农村不同人群CES-D抑郁量表信度及效度评价

目的评价流调中心抑郁水平评定量表(CES-D)在农村自杀死亡和正常对照人群信息人测量的信度和效度。方法采用序贯抽样方法对山东省邹城、高唐、莒南县抽取的202例自杀死亡病例和271名正常对照人群的信息人进行问卷调查;采用Cronbach'sα系数、相关系数评价量表的内部一致性信度,采用结构效度、效标效度和区分效度来评价量表的效度。结果 CES-D量表在病例组和对照组信息人中的Cronbach'sα系数分别为0.917和0.849,各条目得分与删除此条目后量表得分的相关系数分别为0.255～0.815和0.168～0.684(均P0.01),量表的内部一致性较好;探索性因子分析表明,20个条目提取出情感障碍和躯体症状、积极情绪和人际冲突3个因子,累积方差贡献率为52.539%;对随机抽取的69名对照组信息人进行效标效度分析,结果表明CES-D量表情感和躯体症状、积极情绪因子和抑郁总分与Beck绝望量表(BHS)绝望得分均呈正相关关系(P0.05),量表具有较好的效标效度;473名调查对象中抑郁者59例,非抑郁者414人,抑郁组情感障碍和躯体症状、积极情绪、人际冲突和抑郁总分分别为(17.44±5.86)、(9.00±4.51)、(0.88±1.68)和(27.32±9.05)分,均高于非抑郁组的(1.73±2.80)、(1.20±1.97)、(0.08±0.42)和(3.00±3.92)分,差异均有统计学意义(P0.001),量表具有较好的区分效度。结论 CES-D量表具有较好的信度和效度,适用于农村不同人群抑郁的评价。     

儿童抑郁量表信度和效度评价

[目的]评价儿童抑郁量表(CDI)在中国中小学生中应用的可行性。[方法]由澳大利亚昆士兰大学提供的Kovacs编制的儿童抑郁量表(CDI)并对其进行翻译,选取合肥市6613名7～18岁的城乡中小学生并对其进行CDI的测评及信度效度评价。[结果]CDI具有较高的信度和效度:Cronbachα系数为0.82,分半信度为0.79,重测信度为0.89;一阶因素分析共获得7个因子,二阶因素分析获得1个因子(特征值为2.845),且各条目得分与量表总分的相关系数均在0.20以上(P值均小于0.01),表明CDI具有较好的结构效度;CDI与心理复原力问卷得分呈负相关、与功能失调性态度问卷得分呈正相关、与流调用抑郁自评量表得分呈正相关,显示CDI具有较好的效标关联效度和聚合效度。[结论]CDI适合合肥地区中小学生抑郁症状的评定。     

综合性工作能力指数量表应用信度和效度研究

目的评价综合性工作能力指数（CWAI）量表对钢铁技术工人调查时的信度和效度,为该量表应用提供依据。方法分层整群抽样方法抽取某钢铁企业914名技术工人作为研究对象,对CWAI量表同质性信度和结构效度进行评价。同质性信度评价采用量表条目与总分的一致性、折半信度、Cronbach’sα系数、θ系数与Ω系数方法;结构效度评价采用因子分析方法。结果CWAI量表条目、维度得分与总分的相关系数介于0.27~0.73,各维度与总分间大于0.60;整体量表的Spearman-Brown相关系数、Cronbach’sα系数、θ系数与Ω系数分别为0.72、0.85,0.86和0.95。各维度的Cronbach’sα系数、θ系数与Ω系数,除W2接近0.60外,其余均大于0.75。结构效度分析,提取8个公因子,累积贡献率为77.63%,各条目的公因子方差在0.64~0.96之间。除W2外,W1、W3、W4-1~W4-3、W4-4~W4-5、W4-6~W4-7、W5分别在各自对应的公因子上有较大负荷,基本与理论构想相符。少数条目存在不稳定现象。结论CWAI量表在对钢铁技术工人调查时有稳定及较好的信度和效度,但需对少数条目进行修订。     

四川省城镇居民亚健康状况调查评定量表的信效度研究北大核心

目的考评亚健康评定量表(SHMS V1.0)评价四川省城镇居民亚健康状况的信效度。方法应用SHMS V1.0对四川省1084名城镇居民进行现场测试。结果总量表的Cronbach’sα系数为0.921,Spearman-Brown系数为0.864,Guttman折半信度系数为0.864。各条目得分与其相应维度得分的相关系数在0.643~0.916间,而与其他维度得分的相关系数均小于0.531(P<0.05)。各维度的Cronbach’sα系数均大于该维度与其他维度得分或SHMS V1.0总分的相关系数。验证性因子分析显示,修正后模型的CMIN/DF=2.774,RMSEA=0.040,NFI=0.917,RFI=0.904,CFI=0.945,IFI=0.945,TLI=0.937,说明该模型的拟合效果理想。结论SHMS V1.0可以科学、准确地反映出四川省城镇居民亚健康状况,具有较好的信度和效度。     

