贲门失弛缓症的内镜治疗

贲门失弛缓症是食管下段神经肌肉功能障碍所致的一种疾病,其治疗主要是通过降低食管下段括约肌的张力,解除功能性梗阻.内镜治疗的临床研究较多,越来越引起重视.球囊扩张治疗时间短,显效快;肉毒素注射安全有效,操作简便;支架置入疗效高,但需短期内取出支架;小球囊扩张和肉毒素注射联合治疗,既可提高疗效,又能减少并发症.内镜治疗贲门失弛缓症应密切观察,及时处理并发症和肉毒素的不良反应.     

经口内镜下肌切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症的现状和进展

贲门失弛缓症是由食管-胃交界处神经肌肉功能障碍所致的一种食管动力障碍的功能性疾病,主要特征为食管缺乏蠕动、食管下括约肌松弛受限。目前治疗方法包括肉毒素治疗、支架植入、腹腔镜Heller肌切开术和内镜下球囊扩张术,但这些治疗手段存在短期内易复发、损伤较大等不足。随着内镜技术的不断发展,新型微创术式经口内镜下肌切开术(POEM)在临床上得到广泛应用,亦可用于一些特殊患者,如Ⅲ型贲门失弛缓症、高龄、小儿、乙状结肠型贲门失弛缓症等。本文就POEM治疗贲门失弛缓症的现状和进展作一综述。     

经口内镜下肌切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症的研究进展

贲门失弛缓症是食管神经-肌肉功能紊乱所致的疾病。治疗目标主要为降低食管下括约肌压力,解除食管梗阻。传统治疗方法包括药物治疗、内镜下肉毒素注射、内镜下球囊扩张术以及腹腔镜Heller肌切开术等,但均存在局限性。经口内镜下肌切开术(POEM)因微创、安全性高、疗效显著等特点成为研究热点。本文就POEM治疗贲门失弛缓症的研究进展作一综述。     

内镜下气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的价值

贲门失弛缓症是一种病因不明的食管动力学功能障碍性疾病,表现为食管下括约肌的静息压明显高于正常,吞咽时不能充分松弛,严重影响食管排空,目前治疗尚无理想的方案,主要以外科手术及内镜下扩张为主,本文旨在探讨内镜下气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症的价值. 一、对象:选择1997年8月～1999年12月我院消化专家门诊诊断,并经胃镜钡餐及食管测压,证实贲门失弛缓症39例,男24例,女15例.男女之比1.6:1,年龄18～70岁,平均40.05±10.1岁,随机分组.内镜组20例行内镜下气囊扩张术,外科组19例行Heller手术治疗.     

内镜超声引导下肉毒杆菌毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症临床疗效观察

目的探讨超声胃镜引导下肉毒杆菌毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床疗效。方法45例贲门失弛缓症患者，分为球囊扩张、肉毒杆菌毒素注射及Heller手术3组，观察治疗前、治疗后6个月和12个月患者临床症状计分和钡餐检查中食管宽度。结果3组患者治疗后吞咽困难、胸痛和反流症状的计分以及食管钡餐检查食管最大宽度均明显低于治疗前（P〈0．05），且3组间临床症状改善程度差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但扩张组和Heller手术组各有1例发生食管穿孔并发症，肉毒杆菌毒素组无并发症发生，患者耐受良好。结论超声胃镜引导下肉毒杆菌毒素注射是治疗贲门失弛缓症安全、有效的方法。     

内镜下气囊扩张治疗贲门失驰缓症的价值

贲门失弛缓症是一种病因不明的食管动力学功能障碍性疾病,表现为食管下括约肌的静息压明显高于正常,吞咽时不能充分松弛,严重影响食管排空,目前治疗尚无理想的方案,主要以外科手术及内镜下扩张为主,本文旨在探讨内镜下气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症的价值。 一、对象：选择１９９７年８月～１９９９年１２月我院消化专家门诊诊断,并经胃镜钡餐及食管测压,证实贲门失弛缓症３９例,男２４例,女１５例。男女之比１．６：ｌ,年龄１８～７０岁,平均４０．０５±１０．ｌ岁,随机分组。内镜组２０例行内镜下气囊扩张术,外科组１９例行…     

