A theoretical model of the perimenopausal process

The purpose of this qualitative investigation was to generate theory grounded in the responses of perimenopausal women about the process of menopause. A purposive sample of 12 perimenopausal women was interviewed to discover the menopausal process. Data were generated from interviews, two-month daily logs, and field notes. A substantive theory of Integrating a Changing Me identified the perimenopausal process, which included four categories: Tuning Into Me, My Body and Moods, which described the awareness of physical and emotional changes that initiated the beginnings of menopause; Facing a Paradox of Feelings, which reflected the thoughts, perceptions, and feelings experienced by perimenopausal women. Contrasting Impressions, which described the assimilation of information and the formulation of the woman's own personal meaning; and Making Adjustments, which included changes made by the women in response to this process. Implications for health care and education of perimenopausal women are discussed.     

Borderline smooth muscle tumors of the uterus

At present, decision regarding where to place a uterine smooth muscle tumor that deviates from the most obvious leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma groups still depends on time-honored conventional criteria. The focus of categorization should be the clinical outcome and not nosology. To improve accuracy in predicting clinical behavior, a multivariate approach is needed. This involves combining background clinical information, intraoperative and gross findings,multiple relevant morphologic criteria, and immunohistochemical studies. The authors believe that in future, as the number of cases with intermediate clinical outcome and morphologic features increases, and as molecular markers of prognosis are studied, managing these tumors will become more objective.     

A theoretical model for single blastocyst transfer

Objective  To elucidate the relationship between embryo grade and ART outcomes and determine how to decrease multiple pregnancy rates by assigning patients to single embryo transfer (SET) instead of dual embryo transfer (DET) according to embryo grade and/or availability. Design  Retrospective medical record review. Setting  IVF fertility center. Patients  247 women undergoing day 5 DET after in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment. Methods  We retrospectively investigated embryo grade and outcomes on day 5 DET and calculated theoretical multiple pregnancy rates by assigning patients to SET instead of DET according to a combination of embryo grades and availability. Main Outcomes Measures  Implantation, pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, expected pregnancy and expected multiple pregnancy rates. Results  Embryo grade affects implantation rates so that embryo transfer of at least one embryo with grade ≥ 3BB resulted in high multiple pregnancy rates as well as high pregnancy rates. By performing DET, the clinical pregnancy rate was 39.9% with a multiple pregnancy rate of 33.3%; however, had SET been performed with an embryo graded 3BB or better, theoretical calculated pregnancy rates would have dropped to 35.8% but with a multiple pregnancy rate of 7.2%. Conclusions  Our model showed that cases having at least one embryo with grade ≥ 3BB might serve as suitable candidates for SET.     

子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA及Rho激酶的表达与分娩发动的关系

Objective To investigate the role of RhoA and Rho kinase system in the onset of labor. Methods Forty term pregnant women, who delivered through cesarean section at the Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University from February 2007 to November 2007, were selected and divided into 2 groups: 20 in labor group and 20 in non-labor group. Another 20 non-pregnant women undergoing hysterectomy due to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were chosen as the control. Real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and western blot were applied to detect the expression RhoA and ROCKⅠ mRNA and protein in uterine smooth muscle tissue and the correlation between the mRNA and protein expression of RhoA and ROCKⅠ were analyzed. Results (1) The mRNA expressions of both RhoA and ROCKⅠ were detected in all groups, and higher levels were found in the labor group than in the non-labor group and the control [RhoA mRNA: (3.51±0.56)×10-3 vs. (2.75±0.52)×10-3 and (2.11±0.54)×10-3; ROCKⅠ mRNA: (4.07±0.66)×10-3 vs. (2.71±0.52)×10-3 and(2.01±0.23)×10-3, P<0.01]. (2) RhoA and ROCKⅠ proteins were also identified in all three groups, and the expressions in the labor and non-labor group were higher than those of the control (RhoA protein: 0.72±0.23 and 0.64±0.17 vs. 0.46±0.15; ROCKⅠ protein: 0.56±0.14 and 0.42±0.16 vs. 0.29±0.08, P<0.01). (3) The expression of RhoA mRNA and ROCKⅠ mRNA were positively correlated in each of the three groups (r=0.73,P<0.01), and the same was found in the expression of RhoA protein and ROCKⅠ protein (r=0.37,P<0.01). Conclusion The increased expression of RhoA and Rho kinase may play an important role in the initiation of labor.     

