急性有机磷农药中毒患者机械通气时肺部感染的病原菌研究

目的研究急性有机磷农药中毒伴呼吸衰竭患者在机械通气治疗时医院内肺部感染致病菌的细菌学情况。方法对68例急性有机磷农药中毒伴呼吸衰竭患者在机械通气治疗48h后，采用一次性无菌吸痰管经气管插管采集下呼吸道分泌物，作细菌培养、药敏及定量分析。结果下呼吸道分泌物68份，28份细菌培养阳性。分离菌株73株，革兰阴性杆菌53株，占72，6％，革兰阳性球菌9株，占12．30％；真菌11株。结论急性有机磷农药中毒呼吸衰竭患者机械通气治疗时易并发院内肺部感染。应进行病原学监测，指导抗生素的正确使用，提高抢救成功率。     

患儿全身麻醉气管插管后呼吸道感染病原菌及危险因素分析

目的研究患儿全身麻醉气管插管后呼吸道感染病原菌分布特征及危险因素,为降低感染率提供参考依据。方法分析2014年11月-2015年11月于医院诊治962例全身麻醉气管插管患儿临床资料,调查呼吸道感染率,采用自拟问卷调查表对患儿基本情况进行调查,采用单因素和多因素logistic分析,采集患者痰液标本进行菌种鉴定和药敏试验。结果 962例患儿中40例发生呼吸道感染,感染率4.16%;分离出60株病原菌,其中37株革兰阴性菌占61.67%,18株革兰阳性菌占30.00%,5株真菌占8.33%。结论患儿全身麻醉气管插管后呼吸道感染病原菌分布相对较广,且危险因素较多,应根据危险因素和药敏试验合理选择抗菌药物进行干预、治疗。     

NICU新生儿医院感染特点与病原菌分析

目的探讨新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)医院感染特点并对常见病原菌进行分析,为临床NICU医院感染的预防及治疗提供依据。方法选取医院2013年4月-2015年4月NICU收治的新生儿650例为研究对象,对其中发生医院感染的46例新生儿进行研究,观察其医院感染特点,对新生儿痰液、血液标本进行培养,观察病原菌分布;采用美国BD公司的细菌培养鉴定仪对细菌进行鉴定;采用SPSS17.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果650例新生儿中发生医院感染46例,发生率为7.08%,常见感染部位依次为呼吸道感染、口腔和血液,少数新生儿表现为泌尿道及皮肤感染;46例感染新生儿共分离出病原菌61株,其中革兰阴性菌37株占60.65%,以大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,革兰阳性菌20株占32.79%,以酿脓链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主,真菌4株占6.56%。结论新生儿医院感染率低,主要为呼吸道感染;检出病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,临床医护人员需要严格把控手卫生,掌握机械通气指征,执行无菌操作,避免反复插管,缩短机械通气时间,以预防及控制医院感染的发生。     

全麻气管插管术后患者肺部感染的调查分析

目的 了解全麻气管插管手术后,肺部感染情况,采取控制措施.方法 对2007年1-12月全麻气管插管患者,按设计的调查表格进行登记.结果 调查手术患者2914例,全麻气管插管患者471例,肺部感染95例感染率20.17%;插管时间<24 h感染率5.38%,>24 h感染率41.67%;痰培养革兰阴件菌64株,占5.65%,革兰阳性菌32株,占28.83%,真菌15株,占13.52%.结论 插管时间越长,感染率越高,机械通气是造成感染的重要危险因素;缩短插管时间,减少机械通气,严格消毒火菌隔离管理,是控制感染的重要措施.     

颅脑损伤患者气管切开术后医院感染危险因素分析

目的了解颅脑损伤患者气管切开术后下呼吸道感染特点和危险因素,以便采取有效预防与控制措施。方法对住院颅脑损伤全气管切开术后40例患者进行调查分析,对病原学标本进行细菌培养和药敏试验,调查下呼吸道感染情况,分析其相关危险因素。结果 40例患者中发生医院感染29例次,医院感染例次率为72.5%,以下呼吸道感染占首位(例次感染率82.75%),病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,共35株,占76.1%,其次革兰阳性球菌6株,占13.0%,真菌5株,占10.9%;调查患者均有严重的基础疾病及行气管插管、气管切开、吸痰等治疗,气管切开置管时间越长、住院天数越多、下呼吸道感染率越高,与不合理使用抗菌药物密切相关。结论气管插管、气管切开、气管切开置管时间长、住院天数多、抗菌药物使用不合理等是下呼吸道感染发生的危险因素;加强无菌技术操作,提高患者自身免疫力,缩短置管时间及住院天数,合理应用抗菌药物,可降低医院感染发病率。     