内镜下球囊扩张联合括约肌内肉毒毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床疗效

目的 探讨内镜下球囊扩张联合肉毒毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床疗效.方法 选择86例贲门失弛缓症患者,其中41例接受内镜下单纯球囊扩张治疗,45例接受球囊扩张联合肉毒毒素注射治疗.分别于治疗前及治疗后1周、3个月、12个月时进行下食管括约肌压力、下食管括约肌松弛率检测和临床症状积分评测,观察其治疗后下食管括约肌压力、括约肌松弛率的变化以及临床疗效.结果 联合治疗患者治疗后1周、3个月、12个月有效率分别为91.11％ (41/45)、88.99％ (40/45)、80.00％( 36/45),单纯治疗患者则分别为60.98％ (25/41)、39.02％( 16/41)、19.52％(8/41);两组同时间点有效率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或＜0.01).联合治疗患者治疗前及治疗后1周、3个月、12个月时下食管括约肌压力分别为(47.04±6.49)、(25.17±2.76)、(27.86±2.43)、(31.97±3.21)mmHg,下食管括约肌松弛率分别为(38.79±3.26)％、(58.84±5.42)％、(55.35±5.64)％、(51.05±5.93)％;单纯治疗患者同时间点下食管括约肌压力分别为(46.56±6.63)、(31.15±1.31)、(38.83±2.36)、(43.40±1.27)mmHg,下食管括约肌松弛率分别为(37.36±4.03)％、(47.48±6.11)％、(44.15±5.89)％、(39.45±4.96)％;两种治疗方法以上两指标同时间点比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05),且患者均无严重并发症发生.结论 球囊扩张联合肉毒毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症能有效改善患者临床症状及食管动力学状态.     

贲门失弛缓症经胃镜球囊扩张治疗的随访研究

贲门失弛缓症是原发性食管运动障碍性疾病，临床主要表现为吞咽困难、胸骨后疼痛和反食等。我们对18例贲门失弛缓症患者经胃镜下定位进行球囊扩张治疗，并于扩张术前后测量下食管括约肌压力(LESP)、下食管括约肌松弛残余压力(LESRP)和吞咽时下食管括约肌松弛率(LESRR)，研究扩张前后下食管括约肌动力学特征及其近、远期疗效。     

食管贲门失弛缓症注射肉毒杆菌毒素与安慰剂和气体扩张的比较

至今,治疗食管贲门失弛缓症的方法有三种:药物治疗、气体扩张和肌切开手术。尽管后两种方法的成功率达65%～90%,但可并发穿孔和返流。本实验通过括约肌内注射肉毒杆菌毒素(BT)治疗食管贲门失弛缓症,并与注射生理盐水和气体扩张相比较。 方法:16例新近诊断的食管贲门失弛缓症     

经口内镜下肌切开术的配合技术

贲门失弛缓症（AC）是一种原发性食管运动障碍性疾病,主要是食管肌间神经丛的抑制性神经节细胞变性所致。患者临床表现主要为吞咽困难、反食、呕吐及食管外症状等。传统治疗方法为药物治疗、内镜下A型肉毒素注射治疗或球囊扩张术、支架置入术,以及腹腔镜治疗和外科手术治疗。     

Data analyses and perspectives on laparoscopic surgery for esophageal achalasia

In general,the treatment methods for esophageal achalasia are largely classified into four groups,including drug therapy using nitrite or a calcium channel blocker,botulinum toxin injection,endoscopic therapy such as endoscopic balloon dilation,and surgery. Various studies have suggested that the most effective treatment of esophageal achalasia is surgical therapy. The basic concept of this surgical therapy has not changed since Heller proposed esophageal myotomy for the purpose of resolution of lower esophageal obstruction for the first time in 1913,but the most common approach has changed from openchest surgery to laparoscopic surgery. Currently,the laparoscopic surgery has been the procedure of choice for the treatment of esophageal achalasia. During the process of the transition from open-chest surgery to laparotomy,to thoracoscopic surgery,and to laparoscopic surgery,the necessity of combining antireflux surgery has been recognized. There is some debate as to which type of antireflux surgery should be selected. The Toupet fundoplication may be the most effective in prevention of postoperative antireflux,but many medical institutions have selected the Dor fundoplication which covers the mucosal surface exposed by myotomy. Recently,a new endoscopic approach,peroral endoscopic myotomy(POEM),has received attention. Future studies should examine the long-term outcomes and whether POEM becomes the gold standard for the treatment of esophageal achalasia.     

