Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic index and load, and body mass index: a cross-sectional study of 3931 Japanese women aged 18-20 years

OBJECTIVE: Few observational studies have investigated dietary fiber intake and dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) simultaneously in relation to obesity, particularly in non-Western populations. We examined the associations between dietary fiber intake and dietary GI and GL, and body mass index (BMI) in young Japanese women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: A total of 3931 female Japanese dietetic students aged 18-20 years from 53 institutions in Japan. METHODS: Dietary fiber intake and dietary GI and GL (GI for glucose=100) were assessed by a validated, self-administered, diet history questionnaire. BMI was calculated from self-reported body weight and height. RESULTS: Mean values of BMI, dietary fiber intake, dietary GI and dietary GL were 21.0 kg/m(2), 6.5 g/4186 kJ, 65.1 and 82.1/4186 kJ, respectively. White rice (GI=77) was the major contributor to dietary GI and GL (45.8%). After controlling for potential dietary and nondietary confounding factors, dietary fiber intake was negatively correlated with BMI (adjusted mean=21.1 kg/m(2) in the lowest and 20.7 kg/m(2) in the highest quintiles; P for trend=0.0007). Conversely, dietary GI and GL were independently positively correlated with BMI (20.8 and 21.2 kg/m(2); P for trend=0.03, and 20.5 and 21.5 kg/m(2); P for trend=0.0005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Dietary fiber intake showed an independent negative association with BMI, and dietary GI and GL showed an independent positive association with BMI among relatively lean young Japanese women.     

舟山海岛地区2006-2012年儿童血铅检测结果分析

分析2006-2012年舟山海岛地区0~12岁儿童血铅水平,为本地区儿童铅中毒防治工作提供科学依据.方法 收集2006年1月至2012年12月在舟山市妇幼保健院儿保门诊体检的0~12岁儿童13 316例血铅资料,分为婴儿组(<1岁)、幼儿组(1~3岁)、学龄前组(3~6岁)、学龄组(6~12岁),采用原子吸收光谱法测定血铅含量.结果 0~ 12岁儿童血铅算术平均数为50.77 μg/L;血铅≥100 μg/L者228例,占调查人数的1.71%.儿童血铅水平及高血铅率随着年龄的增加而上升,不同年龄组间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);除婴儿组外,男童血铅水平明显高于女童(P值均<0.05);2006-2012年儿童血铅水平及高血铅率逐年下降,年份间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).结论 舟山海岛地区儿童铅中毒率相对较低.通过开展血铅水平定期监测及加强宣传教育,可降低儿童血铅平均水平和铅中毒率.     

Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load among Australian children and adolescents

There are no published data regarding the overall dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) of Australian children and adolescents. We therefore aim to describe the dietary GI and GL of participants of the 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (2007ANCNPAS), and to identify the main foods contributing to their GL. Children, aged 2-16 years, who provided two 24 h recalls in the 2007ANCNPAS were included. A final dataset of 4184 participants was analysed. GI of each food item was assigned using a previously published method. GL was calculated, and food groups contributing to the GL were described by age group and sex. The weighted mean dietary GI and GL of the participants were 54 (SD 5) and 136 (SD 44), respectively. Among the nutrients examined, Ca had the highest inverse relationship with GI (P < 0·001), while percentage energy from starch was most positively associated with GI. The association between fibre density and GI was modest, and percentage energy from sugar had an inverse relationship with GI. Daily dietary GL contributed by energy-dense and/or nutrient-poor (EDNP) items in subjects aged 14-16 years was more than doubled that of subjects aged 2-3 years. To conclude, Australian children and adolescents were having a high-GI dietary pattern characterised by high-starchy food intake and low Ca intake. A significant proportion of their dietary GL was from EDNP foods. Efforts to reduce dietary GI and GL in children and adolescents should focus on energy-dense starchy foods.     

山东省4326名7～1 2岁儿童体成分指数与血压水平的相关性研究

目的 探讨儿童体成分指数与血压水平的相关性.方法 对4326名7～12岁儿童进行身高、体重、血压和皮褶厚度测量,采用回归方程推算体脂比(BF%),用公式计算脂肪组织指数(FMI)=BF%×体重/身高2和非脂肪组织指数(FFMI)=(体重-BF%×体重)/身高2.结果 FMI、FFMI与收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)呈一定程度正相关,7～12岁儿童FMI与SBP的相关系数为0.432～0.531(男生)、0.413～0.485(女生),与DBP的相关系数为0.316～0450(男生)、0.345～0.421(女生).FFMI与SBP的相关系数为0.214～0.366(男生)、0.108～0.383(女生);与DBP的相关系数为0.090～0.250(男生)、0.063～0.214(女生).血压与FMI的相关性高于FFMI.血压偏高儿童的体成分指数显著高于正常儿童,以FMI差距最大.结论 预防儿童高血压应从控制体脂肪、预防肥胖做起.     