中国医院住院患者体验和满意监测量表的信效度评价

目的评价"中国医院住院患者体验和满意监测量表"的信度与效度,为改进量表、推广应用提供依据。方法采用邮寄方式对出院患者进行问卷调查,使用SPSS数据分析软件,分别对量表的内部一致性、折半信度、内容效度及结构效度进行评价。结果量表总体Cronbach’sα系数为0.956,所包含6个维度的Cronbach’sα系数均大于0.8。分半信度为0.971。各条目与量表总体的相关系数介于0.51~0.79之间。以所有条目为变量进行因子分析,共提取5个公因子,其累计贡献率为66.2%,各条目至少在其中一个公因子上负荷值大于0.4。结论量表具有良好的信度和效度,适用于中国医院住院患者满意度的测评。     

艾滋病母婴传播态度量表的效度和信度评价

目的评价艾滋病母婴传播态度量表。方法参考国内外文献设计出含16个条目的艾滋病母婴传播态度量表,用因子分析评价结构效度;区分效度通过对大学本科及以上和本科以下其他学历孕产妇的态度总分差异分析来进行评价;用Cronbach浕系数和折半信度来评价量表的内部信度;比较前后两次的得分差异和相关系数来评价重测信度。结果因子分析提取3个主成分解释总变异的52.21%,旋转后因子1定义为对艾滋病人及防控艾滋病母婴传播责任误解因子,因子2定义为不影响生育情况下对艾滋病母婴传播防控的认同因子,因子3定义为可能影响生育情况下对艾滋病母婴传播防控的认同因子;大学本科及以上的人得分高于本科以下学历的人。3个因子和全部条目的Cronbach浕系数分别为0.812,0.794,0.653和0.786,折半信度分别为0.759,0.799,0.569和0.728,重测（65人）相关系数分别为0.665,0.766,0.492,0.721,关联有显著性;两次调查的差异无显著性。结论量表具有较好的效度和信度,可以为国内类似调查提供参考。     

中文版成年癌症幸存者生活质量量表在宫颈癌患者中的应用研究

目的探讨中文版成年癌症幸存者生活质量量表(quality of life scale for adult cancer survivors,QLACS)在宫颈癌患者中运用的信效度。方法采用便利抽样方法选取2021年5月至2022年8月在江苏省某三甲医院就诊的宫颈癌患者为研究对象,采用中文版QLACS量表对其进行问卷调查,使用Cronbach′sα和折半系数评价量表内部一致性,使用各条目得分与总分的相关系数、组内相关系数评价量表的内容效度并运用专家评定方法对其进行检验,使用探索性因子分析评价量表的结构效度。结果中文版QLACS量表共47个条目12个维度,分为一般方面和癌症特异性2个方面。探索性因子分析结果显示47个评估条目提取12个公因子,中文版QLACS量表的KMO值为0.854,Bartlett球形检验达到显著性检验水平(P<0.01)。内容效度指数中I-CVI为0.84~1.00,S-CVI/UA为0.84,S-CVI/Ave为0.94。中文版QLACS量表的Cronbach′sα为0.924,折半系数为0.904;12个维度的Cronbach′sα为0.801~0.924,折半系数为0.826~0.934。结论中文版QLACS量表在宫颈癌患者中应用信效度良好,可用于评价宫颈癌幸存者生活质量。     

综合性工作能力指数量表的信度与效度评价

目的 评价综合性工作能力指数(Comprehensive Work Ability Index, CWAI)量表的信度与效度.方法 采用整群随机抽样方法抽取行政机关、教育等行业的1959例在职职工作为研究对象,其中,重测信度和效标效度评价的测试对象分别为245例、86例.方法 采用组内相关系数法、同质性信度分析和因子分析等方法评价CWAI量表的信度与效度.结果 CWAI量表各条目(W1-1～W5)得分与量表总分(CWAI)的相关系数介于0.250～0.750之间(P＜0.01);总体而言,Cronbach's ?系数(0.701～0.808)、Spearman-Brown系数(0.860)、?系数(0.703～0.845)和?系数(0.802～0.942)均符合心理测量学对量表的测量要求;CWAI量表的条目得分、量表总分2次测量之间的组内相关系数(ICC)介于0.597～0.897之间(P＜0.01),属于一致性"良好".从量表理论结构与编制方法看,CWAI量表的内容效度较好;采用芬兰WAI量表作为效标,CWAI量表的效标效度为0.65(P＜0.01);因子分析结果显示,CWAI量表结构比较明确,共提取8个公因子,累计贡献率为71.894%,条目W1-1～W5的公因子方差均在0.60以上,在各自所属公因子上的因子负荷(0.538～0.948)均高于0.40,CWAI量表的高负荷因子与量表的理论构想基本吻合.结论 CWAI量表具有较好的信度与效度.     