Achalasia： A review of Western and Iranian experiences

Achalasia is a primary motor disorder of the esophagus, in which esophageal emptying is impaired.Diagnosis of achalasia is based on clinical findings. The diagnosis is confirmed by radiographic, endoscopic,and manometric evaluations. Several treatments for achalasia have been introduced. We searched the PubMed Database for original articles and metaanalyses about achalasia to summarize the current knowledge regarding this disease, with particular focus on different procedures that are used for treatment of achalasia. We also report the Iranian experience of treatment of this disease, since it could be considered as a model for mediumresource countries. Myotomy,particularly laparoscopic myotomy with fundoplication,is the most effective treatment for achalasia.Compared to other treatments, however, the initial cost of myotomy is usually higher and the recovery period is longer. When performing myotomy is not indicated or not possible, graded pneumatic dilation with slow rate of balloon inflation seems to be an effective and safe initial alternative. Injection of botulinum toxin into the lower esophageal sphincter before pneumatic dilation may increase remission rates. However, this needs to be confirmed in further studies. Due to lack of adequate information regarding the role of expandable stents in the treatment of achalasia, insertion of stents does not currently seem to be a recommended treatment. In summary, laparoscopic myotomy can be considered as the procedure of choice for treatment of achalasia. Graded pneumatic dilation is an effective alternative when the performance of myotomy is not possible for any reason.     

Achalasia: A review of Western and Iranian experiences

Achalasia is a primary motor disorder of the esophagus, in which esophageal emptying is impaired.Diagnosis of achalasia is based on clinical findings. The diagnosis is confirmed by radiographic, endoscopic,and manometric evaluations. Several treatments for achalasia have been introduced. We searched the PubMed Database for original articles and metaanalyses about achalasia to summarize the current knowledge regarding this disease, with particular focus on different procedures that are used for treatment of achalasia. We also report the Iranian experience of treatment of this disease, since it could be considered as a model for mediumresource countries. Myotomy,particularly laparoscopic myotomy with fundoplication,is the most effective treatment for achalasia.Compared to other treatments, however, the initial cost of myotomy is usually higher and the recovery period is longer. When performing myotomy is not indicated or not possible, graded pneumatic dilation with slow rate of balloon inflation seems to be an effective and safe initial alternative. Injection of botulinum toxin into the lower esophageal sphincter before pneumatic dilation may increase remission rates. However, this needs to be confirmed in further studies. Due to lack of adequate information regarding the role of expandable stents in the treatment of achalasia, insertion of stents does not currently seem to be a recommended treatment. In summary, laparoscopic myotomy can be considered as the procedure of choice for treatment of achalasia. Graded pneumatic dilation is an effective alternative when the performance of myotomy is not possible for any reason.     

Achalasia cardia with esophageal varix managed with endoscopic ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injection

Achalasia cardia is a motility disorder of the esophagus characterized by failure of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Nitrates and calcium channel blockers, pneumatic dilatation, botulinum toxin injection and surgical myotomy have been described in literature as possible management options. We present a patient who presented with achalasia and was co-incidentally diagnosed to have cryptogenic cirrhosis with portal hypertension and had esophageal varices. This clinical combination precluded the use of pneumatic dilatation and surgical myotomy. We injected botulinum toxin into the lower esophageal sphincter using a celiac plexus neurolysis needle under endoscopic ultrasound guidance; the clinical response was good.     

Achalasia: diagnosis and management.

Achalasia is a primary esophageal motor disorder of unknown cause that produces complaints of dysphagia, regurgitation, and chest pain. The current treatments for achalasia involve the reduction of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, resulting in improved esophageal emptying. Calcium channel blockers and nitrates, once used as an initial treatment strategy for early achalasia, are now used only in patients who are not candidates for pneumatic dilation or surgery, and in patients who do not respond to botulinum toxin injections. Because of the more rigid balloons, the current pneumatic dilators are more effective than the older, more compliant balloons. The graded approach to pneumatic dilation, using the Rigiflex (Boston Scientific Corp, Boston, MA) balloons (3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 cm) is now the most commonly used nonsurgical means of treating patients with achalasia, resulting in symptom improvement in up to 90% of patients. Surgical myotomy, once plagued by high morbidity and long hospital stay, can now be performed laparoscopically, with similar efficacy to the open surgical approach (94% versus 84%, respectively), reduced morbidity, and reduced hospitalization time. Because of the advances in both balloon dilation and laparoscopic myotomy, most patients with achalasia can now choose between these two equally efficacious treatment options. Botulinum toxin injection of the LES should be reserved for patients who can not undergo balloon dilation and are not surgical candidates.     

Recent trends in endoscopic management of achalasia

Esophageal achalasia is a chronic and progressive motility disorder characterized by absence of esophageal body peristalsis associated with an impaired relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter(LES) and usually with an elevated LES pressure, leading to an altered passage of bolus through the esophago-gastric junction. A definitive cure for achalasia is currently unavailable. Palliative treatment options provide only food and liquid bolus intake and relief of symptoms. Endoscopic therapy for achalasia aims to disrupt or weaken the lower esophageal sphincter. Intra-sphincteric injection of botulinum toxin is reserved for elderly or severely ill patients. Pneumatic dilation provides superior results than botulinum toxin injection and a similar mediumterm efficacy almost comparable to that attained after surgery. Per oral endoscopic myotomy is a promising option for treating achalasia, but it requires increased experience and further objective and long-term follow up. This article will review different endoscopic treatments in achalasia, and summarize the short-term and long-term outcomes.     