衢州市8~10岁儿童碘营养状况

了解衢州市学龄儿童碘营养状况及甲状腺患病情况,为探索改进碘缺乏病监测模式与方法提供依据.方法 整群随机抽取衢州市6个县(市、区)30所小学的8~10岁儿童进行甲状腺B超检查,同时采集食用盐和尿液进行盐碘和尿碘检测.结果 衢州市1 236名学龄儿童家中食用盐碘中位数为22.4 mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率为98.46%,碘盐合格率为89.89%,合格碘盐食用率为88.51%.1 227份尿样尿碘中位数为189.2 μg/'L,不同尿碘水平学生的甲状腺结节率差异无统计学意义(x2=2.028,P>0.05).B超检测627人,甲状腺肿大率为1.91%;常规触诊587人,肿大率为0.34%,2种检测结果差异有统计学意义(x2=6.582,P<0.05).不同性别和不同年龄学生甲状腺肿大和结节检出率差异无统计学意义.结论 学龄儿童碘营养状况良好,但甲状腺结节率偏高.甲状腺触诊不能满足学生的评价指标要求,应推广使用B超法开展甲状腺监测.     

Effect of glycemic index and glycemic load on energy intake in children

ObjectiveSeveral studies assessed the effect of glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) on energy intake in children but findings are not consistent in this regard. The aim of this study is to summarize and assess the evidence for the effect of GI and GL on energy intake by conducting a meta-analysis on published randomized clinical trials.MethodOur search process was conducted in PUBMED, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. The following keywords were searched in any part of published articles: “glycemic index” OR “glycaemic index” OR “glycemic load” OR “glycaemic load” OR “energy intake” AND “child” OR “children” OR “adolescent” OR “youth.”ResultsWe gathered 5099 articles. Non-clinical trial studies that did not intervene by GI or GL or those not assessing energy intake as a dependent variable and those that were conducted on patients over age 18 y were excluded. Each included study was evaluated three times and the exclusion criteria was checked. Eventually, six studies from 1999 to 2012 met the criteria (213 participants ages 4–17.5 y). There is heterogeneity in the study’s participants in the present paper. Children with type 2 diabetes, obesity, or normal-weight children were recruited in different studies. Overall effect of consuming low GI (LGI) and low GL (LGL) meals on energy intake was not significant. Subgroup analysis showed that LGI (not LGL) meals decreased subsequent energy intake, whereas heterogeneity was significant in the LGI group of studies. Although a slight asymmetry was shown by Begg’s funnel plot, the Egger’s asymmetry was not significant. We did not find any evidence of publication bias for studies assessing the effect of low GI or GL meals on energy intake.ConclusionConsuming LGI diet (not LGL) has favorable effect on reducing energy intake and obesity, subsequently.     

Dietary glycemic load and macronutrient intake in healthy Italian children

The objective is of this study is to examine the relationship of dietary glycemic load (GL) and overall glycemic index (OGI) with macronutrients intake, body mass index (BMI) and insulin sensitivity in healthy children. The subjects comprised of 105 healthy non-obese eight-years old children, 60 boys and 45 girls. A Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) evaluating dietary habits, GL and OGI. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). GL was positively associated with dietary total (correlation coefficient, r=0.57) and starch (r=0.67) carbohydrates, daily consumption of pasta and white bread, cooked potatoes, bakery products and cookies, and negatively with dietary fats (r=-0.52). OGI was positively associated with daily consumption of white bread and cookies, and negatively associated with soluble carbohydrates (r=-0.35), and consumption of fibres, proteins, fruit, legumes and carrots. No significant association was found of GL or OGI with BMI or insulin sensitivity. In healthy children, GL and OGI may represent a useful indicator of quality of diet.     

Socio-demographic factors and psychological distress in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian adults aged 18-64 years: analysis of national survey data

Background

Our aims were to determine the pace of change in cardiovascular risk factors by age, gender and socioeconomic groups from 1994 to 2008, and quantify the magnitude, direction and change in absolute and relative inequalities.