子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA及Rho激酶的表达与分娩发动的关系

Objective To investigate the role of RhoA and Rho kinase system in the onset of labor. Methods Forty term pregnant women, who delivered through cesarean section at the Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University from February 2007 to November 2007, were selected and divided into 2 groups: 20 in labor group and 20 in non-labor group. Another 20 non-pregnant women undergoing hysterectomy due to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were chosen as the control. Real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and western blot were applied to detect the expression RhoA and ROCKⅠ mRNA and protein in uterine smooth muscle tissue and the correlation between the mRNA and protein expression of RhoA and ROCKⅠ were analyzed. Results (1) The mRNA expressions of both RhoA and ROCKⅠ were detected in all groups, and higher levels were found in the labor group than in the non-labor group and the control [RhoA mRNA: (3.51±0.56)×10-3 vs. (2.75±0.52)×10-3 and (2.11±0.54)×10-3; ROCKⅠ mRNA: (4.07±0.66)×10-3 vs. (2.71±0.52)×10-3 and(2.01±0.23)×10-3, P<0.01]. (2) RhoA and ROCKⅠ proteins were also identified in all three groups, and the expressions in the labor and non-labor group were higher than those of the control (RhoA protein: 0.72±0.23 and 0.64±0.17 vs. 0.46±0.15; ROCKⅠ protein: 0.56±0.14 and 0.42±0.16 vs. 0.29±0.08, P<0.01). (3) The expression of RhoA mRNA and ROCKⅠ mRNA were positively correlated in each of the three groups (r=0.73,P<0.01), and the same was found in the expression of RhoA protein and ROCKⅠ protein (r=0.37,P<0.01). Conclusion The increased expression of RhoA and Rho kinase may play an important role in the initiation of labor.     

子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA及Rho激酶的表达与分娩发动的关系

Objective To investigate the role of RhoA and Rho kinase system in the onset of labor. Methods Forty term pregnant women, who delivered through cesarean section at the Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University from February 2007 to November 2007, were selected and divided into 2 groups: 20 in labor group and 20 in non-labor group. Another 20 non-pregnant women undergoing hysterectomy due to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were chosen as the control. Real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and western blot were applied to detect the expression RhoA and ROCKⅠ mRNA and protein in uterine smooth muscle tissue and the correlation between the mRNA and protein expression of RhoA and ROCKⅠ were analyzed. Results (1) The mRNA expressions of both RhoA and ROCKⅠ were detected in all groups, and higher levels were found in the labor group than in the non-labor group and the control [RhoA mRNA: (3.51±0.56)×10-3 vs. (2.75±0.52)×10-3 and (2.11±0.54)×10-3; ROCKⅠ mRNA: (4.07±0.66)×10-3 vs. (2.71±0.52)×10-3 and(2.01±0.23)×10-3, P<0.01]. (2) RhoA and ROCKⅠ proteins were also identified in all three groups, and the expressions in the labor and non-labor group were higher than those of the control (RhoA protein: 0.72±0.23 and 0.64±0.17 vs. 0.46±0.15; ROCKⅠ protein: 0.56±0.14 and 0.42±0.16 vs. 0.29±0.08, P<0.01). (3) The expression of RhoA mRNA and ROCKⅠ mRNA were positively correlated in each of the three groups (r=0.73,P<0.01), and the same was found in the expression of RhoA protein and ROCKⅠ protein (r=0.37,P<0.01). Conclusion The increased expression of RhoA and Rho kinase may play an important role in the initiation of labor.     

