伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛疗效分析

目的 评价伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效及相关因素.方法 2003年1月～2007年1月,30例经药物和其他保守治疗无效的原发性三叉神经痛患者接受伽玛刀治疗.其中,男14例,女16例,年龄39～78岁,平均64.5岁.疼痛分布:第Ⅱ支6例,第Ⅲ支3例,第Ⅱ Ⅲ支15例,第Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ支6例,选择靶点为三叉神经根,使用4mm准直器、双靶点治疗,靶点中心剂量75～85Gy.疗效评价采用患者自我报告形式及电话随访形式了解疼痛的缓解、控制和药物用量变化,观察伽玛刀疗效.结果 随访时间3～48个月,平均23个月,疼痛完全缓解者21例(70%);疼痛缓解程度＞50%,服用药物减量＞50%者7例(23%);疼痛缓解程度＜50%或无效者2例(7%),总有效率93%,面部感觉异常等并发症的发生率为20%(6/30).伽玛刀术后疼痛缓解出现的平均时间7周(0～48周),其中6例(20%)患者出现复发,平均时间12周(2～24周),4例复发患者于伽玛刀治疗1年后再次接受伽玛刀治疗,疼痛完全缓解,但同时出现面部感觉麻木、蚁走感等感觉异常,另外2例复发患者仍在服药、观察.结论 伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛安全有效,复发后接受第二次伽玛刀治疗有效率更高,远期疗效有待评价.     

伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛48例的心理干预

目的评价心理干预对伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛疗效的作用。方法2003年1月~2008年1月,48例经药物和其它保守治疗无效的原发性三叉神经痛患者接受伽玛刀治疗。其中男性22例,女性26例,年龄39~82岁,平均66岁。疼痛分布:第Ⅱ支8例,第Ⅲ支6例,第Ⅱ+Ⅲ19例,第Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ支15例,选择照射部位为三叉神经根,使用4 mm准直器、双靶点治疗,靶点中心剂量75~85 Gy。在治疗前、中、后对患者进行心理干预,观察伽玛刀疗效。结果随访时间6~48个月,平均24个月,疼痛完全缓解34例(70%),疼痛缓解>50%仍需药物治疗者11例,疼痛缓解程度<50%或无效者3例,总有效率93%。结论伽玛刀治疗原发三叉神经痛安全有效,在治疗期间进行心理干预,可提高有效率,减少复发。     

原发性三叉神经痛伽玛治疗后面部感觉异常情况分 析简

目的分析伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛病人面部感觉异常发生率及其与疼痛缓解间的关系。方法回顾性分析45例接受伽玛刀治疗并有完整随访的原发性三叉神经痛病例资料,记录和分析疼痛控制效果、起效时间以及面部感觉异常等并发症发生情况。结果中位随访时间15个月（12～37个月）。术后初始疼痛缓解BNIⅠ级15例（33-3％）,Ⅱ级13例（28．9％）,Ⅲ级8例（17．8％）,Ⅳ级5例（11．1％）,Ⅴ级4例（8．9％）;伽玛刀治疗整体有效率为80％。至最后一次随访,复发6例（13.3％）,（初始疼痛缓解为BNII级3例,Ⅲ级3例）;平均复发时间11．7个月（5～18个月）。伽玛刀治疗后新发面部感觉异常17例（37．8％）,疼痛完全缓解者新出现面部感觉异常的比例明显高于部分缓解或疗效不佳者（P〈0．05）。结论伽玛刀是有效的三叉神经痛治疗方法．术后面部感觉异常发生可能与更好的疼痛缓解相关。     

原发性三叉神经痛的伽玛刀治疗

目的 评价伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效.方法 对84例经药物和其他治疗无效的原发性三叉神经痛病人行伽玛刀治疗,采用BNI疼痛分级量表评价术后疼痛缓解情况.结果 术后出现面部麻木、感觉减退6例,经治疗症状消失5例,无明显改善1例.随访48个月,按BNI疼痛分级量表:Ⅰ级32例,Ⅱ～Ⅲ级36例,Ⅳ级10例,V级6例;总有效率92.9%.结论 伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛安全有效,远期疗效有待长期随访评价.     

旋转式伽玛刀治疗15例原发性三叉神经痛的疗效观察

目的 观察旋转式伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效。方法 采用Leksell G型立体定向仪，SIEMENS 1．5T MRI定位，Gamma-TPS2.1规划系统，国产OUR－RGS／A型旋转式伽玛刀治疗15例原发性三叉神经痛患者。定位靶点为三叉神经感觉根，用4mm准直器，1－2个等中心治疗，中心剂量70－90Gy。结果 出现明显疼痛缓解平均为术后2个月，疼痛缓解程度超过90％的9例（60％），疼痛缓解在50％－90％的4例（26．6％），1例稍见好转（6．7％），1例无效（6．7％），有效病例随访5－14个月未见复发，全辣病人均未出现其它阀发症。结论 应用旋转式伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛安全，有效。     

