n=10）。PTCD组（n=10）。PTCD联合胃造瘘内引流术组先行PTCD,再胃镜引导经皮胃造瘘术,在腹壁外与PTCD引流管相连接,将外引流出的胆汁回输至十二指肠内。观察患者临床表现、并发症、生存期（月）、生活质量和胆汁引流情况。结果手术全部成功,与PTCD组比较．PTCD联合胃造瘘内引流术组患者胆汁引流管通畅,黄疽明显消退,腹胀、腹痛、腹泻等减轻,进食改善,肝功能明显好转,生活质量明显提高（P〈0．05）。结论PTCD联合胃镜引导经皮胃造瘘内引流是恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸的一种新的治疗方法。安全有效,可作为晚期或不能切除胆管癌的姑息性治疗方法,并为其它姑息性治疗（放疗、化疗）创造条件。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影胆道金属支架置入治疗不可切除肝外胆道恶性梗阻的效果观察

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)胆道金属支架置入对于肝外胆道恶性梗阻的临床疗效及安全性。方法收集2010年1月-2015年12月郑州大学第二附属医院收治的不可切除性肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者40例。根据手术方法不同分为经皮经肝胆管穿刺引流术(PTCD)组和ERCP组各20例。观察2组患者支架通畅期和生存期、术后临床疗效、术后并发症发生情况、术后住院时间等指标。计量资料组间比较采用t检验;计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验或校正的χ2检验。2组支架通畅期和生存期的比较采用Kaplan-Meier法对数秩检验。结果 ERCP组患者的支架通畅期[(225.6±52.5)d vs(156.3±44.5)d]、生存期[(335.6±42.5)d vs(225.5±42.5)d]较PTCD组均明显延长(t值分别为11.45、10.46,P值均<0.05)。ERCP组患者术后发生腹痛(7例)少于PTCD组(10例),差异有统计学意义(35.0%vs 50.0%,χ2=9.45,P<0.05)。ERCP组患者术后严重并发症发生率显著低于PTCD组(10.0%vs 30.0%,χ2=7.49,P<0.05)。与PTCD组相比,ERCP组患者的住院时间更短[(12.4±2.5)d vs(19.8±4.0)d,t=10.67,P<0.05]。结论 ERCP支架置入与PTCD解除胆道恶性梗阻疗效相近,但ERCP术后胆道通畅时间、生存期长,并发症少,住院时间短。因此对于肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者,采用ERCP临床疗效更好,安全性更高。     

ERCP金属支架置入治疗不可切除肝外胆道恶性梗阻的效果分析

目的 研究经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗不可切除肝外胆道恶性梗阻的临床价值.方法 对2015年1月至2019年2月北京市和平里医院152例不可切除肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究.根据手术方式不同分为经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术(PTCD)组与ERCP胆道金属支架置入组(ERCP组),各76例.记录两组患者...     

ERCP放置胆管内支架姑息治疗难以切除的恶性胆管梗阻

目的探讨ERCP放置胆管内支架对难以切除的恶性胆管梗阻的临床治疗效果。方法对54例恶性肿瘤引起的梗阻性黄疸患者,经ERCP将导丝插入胆管并超过梗阻部位,扩张狭窄处,用推送导管将已经选择合适的引流支架置于胆管适当部位,其两端均超过梗阻段2cm以上。结果54例患者中51例插管成功,3例插管不成功的患者中1例乳头开口于憩室内,另2例肿瘤完全阻塞导丝无法通过。成功率为94.44%(51/54)。34例胆管内放置8FZ型自膨胀式金属支架,其余20例行8～10F塑料内支架引流。术后黄疸逐渐消退,皮肤瘙痒等症状消失或减轻。其中39例2周内血清总胆红素下降50%以上,血清总胆红素退至34μmol/L以下。放置胆管内支架1周后,患者血清总胆红素由术前235.45±56.67μmol/L降至78.36±37.58μmol/L,肝功能较术前显著改善(P<0.05,P<0.01)。31例胆总管下段梗阻患者与12例肝门部胆管梗阻患者相比,放置胆管内支架引流治疗1周、2周后,其胆红素下降明显优于肝门部胆管梗阻患者(P<0.01)。34例放置胆管金属支架患者中,有12例于术后2个月发生支架阻塞,再次放置塑料内支架后引流通畅,1例放置金属支架术后患者第10个月出现支架阻塞予以再次植入金属支架。另外20例放置塑料内支架者,有3例于术后1～4周出现血清总胆红素再次上升,经ERCP检查发现支架移位和阻塞,予以更换内支架,其中1例植入塑料双支架。结论经ERCP内镜下胆管放置内支架,对解除恶性胆管梗阻性黄疸、缓解症状、提高患者生存质量具有满意疗效,对胆总管下段梗阻性黄疸的疗效优于肝门部胆管梗阻。     