Methods

Time trend analysis was used to measure change in absolute and relative inequalities in risk factors by gender and age (16-54, ?? 55 years), using repeated cross-sectional data from the Health Survey for England 1994-2008. Seven risk factors were examined: smoking, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, raised cholesterol, consumption of five or more daily portions of fruit and vegetables, and physical activity. Socioeconomic group was measured using the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007.

Results

Between 1994 and 2008, the prevalence of smoking, high blood pressure and raised cholesterol decreased in most deprivation quintiles. However, obesity and diabetes increased. Increasing absolute inequalities were found in obesity in older men and women (p = 0.044 and p = 0.027 respectively), diabetes in young men and older women (p = 0.036 and p = 0.019 respectively), and physical activity in older women (p = 0.025). Relative inequality increased in high blood pressure in young women (p = 0.005). The prevalence of raised cholesterol showed widening absolute and relative inverse gradients from 1998 onwards in older men (p = 0.004 and p ?? 0.001 respectively) and women (p ?? 0.001 and p ?? 0.001).

Conclusions

Favourable trends in smoking, blood pressure and cholesterol are consistent with falling coronary heart disease death rates. However, adverse trends in obesity and diabetes are likely to counteract some of these gains. Furthermore, little progress over the last 15 years has been made towards reducing inequalities. Implementation of known effective population based approaches in combination with interventions targeted at individuals/subgroups with poorer cardiovascular risk profiles are therefore recommended to reduce social inequalities.     

Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and the risk of type 2 diabetes in older adults

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether immediate dietary effects on blood glucose influence the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine whether the dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) were associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in older adults. DESIGN: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study is a prospective cohort study of 3075 adults who were 70-79 y old at baseline (n=1898 for this analysis). The intakes of specific nutrients and food groups and the risk of type 2 diabetes over a 4-y period were examined according to dietary GI and GL. RESULTS: Dietary GI was positively associated with dietary carbohydrate and negatively associated with the intakes of protein, total fat, saturated fat, alcohol, vegetables, and fruit. Dietary GL was positively associated with dietary carbohydrate, fruit, and fiber and negatively associated with the intakes of protein, total fat, saturated fat, and alcohol. Persons in the higher quintiles of dietary GI or GL did not have a significantly greater incidence of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not support a relation between dietary GI or GL and the risk of type 2 diabetes in older adults. Because dietary GI and GL show strong nutritional correlates, the overall dietary pattern should be considered.     

增城市2-12岁儿童单纯性肥胖的因素研究

目的:了解增城市2~12岁儿童肥胖情况及影响因素。方法:以2~5岁儿童体重指数≥20 kg／m2,6~12岁儿童 体重指数≥21 kg／m2,并排除继发性肥胖作为儿童肥胖的诊断标准,于2003年1~12月间在增城市随机抽取6所小学及6所幼儿 园共3 848名2~12岁儿童,在严格质量控制的条件下由专人负责对其家长进行儿童生长发育与家庭社会因素、睡眠健康问卷调查。 结果:在调查的3 848名儿童中,肥胖儿童281人,肥胖率为7.3％。影响儿童肥胖的主要因素包括儿童年龄、父亲年龄、入睡困 难、喜食鸡蛋等。结论:应针对相关因素进行预防,以保证儿童的健康成长。     

Socioeconomic status and self-reported asthma in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian adults aged 18-64 years: analysis of national survey data

Background

Asthma is more common among Indigenous than non-Indigenous Australian adults, but little is known about socioeconomic patterning of asthma within the Indigenous population, or whether it is similar to the non-Indigenous population.

Methods

I analysed weighted data on self-reported current diagnosed asthma and a range of socio-economic and demographic measures for 5,417 Indigenous and 15,432 non-Indigenous adults aged 18-64 years from two nationally representative surveys conducted in parallel by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2004-05.

Results

Current asthma prevalence was higher for Indigenous than non-Indigenous people in every age group. After adjusting for age and sex, main language and place of residence were significantly associated with asthma prevalence in both populations. Traditional SES variables such as education, income and employment status were significantly associated with asthma in the non-Indigenous but not the Indigenous population. For example, age-and sex-adjusted relative odds of asthma among those who did not complete Year 10 (versus those who did) was 1.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-1.5) in the non-Indigenous population versus 1.0 (95% CI 0.8-1.3) in the Indigenous population.

