血管内皮生长因子在预测肾母细胞瘤转移中的作用

肿瘤的生长、转移都有赖于肿瘤组织新生血管的生成。而血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)是肿瘤血管生成的关键。本研究通过对30例Wilms’瘤患儿血清VEGF含量的检测,探讨VEGF表达在预测Wilms’瘤转移中的作用。     

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目的探讨婴幼儿先天性心脏病体外循环(CPB)术后血清S100B蛋白动态变化的临床价值。方法随机选择2005-01—2005-06在山东大学齐鲁医院心脏外科住院的先天性心脏病患儿32例(年龄1-3岁),分别在手术前及体外循环结束后2h、5h、12h、24h、48h和7d抽血,采用ELISA法定量检测血清S100B的水平,进行统计学分析和描述。结果在CPB结束后血清S100B的水平先上升[从CPB结束后2-5h,由(2.13±0.67)μg/L升至(2.97±0.82)μg/L,P<0.01],再迅速下降[CPB结束后5-12h,由(2.97±0.82)μg/L降至(1.07±0.26)μg/L,P<0.01],然后平稳下降[在之后的1-7d内,由(0.87±0.21)μg/L降至(0.14±0.11)μg/L,P<0.01]。在CPB结束后7d[(0.14±0.11)μg/L]仍稍高于术前水平[(0.08±0.04)μg/L](P<0.01)),恢复至术前水平者占53.1%(17/32)。结论婴幼儿体外循环术后脑损伤主要是由于体外循环本身所造成的,术后脑损伤部分为可逆性的。动态观察S100B的水平变化,对预测婴幼儿患者体外循环术后脑损伤的发展趋势、评价治疗效果等具有重要的临床价值。     

生长激素缺乏儿童血清胰岛素样生长因子-1和瘦素水平的变化及其相互关系

目的探讨生长激素缺乏(GHD)儿童血清胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF1)、瘦素水平的变化。方法用放射免疫法分别检测20例正常青春期前儿童和23例GHD患儿血清IGF1和瘦素的水平。结果GHD组血清IGF1水平(51.158±29.988)μg/L低于对照组(112.680±41.540)μg/L,两者有显著差异(t=5.619P<0.01);瘦素水平(6.002±2.204)μg/L高于对照组(4.523±2.204)μg/L,两者比较有显著差异(t=2.225P<0.05);但IGF1和瘦素之间无相关性(P>0.05)。结论IGF1和瘦素对GHD患儿生长发育的调节作用是相互独立的。     

支气管肺炎患儿血清IL—8水平变化的临床意义

本文采用ELISA法检测48例支气管肺炎患儿及40例对照组小儿血清白细胞介素-8(IL-8)水平,以探讨肺炎患儿血清IL-S水平变化的临床意义。48例肺炎组中重症肺炎15例,非重症肺炎33例。结果:肺炎组血清IL-8水平(0.660±0.370μg/ml)较对照组(0.128±0.078μg/ml)高,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。重症肺炎组血清IL-8水平(0.875±0.398μg/ml)较非重症肺炎组(0.562±0.320μg/ml)高,差异亦有显著性(P<0.01)。提示:血清IL-8水平可望成为支气管肺炎病情及预后的估计指标之一。     

糖皮质激素对结核性脑膜炎患儿骨代谢的影响

目的探讨糖皮质激素对结核性脑膜炎患儿骨代谢的影响。方法选择初治结核性脑膜炎30例患儿,观察组予抗结核及糖皮质激素治疗;以同期住院的30例上呼吸道感染患儿作对照组。治疗前和治疗4周分别测定血清Ⅰ型前胶原羧基末端前肽(PICP)和尿脱氧吡啶啉(DPD)。结果结核性脑膜炎患儿激素治疗前血清PICP、尿DPD排泄率和对照组比较均无差异(P均>0.05);激素治疗4周后血清PICP(108.85±46.13)μg/L较治疗前(152.99±44.78)μg/L明显降低,差异有显著性(P<0.01):激素治疗4周后尿DPD的排泄率(28.93±9.27)nmol/L较治疗前(19.94±5.77)nmol/L明显增高,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论激素治疗4周即可引起结核性脑膜炎患儿骨形成减少和骨吸收增加。     

轮状病毒肠道外感染与血清甘露聚糖结合蛋白水平的关系研究

目的 探讨轮状病毒肠道外感染患儿血清甘露聚糖结合蛋白(MBP)水平的变化及其与轮状病毒肠道外感染的关系.方法 采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定76例轮状病毒肠道外感染患儿和63例单纯轮状病毒肠炎患儿不同病程中的血清MBP水平以及50例健康对照组小儿血清MBP水平.结果 轮状病毒肠道外感染患儿急性期血清MBP为(176.35±113.12)μg/L,明显低于单纯轮状病毒肠炎急性期水平(392.27±128.96)μg/L以及健康对照组小儿MBP血清水平(676.25±248.63)μg/L,差异有显著性(P＜0.001);轮状病毒肠道外感染患儿恢复期血清MBP水平为(358.63±106.54)μg/L,低于单纯轮状病毒肠炎恢复期水平[(558.49±173.24)μg/L]以及健康对照组小儿血清MBP水平,差异有显著性(P＜0.001);轮状病毒肠道外感染导致的肺炎、肝损害、心肌损害以及中枢神经系统损害急性期患儿血清MBP水平分别为(198.24±126.47)μg/L、(169.34±124.38)μg/L、(184.62±123.64)μg/L、(180.74±126.86)μg/L,差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 轮状病毒肠道外感染患儿急性期及恢复期血清MBP水平明显低于单纯轮状病毒肠炎急性期及恢复期血清MBP水平,但轮状病毒肠道外感染导致的不同肠道外脏器损害患儿急性期血清MBP水平无显著差异;轮状病毒肠道外感染的发生与血清MBP水平低下密切相关.     

