Bone imaging of sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis in palmoplantar pustulosis

Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis is a rare syndrome that is characterized by hyperostosis and soft tissue ossification between the clavicles and the anterior part of the upper ribs. This syndrome frequently is found in the case of palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP), especially in Japan. There have been few published reports, however, of Tc-99m MDP bone imaging findings in PPP. Eleven patients with PPP who were suspected to have sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis were studied with Tc-99m MDP whole body bone imaging. Bone images were abnormal in 11 patients. Abnormal radionuclide concentrations were observed in the sternoclavicular, sternocostal, and manubriosternal joints, in the ribs, and in the sternum. Whole body imaging revealed radionuclide accumulations unexpectedly in other bones such as the vertebrae, femur, tibia, or sacroiliac joints in five of 11 cases. Radiographs were available in nine patients. Three chest radiographs were negative, and six showed various degrees of hyperostosis or sclerotic changes in sternoclavicular, sternocostal, or manubriosternal joints, or in the sternum or anterior upper ribs. These bone lesions usually were more prominent and more easily recognized with bone scintigraphy. Bone scintigraphy should be used as a routine procedure in patients with PPP who are suspected to have sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis.     

HLA-B27 associated arthropathies

The association between histo-compatibility antigens and disease is reviewed, in particular that between HLA-B27 and spondylitic disorders, i.e., ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing hyperostosis. We determined whether the presence of HLA-B27 predicted specific radiographic findings and, conversely, whether specific radiographic changes predicted antigenic status. The prevalences of the HLA-B27 antigen in our patients were: ankylosing spondylitis, 100%; Reiter's arthritis, 93%; psoriatic arthritis, 55%; and ankylosing hyperostosis, 12%. The only specific radiographic finding associated with B27 positivity was severe spondylitis in psoriasis.     

骶髂关节病变的CT诊断

目的 阐明骶髂关节病变的ＣＴ表现。材料与方法 搜集经临床确诊或病理证实的35例骶髂关节病变者,男22例,女13例。其中强直性脊柱炎（AS）13例,类风湿性关节炎（RA）7例,化脓性骶髂关节炎2例,骶髂关节结核5例,髂骨致密性骨炎6例,创伤性关节炎2例,结果 CT表现：AS常双侧对称发病,自关节下部开始,关节面硬化与破坏,间隙狭窄或消失,骨桥形成,RA常一侧发病,易侵犯关节上壮举剖,关节面密度减低,骨质疏松,关节面下出现周围硬化的小囊状骨缺损;化脓性骶髂关节炎常单发,骨一侧发病,易侵犯关节上半部,关节面密度减低,骨质疏松,关节面下出现周围硬化的小囊状骨缺损;化脓性骶髂关节炎常单发,骨质疏松,破坏,半生,关节间隙增宽或变窄,关节囊肿胀,关节强直,周围软组织肿胀或钙化;骶髂关节结核常单侧发病,多位于关节中下部,关节面模糊,骨质破坏及死骨形成,关节间隙增宽,常伴冷脓肿和窦道形成;髂骨致密性骨炎示髂骨面硬化区,不累及关节;创伤性关节炎骨关节面增生,浓密,关节间隙狭窄,可伴骨性强直。结论 骶髂关节病变的CT表现各不相同,CT能清楚显示骶髂关节及其周围结构,是目前诊断骶髂关节病变最理想的检查手段。     

Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis. Nosological concepts

The term sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis groups affections of different pathogenicity. These result from an ossifying enthesiopathy, either inflammatory, isolated to the thoracic wall anteriorly or combined with a spondylarthropathy, particularly ankylosing spondylitis, or degenerative, the anterior thoracic hyperostosis usually being part of an ensheathing vertebral hyperostosis. A differential diagnosis is anterior thoracic hyperostosis due to an inflammatory osteopathy occurring in young patients and often associated with other bone lesions of pelvis and spine or long bones.     

Productive osseous changes about the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis

Radiographs of 225 consecutive patients with adult-form rheumatoid arthritis were examined for evidence of productive osseous changes about the wrist. The prevalence of new bone on the ulnar styloid was 10%. This form of new bone is probably due to overlying chronic tenosynovitis. A collar of new bone around the ulnar head is a result of degenerative change in the distal radioulnar joint. In general, productive osseous changes in rheumatoid arthritis may represent inflammatory periosteal bone formation, osteophytosis, or contact remodeling. We found no evidence of an association between diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and extensive productive osseous changes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.     

