广东、吉林、四川、湖北四省居民食品安全知识、态度和行为调查

目的　了解广东、吉林、四川和湖北 4省 4县居民在食品安全教育前食品安全知识、态度、行为 (KAP)等方面的现状。方法　用自制的居民KAP调查问卷在食品安全教育前对广东、吉林、四川和湖北 4个项目省随机抽取4个县的 2 0 0 4名居民进行问卷调查。其中 ,有 60 0名男性 ,1 40 4名女性 ;61 6%的人年龄在 1 8～ 3 5岁 ;被调查者中 68 0 %的人具有初中及初中以下文化程度。结果　食品安全方面知识得分及格及及格以上人数仅占被调查者的3 5 5 % ,态度得分及格率为 3 2 8% ,行为得分及格率为 42 80 % ;60岁及以上年龄组的调查对象的知识得分及格率为 1 8 1 % ,明显低于其他年龄组的人。 1 9～ 3 5岁和 3 6～ 5 9岁年龄组的态度得分及格率明显低于其他年龄组。调查对象的受教育水平越高 ,食品安全KAP的得分越高。结论　广东、吉林、四川和湖北 4个项目省随机抽取 4个县的被调查者食品安全KAP状况不容乐观。     

宁波市海曙区居民饮食与运动知识行为分析

目的　了解宁波市海曙区居民饮食运动行为现状 ,为在社区范围内开展饮食营养和运动的教育和干预活动提供依据。方法　采用两阶段整群抽样方法 ,抽取海曙区 5个街道 2 0 43名 1 5岁以上常住居民 ,其中 ,92 9名男性 ,1 1 1 4名女性 ;3 5 0 %的人为初中文化 ,2 5 2 %的人为高中文化 ,并对他们进行问卷调查。结果　海曙区居民人均每日盐摄入量是 1 4 8克 ,高脂饮食率为 9 3 % ,3 3 8%能基本保证每日奶制品摄入 ,规律运动仅占 1 6 7%。 66 4%的人不知道正确的每日摄盐量 ,3 0 9%的人不知道低盐食物能够预防高血压 ,3 6 7%的人不知道高脂、高糖饮食是糖尿病的危险因素。仅 5 4 7%的人知道肥胖是糖尿病危险因素之一。结论　食盐摄入过高与运动缺乏是海曙区居民最主要的问题 ,是今后海曙区开展慢性病控制行为干预的重点     

老年周围动脉硬化闭塞病与血浆纤维蛋白原、血小板集聚率关系的研究

目的　探讨血浆纤维蛋白原、血小板聚集对老年周围动脉硬化闭塞病 (PAOD)的影响。方法　在北京市万寿路地区 2 0 4 11名老年居民中 ,以家委会为单位整群随机抽样 2 12 1人 ,男 94 1人 ,女 1180人 ,最大年龄 89岁 ,最小年龄 6 0岁 ,平均年龄 6 8.5 1岁± 4 .83岁。以踝动脉指数 <0 .9为PAOD诊断标准。以此诊断分成PAOD与非PAOD人群。在PAOD人群中抽取病例组 2 32例 ,其中男 73例、女 15 9例 ,平均年龄 70 .97岁± 6 .4 6岁 ;在非PAOD人群中按完全随机方式抽取对照组 4 6 4人 ,其中男 2 17人、女 2 4 7人 ,平均年龄 6 8.6 3岁± 5 .2 9岁。病例组与对照组均化验血浆纤维蛋白原浓度 ,血小板最大聚集率及 3min血小板聚集率。同时在两组中对PAOD患病有影响的因素进行多元logistic逐步回归分析。 结果　PAOD病例组血浆纤维蛋白原 (435 .4 5mg/dl±115 .2 5mg/dl)高于对照组 (36 0 .96mg/dl±93.5 2mg/dl) ,P =0 .0 0 1;3min血小板聚集率 (48.76 %± 2 3.90 % )高于对照组(43.5 0 %± 2 6 .76 % ) ,P =0 .0 12。logistic回归结果也显示血浆纤维蛋白原 (OR =0 .994 ,95 %CI :0 .992～ 0 .994 )及 3min血小板聚集率 (OR =0 .5 78,95 %CI:0 .4 0 3～ 0 .82 9)为对PAOD患病有显著影响意义的因素。结论　PAOD患者中     