子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA及Rho激酶的表达与分娩发动的关系

Objective To investigate the role of RhoA and Rho kinase system in the onset of labor. Methods Forty term pregnant women, who delivered through cesarean section at the Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University from February 2007 to November 2007, were selected and divided into 2 groups: 20 in labor group and 20 in non-labor group. Another 20 non-pregnant women undergoing hysterectomy due to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were chosen as the control. Real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and western blot were applied to detect the expression RhoA and ROCKⅠ mRNA and protein in uterine smooth muscle tissue and the correlation between the mRNA and protein expression of RhoA and ROCKⅠ were analyzed. Results (1) The mRNA expressions of both RhoA and ROCKⅠ were detected in all groups, and higher levels were found in the labor group than in the non-labor group and the control [RhoA mRNA: (3.51±0.56)×10-3 vs. (2.75±0.52)×10-3 and (2.11±0.54)×10-3; ROCKⅠ mRNA: (4.07±0.66)×10-3 vs. (2.71±0.52)×10-3 and(2.01±0.23)×10-3, P<0.01]. (2) RhoA and ROCKⅠ proteins were also identified in all three groups, and the expressions in the labor and non-labor group were higher than those of the control (RhoA protein: 0.72±0.23 and 0.64±0.17 vs. 0.46±0.15; ROCKⅠ protein: 0.56±0.14 and 0.42±0.16 vs. 0.29±0.08, P<0.01). (3) The expression of RhoA mRNA and ROCKⅠ mRNA were positively correlated in each of the three groups (r=0.73,P<0.01), and the same was found in the expression of RhoA protein and ROCKⅠ protein (r=0.37,P<0.01). Conclusion The increased expression of RhoA and Rho kinase may play an important role in the initiation of labor.     

子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA及Rho激酶的表达与分娩发动的关系

Objective To investigate the role of RhoA and Rho kinase system in the onset of labor. Methods Forty term pregnant women, who delivered through cesarean section at the Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University from February 2007 to November 2007, were selected and divided into 2 groups: 20 in labor group and 20 in non-labor group. Another 20 non-pregnant women undergoing hysterectomy due to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were chosen as the control. Real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and western blot were applied to detect the expression RhoA and ROCKⅠ mRNA and protein in uterine smooth muscle tissue and the correlation between the mRNA and protein expression of RhoA and ROCKⅠ were analyzed. Results (1) The mRNA expressions of both RhoA and ROCKⅠ were detected in all groups, and higher levels were found in the labor group than in the non-labor group and the control [RhoA mRNA: (3.51±0.56)×10-3 vs. (2.75±0.52)×10-3 and (2.11±0.54)×10-3; ROCKⅠ mRNA: (4.07±0.66)×10-3 vs. (2.71±0.52)×10-3 and(2.01±0.23)×10-3, P<0.01]. (2) RhoA and ROCKⅠ proteins were also identified in all three groups, and the expressions in the labor and non-labor group were higher than those of the control (RhoA protein: 0.72±0.23 and 0.64±0.17 vs. 0.46±0.15; ROCKⅠ protein: 0.56±0.14 and 0.42±0.16 vs. 0.29±0.08, P<0.01). (3) The expression of RhoA mRNA and ROCKⅠ mRNA were positively correlated in each of the three groups (r=0.73,P<0.01), and the same was found in the expression of RhoA protein and ROCKⅠ protein (r=0.37,P<0.01). Conclusion The increased expression of RhoA and Rho kinase may play an important role in the initiation of labor.     

子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA及Rho激酶的表达与分娩发动的关系

目的 探讨子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA及Rho激酶的表达变化及其在分娩发动中的作用.方法 选择2007年2至12月在中南大学湘雅二医院妇产科住院分娩的足月临产产妇20例(临产组),足月未临产产妇20例(未临产组);同期因宫颈上皮内瘤变行子宫切除术的患者20例为对照组.应用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术和蛋白印迹法检测3组妇女子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA和Rho激酶亚型ROCKⅠ mRNA及其蛋白的表达水平,并对子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA mRNA及蛋白与ROCKⅠ mRNA及蛋白的表达水平行相关性分析.结果 (1) 3组妇女子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA mRNA和ROCKⅠmRNA的表达水平,临产组分别为(3.51±0.56)×10-3和(4.07±0.66)×10-3;未临产组分别为(2.75±0.52)×10-3和(2.71±0.52)×10-3;对照组分别为(2.11±0.54)×10-3和(2.01±0.23)×10-3.临产组产妇子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA mRNA和ROCKⅠ mRNA的表达水平均高于未临产组和对照组, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);3组间分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).(2)3 组妇女子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA蛋白和ROCKⅠ蛋白的表达水平,临产组分别为0.72±0.23和0.56±0.14;未临产组分别为0.64±0.17和0.42±0.16;对照组分别为0.46±0.15和0.29±0.08.RhoA蛋白在3组中的表达两两比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).临产组和未临产组产妇子宫平滑肌组织中ROCKⅠ蛋白表达水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).(3)3组妇女子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA mRNA表达与ROCKⅠ mRNA的表达水平呈正相关关系(r=0.73,P<0.01);3组妇女子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA蛋白表达与ROCKⅠ蛋白表达水平也呈正相关关系(r=0.37,P<0.01).结论 子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA及Rho激酶水平升高与产妇分娩发动密切相关.     