Superolateral erosions of the humeral head in chronic inflammatory arthropathies

Erosive lesions on the superolateral aspect of the humeral head were studied in 127 patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and psoriatic arthropathy (PA), as well as in a control group of 53 patients with non-inflammatory shoulder joint disease. Superolateral erosions were found in 39 out of 127 patients (31%), comprising 11/56 RA cases (20%), 22/50 JRA cases (44%), 4/9 cases of AS (44%), and 2/12 cases of PA (17%), but were absent in non-inflammatory disorders. Two morphologically distinct types of erosions were observed, an extensive one, present in all of the inflammatory conditions studied, and a circumscribed one occurring predominantly in JRA patients.     

Re-irradiation for prophylaxis of heterotopic ossification after hip surgery.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) may occur after total hip arthroplasty, but fortunately most patients are asymptomatic. Rick factors for HO include previous HO, hypertrophic osteoarthritis, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, ankylosing spondylitis, Paget's disease and post-traumatic arthritis. Both pre-operative and post-operative radiotherapy are effective in the prevention of HO in 85-95% of high-risk patients treated. In the few patients who needed re-operation for a variety of reasons, we found that re-irradiation is possible and safe. These case reports present our experience with single dose re-irradiation of the hip in an attempt to prevent post-operative HO.     

MRI多序列联合应用在强直性脊柱炎相关骶髂关节病变中的诊断价值

目的：探讨M RI在强直性脊柱炎相关骶髂关节病变的诊断价值。方法对23例临床怀疑为强直性脊柱炎患者的X线平片、C T及M R检查结果进行分析。结果23例患者中X线平片检查确诊的7例共9侧;C T检查明确11例18侧骶髂关节病变;M RI多序列检查23例患者中均表现为异常,特别是X线平片及C T不能显示的骨髓水肿、滑膜病变、脂肪沉积、肌腱附着点炎、被膜炎及关节软骨破坏。结论 M RI多序列联合应用能发现X线平片及C T 不能显示的AS的早期病变表现,为临床怀疑AS病变相关性骶髂关节炎的首选检查方法。     

The prevalence of sacroiliitis in psoriatic arthritis: new perspectives from a large, multicenter cohort

Objective. To determine the prevalence of radiographic evidence of sacroiliitis in a large population of patients with psoriatic arthritis. Patients and design. Patients were recruited from 15 clinical centers. This was part of a large, multicenter study of patients with an established diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, or reactive arthritis. For this cohort, an established diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis was required, with cutaneous manifestations and involvement of at least three appendicular joints. At entry, patients were not selected for the presence of axial involvement. Radiographs – one anteroposterior view of the pelvis and one oblique view of each sacroiliac joint – were graded using the New York classification scale by a musculoskeletal radiologist masked to the specific diagnosis and clinical symptoms. Re-evaluation of 10% of the films 3 years later quantified intraobserver variability. Results. Two hundred and two patients with psoriatic arthritis were studied. Duration of the disease averaged 12 years; all patients had psoriasis and peripheral arthritis. The prevalence of radiographic evidence of sacroiliitis (grade 2 or higher) was 78%; 71% of these had grade 3 disease. Conclusions. Previously reported prevalence of sacroiliitis in patients with psoriatic arthritis ranges from 30% to 50%. The prevalence of radiographic evidence of sacroiliitis in this large multicenter cohort of patients with appendicular psoriatic arthritis was substantially higher. Received: 21 October 1998 Revision requested: 11 December 1998 Revision received: 19 January 1999 Accepted: 22 January 1999     

强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节病变螺旋CT早期诊断的探索

目的:探讨螺旋CT对早期强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节病变的诊断价值。方法:对38例临床确诊为强直性脊柱炎的骶髂关节的螺旋CT征象及临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:早期强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节病变的影像表现为髂骨侧关节面模糊,皮质部分或完全消失,近皮质部的松质骨增生硬化糜烂、密度不均呈"融雪状",骨小梁模糊,随病程延长可向骶骨侧与韧带部发展,关节内软组织肿胀等。结论:螺旋CT能够清晰显示骶髂关节的局部细微结构,对病变早期发现与分期更准确,应作为首选检查方法。     