晋城市部分地区居民艾滋病基本知识知晓率调查及分析

晋城市人民医院为了解辖区居民预防艾滋病知识知晓率 ,以便探求控制艾滋病传播方法 ,对辖区居民进行了艾滋病基本知识问卷调查 ,现将结果报告如下。对象与方法1 对象　晋城市人民医院辖区居民 5 0 0名。其中男性占 6 1 9% ,女性占 38 1%。汽车司机占8 6 % ,建筑工人占 7 6 % ,个体户 7 3% ,学生占7 0 % ,其他人群占 6 9 4 %。 2 0岁以下占 6 8% ,2 0～ 30岁占 2 9 4 % ,31～ 4 0岁占 36 5 % ,4 0岁以上占 2 7 3%。未上学占 1 3% ,小学占 10 7% ,初中占 39 5 % ,高中或中专占 34 3% ,大专大学占13 9% ,研究生以上占 0 3%。2 方法　统一…     

颍上县城关镇中老年人慢病现状及影响因素调查分析

目的　探讨人群慢病现状及其报病影响因素。方法　对颍上县城关镇胜利街居委会和颍上县城关立新居委会居民和郊区农民共 1 897名 4 5岁及以上人群进行慢病问卷调查。结果　颍上县 1 897名被调查者各种慢病的患病率达 89.8% ,患有一种慢病者占 1 4 .8% ,患有两种慢病者占 1 9.2 % ,慢病患病率依次为高血压病 (32 .8% ) ,糖尿病 (1 9.4 % ) ,冠心病 (1 8.7% ) ,颈椎病 (1 7.4 % ) ,脑血管病 (1 5 .6 % ) ;影响慢病报病的影响因素为年龄、性别、文化程度、工作类型、月收入。结论　 4 5岁及以上人群慢病患病率高 ,年龄、性别、文化程度、工作类型、月收入是人群慢病自报患病率的重要影响因素     

北京市城区居民流行性感冒样病例发病情况快速调查

为了解 2 0 0 1年冬季北京市城区居民流行性感冒 (流感 )样病例发病及流感疫苗接种情况 ,使用北京市 8个城区的电话局向号和随机数字相结合产生的电话号码 ,对城区居民进行电话调查 ,同时对部分 3～ 6岁幼儿和≥ 6 0岁老人开展自我管理式问卷调查。结果显示 :2 0 0 1年冬季北京市城区居民流感样疾病罹患率为 10 8% ,≤ 6岁、7～18岁、19～ 5 9岁、≥ 6 0岁人群流感样疾病罹患率分别为 4 0 0 %、16 7%、9 2 %、6 7% ,各年龄组人群罹患率差异有显著的统计学意义。≥ 6 0岁患慢性病老人罹患率为 8 3% ,非慢性病老人罹患率为 4 3% ,差异有显著的统计学意义。城区居民流感疫苗接种率为 10 5 % ,≤ 6岁、7～ 18岁、19～ 5 9岁、≥ 6 0岁人群流感疫苗接种率分别为36 8%、2 8 8%、6 7%、7 9%。接种组和未接种组幼儿流感样病例罹患率和≥ 6 0岁老人的人周发病率差异均无显著的统计学意义。表明 2 0 0 1年冬季北京市城区居民存在流感样病例流行 ,幼儿和患慢性病老人是预防流感样病例的重点人群 ,流感疫苗幼儿接种率较高 ,≥ 6 0岁老人接种率低 ,应积极在老年人群中推广流感疫苗的使用     