血管内皮生长因子在发绀型先天性心脏病中的变化

目的观察血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在发绀型先天性心脏病(CCHD)中变化及其与病情严重程度关系。方法采用ELISA方法检测和比较20例CCHD和18例健康儿童的血清VEGF,并探讨CCHD患儿血清VEGF与血红蛋白及动脉血氧饱和度间的关系。结果CCHD患儿组VEGF明显高于正常对照组,差异有显著性[(164.65±55.73)ng/Lvs(25.56±10.67)ng/L,t=10.41 P<0.01];VEGF水平与动脉血氧饱和度呈明显负相关(r=0.602 P<0.01);VEGF水平与血红蛋白浓度呈明显正相关(r=0.795 P<0.01)。结论CCHD患儿血清VEGF浓度升高,并与病情严重程度相关,提示VEGF在CCHD病理生理中可能起重要作用。     

过敏性紫癜患儿血管内皮生长因子变化的意义

目的探讨过敏性紫癜(HSP)患儿血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平的变化及其在HSP发病中的作用。方法采用双抗体夹心ELISA检测20例急性期HSP患儿、15例恢复期HSP患儿及15例正常儿童血清VEGF水平。结果急性期HSP患儿血清VEGF水平(533.85±127.63)ng/L,明显高于恢复期(160.47±37.39)ng/L及正常对照组(68.93±19.16)ng/L,差异具有显著性(F=158.86P<0.01),3组间作两两比较差异均具有显著差异(P均<0.01)。结论HSP患儿急性期血清VEGF水平明显升高,提示VEGF可能参与HSP的发病过程,可能在HSP发病机制中具有重要意义。     

儿童恶性实体瘤肿瘤组织中VEGF的表达水平与临床预后的相关性研究

目的通过分析儿童多种恶性实体瘤肿瘤组织的血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达特点,探讨其与肿瘤类型、远处转移及预后的相关性。方法筛选我院经病理确诊的66例恶性实体瘤患儿临床资料,提取手术切除肿瘤组织RNA后,通过荧光定量PCR检测VEGF因子mRNA表达相对量,应用统计学方法分析其表达特点与不同肿瘤类型、远处转移及预后的相关性。结果①恶性实体瘤分类:神经母细胞瘤(N B)21例(32%),肝母细胞瘤(H B) 17例(26%),肾母细胞瘤(WT) 12例(18%),横纹肌肉瘤(RMS)8例(12%),原始神经外胚层肿瘤(PNET)4例(6%),其他肿瘤4例(6%)。远处转移期46例(70%),非转移期病例20例(20%)。②VEGF基因相对表达:低表达组、中表达组、高表达组VEGF基因mRNA相对表达定量(2^-△ct)分别为(2.26±1.25)、(20.97±6.1)、(50.74±18.32),差异有显著性(F=101.617,P=0.001)。46例转移期患儿,VEGF因子mRNA中高表达35例(76%);20例非转移期患儿,VEGF因子mRNA中高表达9例(45%),差异具有显著性(P=0.008)。不同肿瘤类型VEGF因子mRNA中高表达比例不同,HB、NB、WT患儿肿瘤VEGF因子mRNA中高表达分别占88%(15/17)、57%(12/21)和75%(9/12)。其中转移期HB和WT患儿肿瘤组织中VEGF高表达率明显高于非转移期HB、WT患儿,差异有显著性(P=0.022、0.012)。③VEGF表达与预后:低表达组、中表达组、高表达组的平均生存时间分别为(61.8±12.0)个月、(40.4±6.3)个月和(37.2±4.2)个月。虽然Long-rank分析提示各组平均生存时间差异无显著性(X~2=1.458,P=0.482),但低表达组平均生存时间高于中、高表达组。结论实体瘤转移期患儿VEGF基因表达率明显增高,提示VEGF与肿瘤增殖及转移密切相关,VEGF表达检测对判断预后具有一定临床意义。     

过敏性紫癜患儿尿清蛋白与血管内皮生长因子的相关性

目的探讨过敏性紫癜(HSP)、过敏性紫癜性肾炎(HSPN)患儿尿清蛋白与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的相关性。方法选择2004-2006年本院儿科、皮肤科就诊的29例HSP患儿为研究对象,并选取同期本院体检健康的21例儿童作为对照,采用磺柳酸比浊法测定各组尿清蛋白排泄率(UAER),并根据UAER将HSP患儿分为紫癜无肾损害组(HSP组)及HSPN组。酶联免疫吸附试验测定各组血清VEGF水平,并采用SPSS10.0软件比较UAER和VEGF在HSP与HSPN的水平变化以及HSPN治疗前后的水平变化。结果HSP组24h尿清蛋白[(0.05±0.02)g/d]与健康对照组[(0.04±0.02)g/d]比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),HSPN组24h尿清蛋白[(3.01±1.52)g/d]与健康对照组、HSP组比较均有显著性差异(Pa<0.01);HSP组血清VEGF水平[(98.2±48.3)ng/L]与健康对照组[(69.5±19.1)ng/L]比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),HSPN组血清VEGF水平[(179.2±69.3)ng/L]与健康对照组、HSP组比较均有非常显著性差异(Pa<0.01);治疗后24h尿清蛋白[(0.53±0.31)g/d]和VEGF[(81.4±59.6)ng/L]均降低,较治疗前有非常显著性差异(Pa<0.01);24h尿清蛋白与血清VEGF水平呈正相关(r=0.519P<0.05)。结论VEGF参与HSP、HSPN的发病,并与尿清蛋白的发生、发展有关。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.