Rib hyperostosis: a benign entity with suspicious imaging features

Rib hyperostosis has previously been described in conjunction with disorders causing excessive vertebral ossification due to osseous bridging across the costovertebral joint, such as in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Hyperostosis is believed to be a reactive process due to altered forces across the affected rib as bridging osteophytes decrease mobility at the respective costovertebral joint. The imaging characteristics of rib hyperostosis can be highly suspicious for malignancy. We share 2 cases of biopsy-proven benign rib hyperostosis with imaging across multiple modalities in hopes of increasing awareness of this entity and its imaging characteristics. In the first case, a 62-year-old female without history of malignancy underwent rib biopsy after bone scintigraphy demonstrated intense radiotracer uptake along a posteromedial rib. In the second case, a 66-year-old male with history of recurrent prostate cancer underwent rib biopsy after interval development of intense radiotracer uptake on bone scintigraphy along a posteromedial rib, new compared to 6 months prior. Both cases were seen in the setting of osseous bridging at the respective costovertebral joint. Imaging findings include contiguous radiotracer uptake on bone scintigraphy confined to the rib and respective costovertebral joint, cortical bone thickening with osseous excrescence at the costovertebral joint on radiographic and cross-sectional imaging, and increased osseous edema-like change, postcontrast enhancement, and surrounding soft tissue edema on magnetic resonance imaging. By increasing awareness to these imaging features, we hope to improve diagnostic confidence and decrease unnecessary, expensive, and sometimes invasive workup for future patients.     

Did Ramesses II really have ankylosing spondylitis? A reappraisal.

OBJECTIVE: To challenge the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis in the mummy of Ramesses II that was suggested about 30 years ago and to propose a differential diagnosis for the changes that were detected in the mummy's spine and pelvis. METHODS: We read and interpreted both the published and unpublished radiographs of the mummy. RESULTS: Changes in the mummy's spine and pelvis included ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament at the cervical spine level, ossified enthesopathy of both the right and left rectus femoris tendons as well as the right ischial tuberosity, a large osteophyte at both acetabula margins, no ankylosis of the cervical apophyseal joints and no ankylosis of the right sacroiliac joint. CONCLUSION: The radiologic evidence does not support the claim that Ramesses II had ankylosing spondylitis. Our radiologic reappraisal suggests instead the diagnosis of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. This new diagnosis needs to be validated by a computed tomographic scan of the mummy.     

强直性髋关节炎平片与MRI分析

目的：分析强直性髋关节炎骨盆骨质疏松的细微结构和骨坏死的病理性征象。方法：收集北亚骨科医院强直性脊柱炎患者100例，其中8例行MR成像检查。分析髋部骨质疏松的特殊性和骨坏死征象以及关节软骨破坏程度。结果：髋部多发区域性骨小梁丢失、减少发生率最高85％，骶髂关节侵蚀破坏或骨性强直为100％，股骨头灶性骨坏死，吸收后表现单囊或多囊状破坏或有小死骨34％，关节破坏狭窄54％，股骨头关节软骨边缘滑膜骨化突出33％，耻骨联合吸收或硬化24％，坐骨结节骨化43％。结论：强直性髋关节炎主要表现为区域性迁移骨疏松和股骨头多发灶性骨坏死。     

Bony ankylosis following thermal and electrical injury

Objective. Bony ankylosis has been described following trauma, paralysis, psoriasis, Reiter’s syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile chronic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Reports of bony ankylosis following thermal and electrical injury are limited. Design and patients. Thirteen cases of burn-related joint ankylosis in four patients are presented. Conclusion. Patients with burns from thermal or electrical injury may develop bony ankylosis among other radiographic manifestations. This bony ankylosis may result either from bridging extra-articular heterotopic ossification with preservation of the underlying joint or from intra-articular fusion due to joint destruction. Received: 14 August 2000 Revision requested: 8 December 2000 Revision received: 26 December 2000 Accepted: 26 December 2000     

改良髋关节磁共振成像扫描方法在发现骶髂关节病变中的应用价值

目的：通过对髋关节磁共振成像（MRI）冠状位扫描的改良,从而发现骶髂关节病变,弥补临床医生判断失误,提高疾病的检出率。方法对265例申请髋关节MRI检查的患者增加冠状位扫描层数,使每例患者双侧骶髂关节均能大部分显示。结果发现骶髂关节病变的共计20例,发现率为7．5％,年龄11-65岁,其中强直性脊柱炎16例,退行性骨关节炎2例,骶髂关节结核1例,外伤导致骨挫伤1例。结论骶髂关节病变,尤其是强直性脊柱炎是一种以危害年轻人为主的慢性炎性疾病,起病隐匿,临床部分患者以髋关节为主述症状,引起误诊,MRI在检查髋关节时适当在冠状位上增加扫描层数,能发现7．5％的遗漏病变,方法简便易行,值得推广。     