Use of botulinum toxin as a diagnostic/therapeutic trial to help clarify an indication for definitive therapy in patients with achalasia

OBJECTIVE: Intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin is useful in achalasia but is limited by its short term efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of botulinum toxin in selected patients in whom its short duration of action may be useful in guiding therapy before considering more invasive procedures that might not be indicated. METHODS: Over a 3 yr period, botulinum toxin was injected into the lower esophageal sphincter in patients with: 1) symptoms consistent with achalasia but insufficient manometric criteria to make the diagnosis; 2) complex clinical situations in which there were factors in addition to achalasia that may be contributing to the patient's symptoms and that required different treatment; 3) atypical manifestations of achalasia; 4) advanced achalasia in which it was unclear that sphincter-directed therapy (vs esophagectomy) would be of benefit; and 5) after Heller myotomy. Clinical response was assessed mostly by symptom improvement, but in some patients follow-up barium swallow or radioscintigraphy was available. RESULTS: Eleven patients were identified. Ten had complete symptomatic response to the injection. Two patients have undergone subsequent successful pneumatic dilation, one a successful laparoscopic myotomy, and another currently scheduled for surgical myotomy. The only patient without response had advanced achalasia requiring esophagectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin into the lower esophageal sphincter is a useful and safe means of guiding therapy in those patients with a variant of achalasia, atypical achalasia, or complex achalasia in which it is unclear that more invasive procedures such as pneumatic dilation or surgical myotomy are the correct therapy.     

Update on the endoscopic treatments for achalasia

Achalasia is the most common primary motility disorder of the esophagus and presents as dysphagia to solids and liquids. It is characterized by impaired deglutitive relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Highresolution manometry allows for definitive diagnosis and classification of achalasia, with type Ⅱ being the most responsive to therapy. Since no cure for achalasia exists, early diagnosis and treatment of the disease is critical to prevent end-stage disease. The central tenant of diagnosis is to first rule out mechanical obstruction due to stricture or malignancy, which is often accomplished by endoscopic and fluoroscopic examination. Therapeutic options include pneumatic dilation(PD), surgical myotomy, and endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin injection. Heller myotomy and PD are more efficacious than pharmacologic therapies and should be considered first-line treatment options. Per oral endoscopic myotomy(POEM) is a minimally-invasive endoscopic therapy that might be as effective as surgical myotomy when performed by a trained and experienced endoscopist, although long-term data are lacking. Overall, therapy should be individualized to each patient's clinical situation and based upon his or her risk tolerance, operative candidacy, and life expectancy. In instances of therapeutic failure or symptom recurrence re-treatment is possible and can include PD or POEM of the wall opposite the site of prior myotomy. Patients undergoing therapy for achalasia require counseling, as the goal of therapy is to improve swallowing and prevent late manifestations of the disease rather than to restore normal swallowing, which is unfortunately impossible.     

Barrett's Esophagus after Cardiomyotomy for Esophageal Achalasia

Heller's myotomy for esophageal achalasia was performed on 64 patients in the 24 yr up to 1988. After follow-up averaging 13 yr, 46 patients were reexamined with endoscopy, biopsy, and manometry. Barrett's metaplasia of the distal esophagus was found in four patients 6, 13, 20, and 23 yr after the myotomy. These four also underwent ambulatory 24-h pH monitoring. They had the lowest distal esophageal sphincter pressures (1–5 mm Hg), and all four had symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux and pathologic pH values (<4 in the distal esophagus for 32–62% of the total recording time). Because of heightened risk for the development of Barrett's metaplasia following cardiomotomy for esophageal achalasia, with increased liability to carcinoma of the esophagus, regular endoscopic surveillance of these patients is advisable.     

贲门失弛缓症的诊断与治疗研究进展

贲门失弛缓症(AC)作为原发性食管动力障碍性疾病的一种,以食管下段括约肌松弛功能受损、食管蠕动减弱或消失为主要特征,年发病率为1/100 000~3/100 000,临床表现以吞咽困难最为常见。食管测压法为其诊断金标准,另外还有内镜检查、食管钡餐造影检查等诊断方法。目前发病机制尚未明确,临床上可通过药物治疗、肉毒杆菌毒素注射、气囊扩张术、食管支架植入术、腹腔镜下Heller肌切开术、经口内镜下肌切开术等进行治疗。