中文版Olweus欺负问卷同胞欺负信效度评价

目的对中文版Olweus欺负问卷(OBVQ)进行修订形成Olweus欺负问卷(同胞版)并评价其信度和效度,为我国儿童青少年同胞欺负的现况分析提供调查工具。方法利用分层整群抽样法选取湖南省1 559名8～18岁的儿童青少年,采用OBVQ(同胞版)、青少年侵害问卷(JVQ)调查其同胞欺负行为的发生情况。通过分析结构效度、效标效度、分半信度、重测信度和内部一致性信度对OBVQ(同胞版)进行信度和效度评价。结果 OBVQ(同胞版)的12个条目与所在维度的相关系数为0.425～0.697(P 0.001),表明量表项目区分度较好。验证因子分析GFI=0.911,RMSEA=0.103,说明量表结构效度良好。OBVQ(同胞版)受欺负维度得分与JVQ受同胞欺负维度相关系数为0.453(P 0.001),提示量表效标效度较好。总量表、受欺负维度和欺负维度的内部一致性信度Cronbach′sα系数分别为0.832、0.764和0.777;分半信度分别为0.675、0.729和0.761;重测信度分别为0.841、0.867和0.891,说明量表的信度良好。结论 Olweus欺负问卷(同胞版)的信度和效度评价结果较为理想,可用于调查我国儿童青少年同胞欺负的发生情况。     

中小学教师NASA-TLX量表信度及效度评价

目的验证NASA任务负荷指数(NASA-TLX)在中小学教师脑力负荷评价中的信度和效度。方法采用整群随机抽样方法抽取江西省中小学教师共1 285人为样本;采用分半信度、Cronbach’sα系数、θ系数、Ω系数、条目分与总分间的一致性进行信度验证,采用结构效度和项目区分效度评价量表的效度。结果 NASA-TLX量表的分半信度为0.808,Cronbach’sα系数、θ系数和Ω系数分别为0.758,0.782和0.875,各条目得分与总分的相关系数均高于0.50(P0.001)(除业绩水平外),量表的内部一致性较好;因子分析结果表明,量表具有较好的结构效度;各条目具有较好的项目区分效度,能够区分中小学教师的不同脑力负荷水平(P0.05)。结论 NASA-TLX量表具有较好的信度与效度,经过适当修订,可作为我国中小学教师脑力负荷评价的有效工具。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Lead and cadmium in soil and Isopoda woodlice in Croatia

The aim of the study was to determine lead and cadmium concentrations in Isopoda woodlice and soil and to estimate their relation in the environment and the possibility of the use of isopods as biological indicators of pollution. Samples of isopods and soil were collected at two locations in Northern Croatia and analyzed for lead and cadmium. One location was in the forest, and another in the meadow near the road. Isopods were dry- ashed and soil was extracted with nitric acid. Elements were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results revealed that the two locations were significantly different in lead and cadmium in extracted soil and isopods. Lead concentration in extracted soil was 34.6 mg/kg dry weight in the forest and 43.3 mg/kg dry weight in the meadow near the road. Respective cadmium values were 0.147 and 0.180 mg/kg. Lead concentrations in isopods were 2.40 and 4.22 mg/kg dry weights, and cadmium 0.757 and 0.411 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Correlation of lead or cadmium between isopods and soil irrespective of location gave significant and linear relations for both elements.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries     

环孢素A及其在产科和生殖领域应用的研究

环孢素A(Cyclosporin A,CsA)是一种大环内酯类免疫抑制剂,广泛应用于器官移植后排斥反应和自身免疫性疾病的防治.近年对CsA在产科和生殖领域的应用展开了一系列研究,CsA不仅能从多方面诱导母胎免疫耐受,还能促进滋养细胞增殖、抑制凋亡,增强其运动、迁移和侵袭能力,从而对妊娠起到双重调节作用,有望成为原因不明...     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.