内镜下胃空肠造瘘联合胆道外引流治疗恶性胆道梗阻

目的观察经皮内镜下胃空肠造瘘术联合经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术治疗恶性胆道梗阻的效果，探讨其临床意义。方法9例恶性胆道梗阻患者，均经其他方法治疗未能解除胆道梗阻。按常规方法先行经皮经肝穿刺胆管外引流术（PTCD），1周后采用牵拉法完成经皮内镜下胃造瘘术（PEG）及经皮内镜下空肠造瘘术（PEJ）。在腹壁外将胃空肠造瘘管与PTCD引流管相连，经空肠造瘘管将外引流出的胆汁回输入空肠。观察所有患者胆汁引流情况、联合治疗前后临床表现、并发症等。结果9例患者手术全部成功，PEG／PEJ用时20～40min，平均35min。所有患者胆汁引流管通畅，黄疸明显消退，腹胀、腹痛、腹泻等减轻，进食改善，肝功能明显好转（P〈0．01），未见有严重并发症。结论PEG／PEJ和PTCD联合应用是完全性恶性胆道梗阻的一种新的治疗选择，安全有效。     

经内镜胆道引流治疗胆道梗阻

目的：进一步提高经内镜胆道引流术的成功率。方法：总结1998年1月至2001年9月对320例胆道梗阻患者行十二指肠镜下各种胆道引流术的经验，其中鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）242例，胆道内置管引流术（ERBD）43例，胆道金属支架术（EMBE）35例。结果：305例得到成功引流，胆道梗阻症状缓解；失败15例。其中ENBD失败10例，经调整鼻胆管位置或重新置管获得成功；ERBD失败3例，2例选用合适长度的支架后引流成功，1例经努力仍未成功改用经皮肝穿刺胆道引流；EM-BE失败2例，其中1例金属支架未超出肿瘤狭窄段，经原金属支架再套入另一金属支架而成功，另1例支架放置1月又出现胆道阻塞，经原金属支架通道再放入塑料支架而恢复通畅引流。结论：经内镜引流治疗胆道梗阻疗效确切，及早分析内镜引流失败原因并采取相应的对策，绝大多数引流失败是可以避免或补救的。     

Early treatment of biliary lithiasis in biliary pancreatitis

Since 1982, 38 consecutive patients with biliary pancreatitis were treated prospectively in order to prevent recurrent migration of gallstones. Removal of the stones was achieved by "early surgery" i. e. within the first week after admission or by endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with severe pancreatitis. Gallstones were visualized by ultrasonography in 31 patients (82 p. 100). Microlithiasis was present in 14 (37 p. 100) and was missed at ultrasonography in 7 patients. According to Ranson's prognostic signs, only 4 patients had 4 or more signs. These 4 patients and 2 additional patients aged more than 85 underwent urgent retrograde cholangiography and endoscopic sphincterotomy. No complications could be attributed to this technique. Among the 4 patients with severe pancreatitis, 3 developed an abscess which required delayed surgery without further complications. The 32 other patients underwent a biliary operation within the first week after admission. Common bile duct calculi were present in 14 patients being discovered by cholangioscopy in 6. One patient died after operation and one was reoperated on for a pseudocyst on day 40. No recurrent attack of pancreatitis was observed in either group. Our study suggests that slightly delayed biliary operation with cholangioscopy during the same hospitalization can be performed safety in patients with mild pancreatitis. In patients with severe attack and/or poor general condition, endoscopic sphincterotomy is a safe technique and deserves wider consideration in the management of severe acute pancreatitis for which delayed drainage of pancreatic necrosis may occasionally be required.     

高位胆道梗阻内镜下选择性胆管插管导丝引导方法探讨

目的探讨导丝引导技术在高位胆道梗阻内镜下选择性胆管插管中的应用价值。方法对344例经ERCP诊治的高位胆道梗阻患者,乳头部胆管插管成功后应用导丝直通法、导管导丝法、乳头切开刀法、导管导丝＋导丝弯曲法、导丝α及反α结袢法、导丝旋转法、导丝直通联合取石球囊法及多孔导向导管法等多种导丝引导方法进行选择性胆管深插管,使其通过胆管狭窄段,进入目标胆管。观察插管效果。结果336例高位胆道梗阻患者顺利完成超选择性目标胆管插管,随后完成相应内镜下治疗,总成功率为97．67％。所有患者在插管过程中无合并胆道出血及穿孔等病例。结论高位胆道梗阻内镜下选择性胆管插管中不同导丝引导方法可以提高微创诊疗成功率、缩短操作时间,减少患者痛苦、降低并发症的发生率。     

The finest branches of the biliary tree might induce biliary vascularization necessary for biliary regeneration