居民健康调查分析及慢病防治策略

目的　调查辖区居民的健康状况 ,了解居民基本健康情况、不良生活方式和慢性非传染性疾病的特点 ,以指导慢病防治工作的开展策略。方法　以问卷与体检结合的形式入户调查 ,并对高血压病设立专项调查。结果　调查 2 786 1人 ,老年人 (>6 0岁 )占 9.96 %。 35岁以上年体检至少一次者占 4 .2 8%。肥胖 7.4 7% ,吸烟 7.34% ,饮酒6 .4 2 % ,不运动 90 .5 5 %。慢病总患病率 8.75 % ,最常见慢病是高血压 (6 .6 1% ) ,其后依次是冠心病 (0 .6 0 % ) ,糖尿病(0 .4 7% ) ,慢性肺部疾患 (0 .4 4 % ) ,脑血管病 (0 .4 2 % ) ,肿瘤 (0 .2 0 % )。吸烟、饮酒、不运动等不良生活行为方式与慢病密切相关。高血压病治疗率仅达 2 1.5 4 %。结论　提高居民的自我保健意识 ,完善老年医疗 ,开展多层次服务 ,实行慢病综合防治措施 ,是社区医疗服务的发展方向 ,也是真正提高全民健康水平的关键。     

广东、吉林、四川、湖北四省居民食品安全教育前后知信行的比较

目的　了解广东、吉林、四川和湖北 4省居民在食品安全健康教育前后的食品安全知识 -态度 -行为 (KAP)等方面的变化。方法　用自制的居民KAP调查问卷 ,在食品安全健康教育前后分别对 4个省的 4个县市随机抽取 40 87名居民进行问卷调查 ,并对调查结果进行比较分析。结果　通过食品安全健康教育活动的开展 ,4县市居民食品安全方面知识、态度、行为状况均有明显改善。经比较 ,干预后被调查者在食品安全方面知识得分、态度得分及行为得分均有明显提高。被调查者食品安全方面知识得分及格率从 3 5 5 %提高到78 2 % ;态度得分及格率从 3 2 8%提高到 89 5 % ;行为得分及格率从 42 8%提高到 77 4%。结论　长期、广泛、形式多样的食品安全教育是改善我国城乡居民食品安全KAP状况的有效途径。     

曹家渡社区脑卒中知信行干预效果评价

[目的 ]　分析曹家渡社区 3 5岁以上居民经 2年综合干预后 ,脑卒中有关知识、信念、行为 (KAP)的改变。[方法 ]　 1998年随机调查 481人 ,作为基线调查人群 ,其中对照组 2 41人 ,干预组 2 40人。经过 2年社区干预后 ,于 2 0 0 0年随机抽查了 45 4人 ,对照组和干预组各调查了 2 2 6和 2 2 8人。 [结果 ]　干预组总体信念、高血压患者相关行为、高血脂患者相关行为等得分均显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且其及格率也显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。 [结论 ]　社区综合干预措施具有一定效果 ,有助于改善居民对防制脑卒中的认识和相关行为     

居民非职业性一氧化碳中毒的KAP影响因素及健康教育需求的调查研究

目的了解居民对非职业性一氧化碳(CO)中毒的知识、态度、行为、影响因素及健康教育需求。方法采用方便抽样方法,对3000名门诊就诊患者进行非职业性CO中毒的知识、态度、行为、影响因素及健康教育需求进行调查。结果研究对象知识、态度及行为得分分别为:85.89±13.50、85.13±18.89及37.48±23分;18岁≤年龄25岁、大专及以上学历、月收入≥3000元、公务员人群的知识、态度得分高(P0.05),18岁≤年龄25岁、公务员人群的行为得分高(P0.05);18岁≤年龄25岁、大专及以上学历、月收入≥3000元、公务员人群的KAP总评分高(P0.05);年龄≥55岁人群KAP评分不及格率是18岁≤年龄25岁人群的3.223倍,2000元≤月收入3000元及月收入≥3000元的人群KAP评分不及格率分别是1000元≤月收入2000元人群0.596倍和0.369倍,工人、农民KAP评分不及格率分别是公务员的2.521倍和2.819倍;健康教育方式需求排名前3位的分别是授课(100%)、报纸杂志(47.3%)、专业书籍(47.2%)。结论居民非职业性CO中毒的知识和态度有提升的空间,行为有待改善,应根据居民的健康教育需求,开展有针对性的干预措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.