子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA及Rho激酶的表达与分娩发动的关系

Objective To investigate the role of RhoA and Rho kinase system in the onset of labor. Methods Forty term pregnant women, who delivered through cesarean section at the Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University from February 2007 to November 2007, were selected and divided into 2 groups: 20 in labor group and 20 in non-labor group. Another 20 non-pregnant women undergoing hysterectomy due to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were chosen as the control. Real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and western blot were applied to detect the expression RhoA and ROCKⅠ mRNA and protein in uterine smooth muscle tissue and the correlation between the mRNA and protein expression of RhoA and ROCKⅠ were analyzed. Results (1) The mRNA expressions of both RhoA and ROCKⅠ were detected in all groups, and higher levels were found in the labor group than in the non-labor group and the control [RhoA mRNA: (3.51±0.56)×10-3 vs. (2.75±0.52)×10-3 and (2.11±0.54)×10-3; ROCKⅠ mRNA: (4.07±0.66)×10-3 vs. (2.71±0.52)×10-3 and(2.01±0.23)×10-3, P<0.01]. (2) RhoA and ROCKⅠ proteins were also identified in all three groups, and the expressions in the labor and non-labor group were higher than those of the control (RhoA protein: 0.72±0.23 and 0.64±0.17 vs. 0.46±0.15; ROCKⅠ protein: 0.56±0.14 and 0.42±0.16 vs. 0.29±0.08, P<0.01). (3) The expression of RhoA mRNA and ROCKⅠ mRNA were positively correlated in each of the three groups (r=0.73,P<0.01), and the same was found in the expression of RhoA protein and ROCKⅠ protein (r=0.37,P<0.01). Conclusion The increased expression of RhoA and Rho kinase may play an important role in the initiation of labor.     

子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA及Rho激酶的表达与分娩发动的关系

Objective To investigate the role of RhoA and Rho kinase system in the onset of labor. Methods Forty term pregnant women, who delivered through cesarean section at the Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University from February 2007 to November 2007, were selected and divided into 2 groups: 20 in labor group and 20 in non-labor group. Another 20 non-pregnant women undergoing hysterectomy due to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were chosen as the control. Real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and western blot were applied to detect the expression RhoA and ROCKⅠ mRNA and protein in uterine smooth muscle tissue and the correlation between the mRNA and protein expression of RhoA and ROCKⅠ were analyzed. Results (1) The mRNA expressions of both RhoA and ROCKⅠ were detected in all groups, and higher levels were found in the labor group than in the non-labor group and the control [RhoA mRNA: (3.51±0.56)×10-3 vs. (2.75±0.52)×10-3 and (2.11±0.54)×10-3; ROCKⅠ mRNA: (4.07±0.66)×10-3 vs. (2.71±0.52)×10-3 and(2.01±0.23)×10-3, P<0.01]. (2) RhoA and ROCKⅠ proteins were also identified in all three groups, and the expressions in the labor and non-labor group were higher than those of the control (RhoA protein: 0.72±0.23 and 0.64±0.17 vs. 0.46±0.15; ROCKⅠ protein: 0.56±0.14 and 0.42±0.16 vs. 0.29±0.08, P<0.01). (3) The expression of RhoA mRNA and ROCKⅠ mRNA were positively correlated in each of the three groups (r=0.73,P<0.01), and the same was found in the expression of RhoA protein and ROCKⅠ protein (r=0.37,P<0.01). Conclusion The increased expression of RhoA and Rho kinase may play an important role in the initiation of labor.     