Conclusions

The socioeconomic patterning of asthma among Indigenous Australians is much less pronounced than for other chronic diseases such as diabetes and kidney disease, and contrasts with asthma patterns in the non-Indigenous population. This may be due in part to the episodic nature of asthma, and the well-known challenges in diagnosing it, especially among people with limited health literacy and/or limited access to health care, both of which are more likely in the Indigenous population. It may also reflect the importance of exposures occurring across the socioeconomic spectrum among Indigenous Australians, such as racism, and discrimination, marginalization and dispossession, chronic stress and exposure to violence.

     

秦皇岛市小学生上臂围身高比值及其与血压的关系

探讨秦皇岛市7~12岁学龄儿童上臂围身高比值(AHtR)分布特征及其与血压的关系,为早期识别儿童高血压提供参考.方法 通过分层整群随机抽样,抽取秦皇岛市5所小学l 352名7~12岁汉族儿童进行问卷调查及身高、体重、右上臂围、血压等指标测量,并计算AHtR.结果 男生7~12岁各年龄组AHtR中位数为0.142~0.154,女生为0.136~0.143.相关性分析显示,AHtR与年龄相关无统计学意义(男生:r=0.020,P=0.607;女生:r=-0.044,P=0.258),与儿童血压呈正相关(rSBP=0.304,rDBP=0.153,P值均<0.01).AHtR识别儿童高血压的ROC曲线下面积男生为0.765(95%CI=0.692~0.837,P=0.000),女生为0.716(95%CI=0.615~0.817,P=0.000).男生AHtR切点为0.17,女生为0.15;灵敏性男生为54.3%,女生为69.4%;特异性男生为84.5%,女生为68.1%.结论 AHtR与儿童高血压密切相关,且诊断切点与年龄无关,是儿童高血压筛查的简单有效指标.     

Body mass index, overweight and obesity among Kuwaiti intermediate school adolescents aged 10-14 years

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess the levels of overweight and obesity among Kuwaiti intermediate school adolescents aged 10-14 y. The study comprised a multistage stratified random sample of 14659 adolescents (7205 males and 7454 females), which constitutes approximately 17% of the target population of this school level. METHODS: Weights and heights of the adolescents were measured, from which the body mass index (BMI), which is the weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared (kg/m2), was calculated. Overweight and obesity were defined as BMI >85th and >95th centiles, respectively, of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference data. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among males were 30.0 and 14.7%, respectively (P<0.001). The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among females were 31.8 and 13.1%, respectively (P<0.001 and P<0.01). There was no consistent rise or decline in overweight and obesity in both genders with respect to age. However, the overall prevalence of overweight was lower in males than in females but obesity was higher in males than in females. CONCLUSION: When compared to the NCHS reference population, the BMI of Kuwaiti adolescents exceeded that of the Americans in each centile category > or = 50th centile. Health education programmes should be instituted to control this syndrome in order to prevent future risk of obesity-related diseases.     

Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load, and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older Swedish men

BACKGROUND: In women, dietary glycemic index (GI) and dietary glycemic load (GL) have been associated with cardiovascular disease; in men, however, the evidence for an association is weaker. OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that men consuming diets high in GI or GL have a greater risk of cardiovascular disease. DESIGN: At baseline, we assessed dietary GI and dietary GL by using food-frequency questionnaires in 36 246 Swedish men aged 45-79 y without diabetes or prior cardiovascular disease. Participants were followed through inpatient, cause-of-death, and death registries from 1 January 1998 until 31 December 2003 for myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and cardiovascular mortality and until 31 December 2005 for all-cause mortality. We used Cox models with age as the time scale to estimate relative risks adjusted for cigarette smoking, body mass index, physical activity, demographic characteristics, and nutritional factors. RESULTS: Dietary GI and dietary GL were not associated with myocardial infarction (n = 1324), ischemic stroke (n = 692), cardiovascular mortality (n = 785), or all-cause mortality (n = 2959). Dietary GL was associated with hemorrhagic stroke [n = 165; relative risk = 1.44 comparing extreme quartiles (95% CI: 0.91, 2.27); P for trend = 0.047]. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary GI and dietary GL were not associated with ischemic cardiovascular disease or mortality, but dietary GL was associated with a greater risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Discrepancies between these findings and those of previous studies may be due to variations in the associations by sex or to differences in dietary contributions to GI and GL.