托吡酯单用及添加治疗癫痫302例临床分析

目的　观察托吡酯添加和单药治疗癫痫的临床疗效及不良反应 ,并探讨单药治疗的理想给药模式。方法　入组患者分为 3组 ,A组 10 2例采用托吡酯添加治疗 ,B组 2 0 0例采用托吡酯单药治疗 ,按初始剂量及加量速度不同 B组又分为 B1组、B2组。B1组 10 5例 ,妥泰初始剂量 2 5 mg/ d,增量 2 5 m g/ w至 2 0 0 m g/ d;B2组 95例 ,妥泰初始剂量 5 0 mg/ d,增量 5 0 m g/ w至 2 0 0 m g/ d。维持治疗 12周。记录发作情况及不良反应。结果　 A组总有效率及控制率分别为 6 0 .8%、2 4 .5 % ,B组总有效率及控制率为 76 .8%、4 1.5 % ,两组疗效差异有显著性意义 (P<0 .0 5 )。 B1组总有效率及控制率分别为 77.9%、4 1.9% ,B2组总有效率及控制率分别为 75 .8%、4 0 .0 % ,两组疗效差异无显著性意义 (P>0 .0 5 )。托吡酯对各型部分性发作及强直 -阵挛性发作的疗效差异无显著性意义 (P>0 .0 5 )。B2组不良反应高于 B1组 ,差异有显著性意义 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　托吡酯添加及单药治疗癫痫具有良好的疗效 ,对发作频率较低的患者宜选用小剂量起始缓慢加量的治疗方法 ,对发作频率较高的患者可考虑予较大起始剂量并以较快速度加量以尽快控制发作     

托吡酯治疗各型癫癎的疗效与安全性观察

目的 观察托吡酯（TPM)对成人和儿童各型癫痫的临床效果与安全性。方法 用开放性试验方法对100例癫痫患者进行了添加、添加转单药以及首诊单药的托吡酯治疗；以加用托吡酯前3个月的平均月发作频率为基准，与用托吡酯进入稳定期后的月平均发作频率进行比较，按常规计算发作减少百分比的中位值和有效率百分比。结果 托吡酯无论在添加治疗、添加转单药以及单药治疗上均有明显疗效。添加组70％患者的发作减少，添加转单药组发作减少者占78％，而单药组发作减少者占86％。其抗癫痫谱广，可用于单纯部分性发作伴或不伴全面性发作、复杂部分性发作伴或不伴全面性发作、婴儿痉挛以及Lennox—Gastaut综合征。托吡酯的不良反应以中枢神经系统最常见，但导致治疗中断的不良反应少见，本组仅3例因不良反应而中断治疗。结论 托吡酯是广谱抗癫痫药，疗效肯定，无耐药性，无严重不良反应，即既可用于添加治疗也可作为单药治疗。     

托吡酯治疗难治性癫癎32例分析

目的观察托吡酯治疗难治性癫痫的疗效与安全性。方法对32例难治性癫痫患者加用托吡酯治疗进行临床观察研究。结果15例患者发作频度减少≥50％,8例患者发作频度减少到26％～49％,疗效较佳;各种类型癫痫之间发作减少差异不显著;与不同抗癫痫药物合用疗效无差异。结论托吡酯是一种有效的广谱抗癫痫药,能与常用抗癫痫药合用。     

托吡酯单药及添加治疗癫痫疗效的随访观察

目的观察托吡酯单药及添加治疗不同类型癫痫的长期临床疗效。方法对服药大于2年的95例癫痫患者给予托吡酯单药和添加治疗;分别于服药6个月、1年、2年时进行随访。评定其控制率、托吡酯保留率,以及不良反应。结果服药6个月时,不同发作类型患者中以简单部分性发作(SPS)及全面强直阵挛性发作(GTCS)患者的控制率最好,分别为58.8%和52.8%;单药治疗组控制率(63.8%)显著高于添加组(27.0%);单药治疗组1年(50.0%)及2年时(41.7%)的控制率显著高于添加组(23.8%,20.0%)(均P<0.01);单药治疗组1年(68.5%)及2年(62.1%)的保留率显著高于添加组(56.8%,40.5%)(均P<0.01);本组的不良反应依次为厌食、体重减轻、无汗、反应迟钝、肢体麻木、记忆力下降、注意力不集中等。结论托吡酯对各类型癫痫均有明显的疗效,其中以SPS和GTCS最显著;其短期、长期的控制率均较好。     

托吡酯单药治疗癫痫的临床和动态脑电图研究

目的:观察新型抗癫痫药托吡酯(妥泰)单药治疗癫痫的临床疗效和24h动态脑电图(AEEG)变化。方法:用开放性自身对照临床实验,对38例癫痫患者给予托吡酯单药治疗,比较用药前和用药后20周时癫痫发作频率变化、药物不良反应和AEEG的变化。结果:托吡酯单药治疗癫痫总有效率81.58%,不良反应较小;AEEG痫样放电率治疗前73.68%降至治疗后39.47%,有显著统计学差异(P<0.01),异常慢波治疗前26.32%,增加至治疗后55.26%,有显著统计学差异(P<0.01)。结论:托吡酯单药治疗癫痫有效,未见明显不良反应,并可使AEEG痫样放电减少和慢波活动增加。     