双靶点伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛

1 对象与方法 2006年3月～2007年2月．我们治疗了48例原发性三叉神经痛病人，其中男28例。女20例；年龄25～79岁，平均59．6岁；病程0．3～25年，平均7．8年。疼痛分布：右侧26例，左侧22例；第1支2例，第Ⅲ支10例，Ⅰ＋Ⅱ支7例。Ⅱ＋Ⅲ支18例，Ⅰ＋Ⅱ＋Ⅲ支11例。均为长期服用卡马西平和反复多次封闭治疗无效者。其中1例行微血管减压术失败，1例行三叉神经感觉根切断术失败。行伽玛刀治疗前均经MRI检查，排除继发性三叉神经痛。[第一段]     

伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛150例疗效观察

我院自 1999-0 6～ 2 0 0 3 0 6应用OUR旋转式伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛 15 0例 ,并随访 10～ 46个月 ,现对其疗效加以评价。1　资料与方法1 1　一般资料　男 12 0例 ,女 3 0例 ;年龄 45～ 82岁 ,平均5 7 2岁。三叉神经痛分布区 :第Ⅰ支 3 2例 ,第Ⅱ支 2 6例 ,第Ⅲ支 2 9例 ,Ⅰ十Ⅱ支 2 8例 ,Ⅱ十Ⅲ支 3 1例 ,Ⅰ十Ⅱ十Ⅲ支 4例。病程 1～ 2 0年 ,平均 7 9年。均长期口服卡马西平或经封闭治疗后无效 ,其中行三叉神经减压术 4例 ,45例进行过射频治疗 0 5～ 1年后复发 ,并遗留面部感觉减退。 15 0例均经MRI检查无肿瘤 ,确诊为原发性三叉…     

Leksell伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛46例报告

目的 评估伽玛刀在治疗原发性三叉神经痛中的作用与地位。方法 用1．5Tesla MRI行三堆超薄立体定位快速扫描。对46例原发性三叉神经痛病人行LEKSELL伽玛刀放射手术治疗，4mm准直器，中心刺量70～90Gy。靶点设定为三叉神经感觉根入桥脑处。结果 用标准咨询法对病人进行疗效评估。放射手术治疗前后疼痛按Ⅰ～Ⅳ级评分。Ⅰ级：无痛；Ⅱ级：偶发疼痛。不需用药；Ⅲ级。轻度疼痛。服药能控制；Ⅳ级。疼痛不能用药控制。46例病人中Ⅰ级26例(56．5％)。Ⅱ级9例(19．5％)。Ⅲ级7例(15．2％)。Ⅳ级4例(8．6％)。此外有4例病人疼痛复发。并接受第二次伽玛刀手术治疗。症状完全缓解。3例病人(6．5％)有迟发性的面部感觉丧失。无其他并发症发生。结论 伽玛刀放射外科手术是一种安全有效治疗三叉神经痛的高科技方法。应用性强。我们认为只要诊断成立。就可考虑施行伽玛刀手术治疗。     

原发性三叉神经痛二次伽玛刀治疗疗效分析

目的通过对二次伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛病例的长期随访,评价治疗的安全性,有效性及并发症发生情况。方法 1998年4月～2009年9月,54例经伽玛刀治疗后无效或复发的原发性三叉神经痛患者接受二次伽玛刀放射外科治疗。初次治疗中心放射剂量平均为80.9Gy(70～90Gy),二次治疗放射剂量平均为74.8Gy(70～80Gy)。结果 23例患者(42.6%)完成了随访,疼痛复发时间平均18个月(6～78个月)。二次治疗后疼痛完全缓解者17例(74.0%);疼痛缓解程度>50%,服用药物减量>50%者3例(13.0%);疼痛缓解程度<50%或无效者3例(13.0%),总有效率87.0%。疼痛缓解出现平均时间为10周(1～16周)。面部麻木,感觉异常的发生率为18例(78%),7例(30.4%)患者出现咬肌无力。结论二次伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛安全有效,但并发症的发生率明显增高。     

伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛疗效分析

目的 评价伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的安全性，有效性和心理状态。方法 1997年7月～2002年7月，67例经药物和其他方法治疗无效的原发性三叉神经痛患者接受伽玛刀放射外科治疗，放射剂量中位值是75Gy(70～80Gy)，疗效评价采用患者自我报告疼痛的控制以及药物用量的变化，观察伽玛刀疗效，并通过生活满意度指数A(life satisfaction index A，LSI-A)了解三叉神经痛患者伽玛刀术后主观感受。结果 66例患者(92．4％)完成了随访，平均随访期33个月(8～60个月)，58例患者(87．8％)报告疼痛缓解，疼痛缓解开始出现平均时间为3周(0～24周)。1、2、3年的复发率分别为13％、23％和31％；21例患者出现复发，其中17例接受再次伽玛刀治疗，14例有效；6例(8．9％)患者自觉患侧面部麻胀感，1例(二次治疗者)张口轻度受限。运用LSI-A评定三叉神经痛患者伽玛刀治疗后自我生活满意度改善情况。结论 伽玛刀放射外科治疗三叉神经痛显著缓解疼痛以及提高生存质量，不良反应发生率低，复发后2次伽玛刀治疗有效率高，患者精神心理状态改善。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.