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The finer branches of the biliary tree play an important role in biliary regeneration. They are consistently escorted by microvessels. Defects in the vascularization of these structures could impair bile duct regeneration. Therefore, we investigated the pattern of the escorting microvessels during the development of bile duct loss in the human liver, using chronic rejection as a model. METHODS: The number of interlobular bile ducts, bile ductules and extraportal biliary cells with and without escorting microvessels and the expression of VEGF-A were studied in follow-up biopsies of 12 patients with chronic rejection and 16 control patients with acute rejection without progression to chronic rejection. RESULTS: The controls showed a proliferation of bile ductules at 1-week and 1-month. Proliferation of bile ductules without microvessels preceded proliferation of bile ductules with microvessels. Proliferation of the microvascular compartment followed biliary proliferation. This sequence of events was not observed in the chronic rejection group, in which all biliary structures decreased in time. VEGF-A expression was increased at 1-week and 1-month in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: An immediate proliferative response of the finer branches of the biliary tree followed by proliferation of the microvascular compartment after biliary injury seems to be a prerequisite for bile duct regeneration.     

内镜胆管引流术治疗胆瘘的临床价值

目的　探讨内镜胆管引流术治疗胆瘘的有效性和安全性。方法　回顾性分析2002年11月—2022年11月在解放军总医院第一医学中心诊治的连续性409例胆瘘患者的临床资料，最终纳入53例内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography， ERCP）下行胆管引流术的胆瘘患者，分析患者的一般情况、手术操作情况、治疗结局和不良事件等。将患者分为支架引流组（n=46）与鼻胆管引流组（n=7），比较两组术中特点、手术结果以及手术时间。结果　53例患者中，男36例、女17例，年龄（52.2±12.7）岁，其中58.5%（31/53）的患者继发于胆囊切除术。其临床成功率为83.0%（44/53），手术时间为27.0（13.5，33.5） min，治疗1（1，2） 次，治愈时间89 （47，161） d。ERCP治疗轻度胆瘘相较于重度胆瘘成功率较高［96.4%（27/28）比 68.0% （17/25）， χ2=7.57， P=0.006］。跨瘘口引流相较于非跨瘘口引流治疗胆瘘的成功率更高［91.7% （33/36） 比64.7% （11/17）， χ2=5.95， P=0.015］，而使用较大口径（≥10 Fr）与较小口径（<10 Fr）的支架治疗胆瘘的成功率相近［81.8% （27/33）比84.6%（11/13）， χ2=0.05， P=0.822］。18.9%（10/53）的患者出现不良事件，其中胰腺炎6例、出血2例、胆管炎1例，死亡1例。除1例死亡外，其余9例不良事件均为轻度，且经保守治疗后好转。鼻胆管引流组和胆管支架引流组在临床成功率［6/7比82.6%（38/46）， χ2=0.04，P=0.838］、中位手术时间（28.0 min 比 23.0 min， Z=0.38， P=0.774）方面差异无统计学意义。结论　内镜胆管引流术治疗胆瘘是安全有效的。鼻胆管和胆管支架引流的临床疗效相似，ERCP治疗轻度胆瘘以及跨瘘口引流可能具有更高的临床成功率。     

The effect of biliary decompression on antibiotic biliary excretion

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Raised biliary pressure may affect antibiotic biliary excretion. We evaluated whether biliary decompression for patients with biliary obstruction could improve antibiotic biliary excretion. METHODOLOGY: Eight patients with common bile duct obstruction undergoing endoscopic nasobiliary drainage were evaluated. During endoscopic cannulation, biliary pressure above the obstruction and antibiotic concentrations in the bile and peripheral blood were determined 60 min after the intravenous antibiotic (panipenem) administration. RESULTS: Biliary pressure was initially elevated above normal in all the patients, but normalized after biliary drainage for 5 to 7 days. At the initial endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, the aspirated bile contained low or undetectable levels of the antibiotic, but the mean bile panipenem concentration and the mean bile/plasma ratio of panipenem concentrations significantly improved after biliary decompression. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest an important role of biliary pressure in determining antibiotic transfer into the bile.     

Intrahepatic biliary papilloma morphologically similar to biliary cystadenoma

A 37-year-old man presented complaining of epigastralgia. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed the presence of a papillary tumor (9 mm in diameter) in the cystic lesion (18 mm in diameter) in hepatic segment 4, which was accompanied by mild intrahepatic bile duct dilatation. Although abdominal computed tomography also showed the cystic lesion, it did not show papillary tumors inside the lesion. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography showed the communication between the cystic lesion and the left hepatic duct. In addition, mucus was observed in the common bile duct. When transpapillary intraductal ultrasonography was performed through the left hepatic duct using a fine ultrasonic probe, a hyperechoic papillary and lobulated tumor was clearly shown in the cystic lesion. The wall of the cyst was smooth and there was no sign of tumor infiltration. Based on these findings, biliary cystadenoma was diagnosed and an extended left lobectomy was carried out. However, pathological findings postoperatively revealed that the lesion was a localized biliary papilloma, developing and extending to the intrahepatic duct. This case is rare and there have been no published reports describing a biliary papilloma morphologically similar to biliary cystadenoma.