强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节的CT表现(附80例病例分析)

目的总结强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节的CT表现.方法分析80例临床诊断肯定的强直性脊柱炎病例的骶髂关节CT检查资料.结果80例中73例骶髂关节有异常表现,包括1、早期(1)双侧关节对称性受累,极少数可单侧受累;(2)骨关节面毛糙、皮质白线消失;(3)骨关节面皮质中断;(4)关节面下微小囊变;(5)骶髂关节髂骨面轻度硬化.2、进展期(中期)(1)骶髂关节关节面不光整,局部呈锯齿状或毛刷样改变;(2)骶髂关节关节面下小囊状骨质破坏;(3)关节面周围明显增生硬化;(4)关节间隙假性增宽;(5)关节间隙不规则狭窄;(6)关节间隙不规则真空.3、稳定期(晚期)(1)韧带骨化;(2)关节骨性强直、关节间隙消失;(3)明显骨质疏松、硬化.结论骶髂关节CT检查有助于强直性脊柱炎的早期诊断,提高诊断的准确性.且有助于临床对病程分期.     

强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节病变的影像学研究

分析了43例正常骶髂关节CT表现并对30例强直性脊柱炎(AS)骶髂关节病变作了双盲X线和CT对照研究,正常成人滑膜部关节间隙宽度为2～5mm,40岁后,关节前下部间隙可出现局部狭窄,骶侧皮质厚度多小于3mm,前后均匀者占90%;髂侧中部皮质厚度小于5mm,其前部皮质厚度可大于5mm(占16%),部分正常人可出现关节面不清晰,但无明确的侵蚀改变,关节面的侵蚀是诊断早期骶髂关节炎的重要条件,AS骶髂关节病变的对照研究表明:对平片可疑的病变,CT常可排除或肯定诊断,早期病变(Ⅱ级),CT可提高一个级别;Ⅲ、Ⅳ级病变CT和平片分级相同.CT扫描可用于临床高度怀疑而平片难以确诊者;对Ⅲ、Ⅳ级病变如仅为诊断,则CT扫描似并非必需.     

Radiographic evaluation of arthritis: inflammatory conditions

In the presence of joint space narrowing, it is important to differentiate inflammatory from degenerative conditions. Joint inflammation is characterized by bone erosions, osteopenia, soft-tissue swelling, and uniform joint space loss. Inflammation of a single joint should raise concern for infection. Multiple joint inflammation in a proximal distribution in the hands or feet without bone proliferation suggests rheumatoid arthritis. Multiple joint inflammation in a distal distribution in the hands or feet with bone proliferation suggests a seronegative spondyloarthropathy, such as psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis.     

Monarticular involvement of the manubriosternal joint

Four females and two males with seronegative monoarthritis of the manubriosternal joint are reported. Two patients had pustulosis palmoplantaris, one psoriasis vulgaris, and one HLA-B27. The arthritis is considered to be a monoarticular manifestation of seronegative spondylarthritis. Two patients had no other diseases or signs. Four patients were followed for a mean of 8.5 years (range 2–16 years) during which time affection of other joints or the spine was not seen.     

Radiological and scintigraphic findings in patients with a clinical history of chronic inflammatory back pain

The prevalence of radiological abnormalities of the sacroiliac joints, the manubriosternal joint, and the lumbar spine were assessed, and quantitative sacroiliac scintigraphy was performed in 151 patients with a history of chronic inflammatory back pain and in 31 controls with non-inflammatory back pain. Sacroiliitis was found in 124 patients (82%), manubriosternal lesions in 84 patients (56%), and lesions of the lumbar spine in 58 patients (38%). In 19 patients (13%), manubriosternal lesions provided the sole radiological abnormality and in five patients (3%) no radiological abnormality could be demonstrated at any of these sites. Quantitative sacroiliac scintigraphy showed increased values in 69 of 137 patients examined (50%), but also in 10 out of 12 control patients with disc degeneration (83%) and is, therefore, nonspecific for inflammatory lesions. Radiological examination of the manubriosternal joint is recommended in patients with inflammatory back pain without radiographic evidence of sacroiliitis.