托吡酯添加治疗转换为单药治疗癫痫56例疗效观察

目的 观察添加托吡酯(TPM)治疗有效的癫痫患者转换为TPM单药治疗的疗效。方法 对56例添加TPM治疗有效并持续6个月以上的患者，逐渐减、停合用的抗癫痫药，转换为TPM单药治疗。结果 转换成功32例(57．1％)，完全控制13例，显效15例，有效4例，恶化4例，中途退出20例；不良反应减少14例次(35．8％)。结论 添加TPM治疗有效且稳定的非难治性癫痫患者大多数可成功转换为TPM单药治疗，而难治性癫痫患者转换为TPM单药治疗的成功率较低。     

托吡酯治疗各型癫痫87例疗效分析

目的 :观察各种类型癫痫发作患者应用托吡酯治疗的临床疗效及副反应。方法 :对 87例各种类型的癫痫患者进行托吡酯单药或添加剂治疗 ,及时调整药物剂量并观察疗效及副反应。结果 :87例中癫痫发作完全控制者为 34例 (39.1%) ,显效者 19例 (2 0 .7%)、有效者 16例 (18.4%)、无效者 16例 (18.4%) ,退出 1例 ,恶化 1例 ,总有效率达79.3%(6 9例 )。结论 :托吡酯治疗癫痫高效、广谱 ,副反应少 ,口服安全。个别可见矛盾反应 ,用小剂量单药治疗时可一次性给药。     

单用不同剂量托吡酯与奥卡西平治疗儿科癫痫的疗效比较

目的观察单用不同剂量托吡酯及奥卡西平治疗儿科癫痫患儿的临床疗效和不良反应。探讨单用托吡酯更安全、更有效的给药方法。方法儿科癫痫息儿120例。分为奥卡西平组31例，服用奥卡西平从8～10mg／（kg&#183;d）开始，再逐渐增量到10-30mg／（kg&#183;d），2次／d服用；单用托吡酯组，89例息儿按服药剂量不同又分为低剂量组47例托1组从0．625mg／（kg&#183;d）开始增加至4mg／（kg&#183;d）为止；高剂量组42例托2组从1．5mg／（kg&#183;d）开始，逐增至8mg／（kg&#183;d）为止。结果托1组总有效率81％，托2组总有效率74％；奥卡西平组总有效率77％，3组比较无显著差异（P〉0．05）。托2组不良反应发生率（57％）高于托1组（34％）（P〈0．05）。托吡酯组主要不良反应为胃纳差、头痛、感觉异常、嗜睡和体质量减轻。结论单用较小剂量托吡酯治疗儿科癫痫发作。疗效好。不良反应少。     

托吡酯添加治疗小儿难治性癫痫12例疗效观察

难治性癫痫 ,又称顽固性癫痫 ,指癫痫发作频繁 ,应用适当的第一线抗癫痫药正规治疗且药物浓度在有效范围内两年以上 ,仍不能控制发作而影响日常生活。对于这类病人 ,临床治疗上比较棘手。 1999年 3月 ,托吡酯上市以来 ,已有个别报道作为一种新型的难治性癫痫的添加新药。现将我们 2年来门诊 12例小儿难治性癫痫应用托吡酯作为添加治疗临床观察如下。1　资料与方法1 1　一般资料　 12例患儿中 ,男 7例 ,女 5例。年龄在 5～ 15岁 ,病程 2 5～ 4年。依据 1981年国际抗癫痫联盟所制定的癫痫发作分类标准 ,其中全面性强直—阵挛发作 5例 ,复杂部…     

托吡酯治疗难治性癫痫23例疗效分析

本文应用托吡酯对 2 3例难治性癫痫进行开放性自身对照研究 ,以治疗前 3个月的发作频度为基础 ,治疗后观察 3个月 ,对各种类型的顽固性癫痫均有效 ,提示托吡酯是一种有前景的新型抗癫痫药。1　资料与方法1 1　一般资料　全部病例均系门诊病人 ,符合难治性癫痫的诊断 ,男 13例 ,女 10例 ,年龄 3～ 42岁 ,病程 0 6～ 3 0年。按 1981年和 1985年国际抗癫痫联盟制定的对癫痫性发作和综合征的分类 ,其中单纯性发作 8例 ,复杂部分性 5例 ,继发性强直阵挛 4例 ,肌阵挛 3例 ,Ｌｅｎｎｌｘ -Ｇｅｓｔａｕｔ 3例。1 2　治疗方法　原有ＡＥＤＳ种类 ,…     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。