子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA及Rho激酶的表达与分娩发动的关系

Objective To investigate the role of RhoA and Rho kinase system in the onset of labor. Methods Forty term pregnant women, who delivered through cesarean section at the Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University from February 2007 to November 2007, were selected and divided into 2 groups: 20 in labor group and 20 in non-labor group. Another 20 non-pregnant women undergoing hysterectomy due to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were chosen as the control. Real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and western blot were applied to detect the expression RhoA and ROCKⅠ mRNA and protein in uterine smooth muscle tissue and the correlation between the mRNA and protein expression of RhoA and ROCKⅠ were analyzed. Results (1) The mRNA expressions of both RhoA and ROCKⅠ were detected in all groups, and higher levels were found in the labor group than in the non-labor group and the control [RhoA mRNA: (3.51±0.56)×10-3 vs. (2.75±0.52)×10-3 and (2.11±0.54)×10-3; ROCKⅠ mRNA: (4.07±0.66)×10-3 vs. (2.71±0.52)×10-3 and(2.01±0.23)×10-3, P<0.01]. (2) RhoA and ROCKⅠ proteins were also identified in all three groups, and the expressions in the labor and non-labor group were higher than those of the control (RhoA protein: 0.72±0.23 and 0.64±0.17 vs. 0.46±0.15; ROCKⅠ protein: 0.56±0.14 and 0.42±0.16 vs. 0.29±0.08, P<0.01). (3) The expression of RhoA mRNA and ROCKⅠ mRNA were positively correlated in each of the three groups (r=0.73,P<0.01), and the same was found in the expression of RhoA protein and ROCKⅠ protein (r=0.37,P<0.01). Conclusion The increased expression of RhoA and Rho kinase may play an important role in the initiation of labor.     

子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA及Rho激酶的表达与分娩发动的关系

Objective To investigate the role of RhoA and Rho kinase system in the onset of labor. Methods Forty term pregnant women, who delivered through cesarean section at the Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University from February 2007 to November 2007, were selected and divided into 2 groups: 20 in labor group and 20 in non-labor group. Another 20 non-pregnant women undergoing hysterectomy due to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were chosen as the control. Real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and western blot were applied to detect the expression RhoA and ROCKⅠ mRNA and protein in uterine smooth muscle tissue and the correlation between the mRNA and protein expression of RhoA and ROCKⅠ were analyzed. Results (1) The mRNA expressions of both RhoA and ROCKⅠ were detected in all groups, and higher levels were found in the labor group than in the non-labor group and the control [RhoA mRNA: (3.51±0.56)×10-3 vs. (2.75±0.52)×10-3 and (2.11±0.54)×10-3; ROCKⅠ mRNA: (4.07±0.66)×10-3 vs. (2.71±0.52)×10-3 and(2.01±0.23)×10-3, P<0.01]. (2) RhoA and ROCKⅠ proteins were also identified in all three groups, and the expressions in the labor and non-labor group were higher than those of the control (RhoA protein: 0.72±0.23 and 0.64±0.17 vs. 0.46±0.15; ROCKⅠ protein: 0.56±0.14 and 0.42±0.16 vs. 0.29±0.08, P<0.01). (3) The expression of RhoA mRNA and ROCKⅠ mRNA were positively correlated in each of the three groups (r=0.73,P<0.01), and the same was found in the expression of RhoA protein and ROCKⅠ protein (r=0.37,P<0.01). Conclusion The increased expression of RhoA and Rho kinase may play an important role in the initiation of labor.     

子宫平滑肌组织中RhoA及Rho激酶的表达与分娩发动的关系

Objective To investigate the role of RhoA and Rho kinase system in the onset of labor. Methods Forty term pregnant women, who delivered through cesarean section at the Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University from February 2007 to November 2007, were selected and divided into 2 groups: 20 in labor group and 20 in non-labor group. Another 20 non-pregnant women undergoing hysterectomy due to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were chosen as the control. Real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and western blot were applied to detect the expression RhoA and ROCKⅠ mRNA and protein in uterine smooth muscle tissue and the correlation between the mRNA and protein expression of RhoA and ROCKⅠ were analyzed. Results (1) The mRNA expressions of both RhoA and ROCKⅠ were detected in all groups, and higher levels were found in the labor group than in the non-labor group and the control [RhoA mRNA: (3.51±0.56)×10-3 vs. (2.75±0.52)×10-3 and (2.11±0.54)×10-3; ROCKⅠ mRNA: (4.07±0.66)×10-3 vs. (2.71±0.52)×10-3 and(2.01±0.23)×10-3, P<0.01]. (2) RhoA and ROCKⅠ proteins were also identified in all three groups, and the expressions in the labor and non-labor group were higher than those of the control (RhoA protein: 0.72±0.23 and 0.64±0.17 vs. 0.46±0.15; ROCKⅠ protein: 0.56±0.14 and 0.42±0.16 vs. 0.29±0.08, P<0.01). (3) The expression of RhoA mRNA and ROCKⅠ mRNA were positively correlated in each of the three groups (r=0.73,P<0.01), and the same was found in the expression of RhoA protein and ROCKⅠ protein (r=0.37,P<0.01). Conclusion The increased expression of RhoA and Rho kinase may play an important role in the initiation of labor.     