新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原菌分布与耐药性及影响因素分析

目的分析新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)的病原菌分布、耐药性及影响因素,为医院感染预防和控制工作提供研究依据。方法选取2016年4月-2018年3月在河北北方学院附属第一医院接受机械通气治疗的205例新生儿作为研究对象,采用回顾性分析的方法对纳入新生儿的VAP发生率进行观察,采集感染患儿的痰样本进行病原学检查,对其病原菌分布及耐药性进行分析,收集感染患儿与未感染患儿的临床资料,对其感染影响因素进行分析。结果有92例患儿发生VAP,感染率为44.88%,在71例患儿的下呼吸道分泌物或气管插管终端分泌物中检出病原菌,检出率为77.17%,共检出87株病原菌,其中,革兰阴性菌78株占89.66%,革兰阳性菌7株占8.05%,真菌2株占2.30%;革兰阴性菌对头孢噻肟、阿莫西林、头孢唑林、哌拉西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶的耐药率较高,对阿米卡星、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星的耐药率较低;检出11株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended-spectrum beta-lactamase,ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌和17株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,检出率37.93%和62.96%;Logistic多元回归分析结果显示,胎龄、出生体质量、机械通气时间、插管次数为新生儿VAP发生的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论新生儿VAP的病原菌以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌等革兰阴性菌为主,均具有较高的耐药性,VAP发生风险与通气治疗因素和患儿发育因素有关,临床医生应根据其病原菌分布特征和影响因素情况合理制订预防和控制方案。     

重症监护病房人工气道患者下呼吸道感染病原菌及影响因素分析

目的探讨重症监护病房人工气道患者发生下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及影响因素分析。方法选取2014年3月-2016年3月于重症监护病房行人工气道的96例患者,对人工气道采集的痰标本进行细菌培养、分离及鉴定,分析病原菌特点,统计分析患者插管类型、插管留置时间、APACHEⅡ评分、机械通气、声门下分泌物等资料进行单因素分析,根据单因素分析结果进行多因素Logistic分析。结果 96例重症监护病房行人工气道的患者中,有39例发生下呼吸道感染,感染发生率为40.6%;39例下呼吸道感染患者中共培养出病原菌103株,其中革兰阳性菌20株占19.4%、革兰阴性菌71株占68.9%、真菌12株占11.7%;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,经气管插管后气管切开、插管留置时间7天、使用机械通气、APACHEⅡ评分17分、未采用声门下分泌物吸引及口腔护理3次/天是人工气道患者发生下呼吸道感染的影响因素。结论重症监护病房患者行人工气道后导致下呼吸道感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主;插管留置时间、插管类型、是否机械通气等多种因素都与人工气道下呼吸道感染密切相关,需采取有效的干预措施以减少感染的发生。     

新生儿气管插管后呼吸道感染影响因素及与TLR4基因的关联

目的 探讨新生儿气管插管后呼吸道感染的病原菌特点、高危因素,并分析感染与Toll样受体4(TLR4)基因表达的关联。方法 选取2016年1月-2020年12月嘉兴市妇幼保健院收治的581例行气管插管机械通气的新生儿。根据是否发生呼吸道感染,分为感染组116例与未感染组465例。病原菌培养及鉴定,收集临床资料,单因素和多因素分析新生儿气管插管后呼吸道感染的危险因素,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qPCR)检测TLR4 mRNA表达水平以及TLR4-2381 A/G位点的基因分型。结果 116例呼吸道感染新生儿送检标本中共检出病原菌126株,革兰阴性菌109株占比86.51%,革兰阳性菌11株占比8.73%,真菌6株占比4.76%。极低出生体质量儿、气管插管时间>7 d、气管插管内吸痰>1/d、肺不张、血清白蛋白<30 g/L是新生儿气管插管后呼吸道感染的危险因素(P<0.05)。感染组TLR4 mRNA表达水平高于未感染组(P<0.05)。感染组TLR4-2381 A/G位点的AA基因型频率低于未感染组(P<0.05)。结论 新生儿气管插管后呼吸道感...     

气管插管全麻患者术后医院感染病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的探讨气管插管全麻患者术后医院感染常见病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床预防和治疗医院感染提供依据。方法选取医院2015年1-6月收治的需要行气管插管全麻患者160例进行回顾性研究,观察患者术后医院感染率、感染病原菌分布以及耐药性;采用SPSS17.0软件进行统计分析。结果 160例患者医院感染33例,感染率为20.63%,以呼吸道感染为主占42.43%;33例感染患者共分离出41株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌26株占63.41%,以大肠埃希菌为主占26.83%,革兰阳性菌12株占29.27%,以表皮葡萄球菌为主占12.20%,真菌3株占7.32%;革兰阴性菌对青霉素耐药率为100.00%,以亚胺培南敏感性最高;革兰阳性菌对呋喃妥因、克林霉素、替考拉宁以及万古霉素敏感达100.00%,对青霉素耐药率达100.00%。结论气管插管全麻术后医院感染率较高,临床医师在操作时需要严格控制相关危险因素,对已发生感染患者及时进行细菌培养与耐药性分析,做到更好的控制和预防。     

新生儿机械通气并发下呼吸道感染调查研究

目的探讨新生儿机械通气并发下呼吸道感染的主要临床因素及病原菌感染特征。方法对某院新生儿重症监护室内由机械通气导致下呼吸道感染的46例新生儿,于气管插管后不同时间点采取下呼吸道分泌物进行细菌培养及药敏试验。结果 46例新生儿共进行痰培养59例次,41例次(69.49%)细菌培养阳性。在5份取自机械通气时间1 d患者的标本中,有2份(40.00%)标本即检出病原菌,而机械通气时间7 d者的12份标本中,病原菌阳性率达100.00%。检出病原菌47株,大肠埃希菌(29.79%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(17.02%)、铜绿假单胞菌(14.89%)、表皮葡萄球菌(10.64%)为主要病原菌。结论新生儿机械通气时间越长,细菌感染率越高。在机械通气的治疗过程中,应采取多种措施积极预防并控制细菌感染。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.