The relationship between beta-endorphin levels and uterine muscle contractions during labor

Plasma beta-endorphin (BE) levels (8.6 +/- 0.8 pmol/l) (mean +/- SE) were lower in the third trimester than in non-pregnant controls (14.8 +/- 1.1 pmol/l) (P less than 0.001), increased during labor, to 29.3 +/- 4.4 pmol/l (P less than 0.005) and decreased, 72 h after delivery, to 3.5 +/- 0.4 pmol/l (P less than 0.001). BE levels were found to correlate significantly with uterine muscle contraction (r = 0.966, P less than 0.05) and with cervical effacement (r = 0.974, P less than 0.05) during labor.     

子痫前期血清对滋养-平滑肌细胞共培养体系平滑肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨子痫前期血清对细胞滋养细胞-平滑肌细胞共培养体系平滑肌细胞凋亡的影响。方法:采用组织块贴壁法培养人早孕期细胞滋养细胞(CTB)和人脐动脉平滑肌细胞(HUASMC),传代后建立滋养细胞与人脐动脉平滑肌细胞共培养模型并分别加入正常和子痫前期患者静脉血清培养24h,并设立相对应的单培养组;Transwell小室检测CTB的侵袭能力;细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8)测定HUASMC活力;Annexin V-FITC检测HUASMC凋亡率;RT-PCR检测滋养细胞FasL mRNA与HUASMC的Fas mRNA的表达;W estern blot检测HUASMC的Fas蛋白的表达。结果:子痫前期患者血清能显著降低共培养体系中CTB的侵袭能力,上调HUASMC活力,降低HUASMC早期凋亡率、FasmRNA和Fas蛋白的表达。结论:子痫前期血清可能通过降调细胞滋养细胞-平滑肌细胞共培养体系滋养细胞的侵袭能力,降调共培养体系HUASMC Fas的表达,从而抑制HUASMC凋亡。     

Vardenafil and resveratrol synergistically enhance the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway in corpus cavernosal smooth muscle cells and its therapeutic potential for erectile dysfunction in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat: preliminary findings

IntroductionPhosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are very effective agents for erectile dysfunction; however, specific patient populations are hard to treat. The efficacy of PDE5 inhibitors is limited because a minimum amount of nitric oxide (NO) is necessary. Resveratrol, a plant polyphenol, is reported to activate endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) through activation of sirtuin 1. We previously reported that human corpus cavernosal smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs) express eNOS and synthesize cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) via the NO/cGMP pathway.AimTo investigate the ability of resveratrol and/or vardenafil to increase cGMP in an in vitro model using CCSMCs and to improve erectile function in an in vivo rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetes.MethodsCCSMCs were treated with resveratrol and/or vardenafil. Twenty male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (N = 4 in each group): age‐matched controls, diabetic controls, and diabetic rats treated with resveratrol, vardenafil, or both in combination for the last 4 weeks of an 8‐week period of diabetes induction.Main Outcome MeasuresIntracellular cGMP measurement, intracovernous pressure (ICP)/mean arterial pressure (MAP) ratio, and smooth muscle/collagen ratio.ResultsIntracellular cGMP level was elevated by resveratrol treatment in CCSMCs. The combination treatment of resveratrol and vardenafil had a synergistic effect. Diabetic rats showed impairment of erectile function. Treatment with either resveratrol or vardenafil improved ICP/MAP ratio, and combination therapy with resveratrol and vardenafil had a synergistic effect in improvement of ICP/MAP.ConclusionsTreatment with either resveratrol or vardenafil elevated cGMP level in CCSMCs and improved erectile function in STZ‐induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, a synergistic effect was observed in vitro and in vivo. Resveratrol or combination therapy of resveratrol and vardenafil can improve erectile function in which NO release is impaired, although further study is needed to confirm the results. Fukuhara S, Tsujimura A, Okuda H, Yamamoto K, Takao T, Miyagawa Y, Nonomura N, and Okuyama A. Vardenafil and resveratrol synergistically enhance the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway in corpus cavernosal smooth muscle cells and its therapeutic potential for erectile dysfunction in the streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rat: Preliminary findings.