Early mucosal gastric cancer with extra-perigastric (n2) lymph node metastasis.

During the 10 years from 1977 to 1986, a total of 314 cases of early gastric cancer were resected. Of these, 43 (14%) had lymph node metastases, with 6 cases of mucosal (m-) cancer and 37 of submucosal (sm-) cancer. Among the patients with positive lymph node metastases, 37 (86%) had metastases in the Group 1 regional lymph nodes. Eight patients had metastases in the Group 2 lymph nodes, and these involved 2 cases of m-cancer and 6 of sm-cancer. Lymph node metastasis is generally believed to occur in only about 3% of m-cancer, and then mainly in the Group 1 lymph nodes. Here, 2 rare cases of early gastric m-cancer with positive extra-gastric lymph node metastasis are reviewed in detail, with special attention to the surgical management.     

434例肺癌淋巴结转移及其廓清的临床研究

目的：研究肺癌淋巴结转移的方式与规律，以探讨肺癌淋巴结合理的手术廓清范围。方法：对434例肺癌患者施行手术并予淋巴结廓清，回顾性分析病理证实的转移淋巴结的分布情况。结果：手术共清除2198组淋巴结，病理证实有癌细胞转移的749组。淋巴结转移率T1期为16．5％，T2期33．5％，T3期35．6％，T4期52．3％，T1期和T4期的组间有显著性差异（P＜0．01）。上叶肺癌上纵膈与下纵膈淋巴结转移有显著差异。左上叶肺癌第5组淋巴结有30．6％转移，左下叶和右中、下叶肺癌第7组淋巴结有26．5％转移。结论：除T1期肺癌淋巴结转移仅限于区域性上纵膈或下纵膈外，总体上，上叶肺癌以上纵膈淋巴结转移居多，而中、下叶肺癌则上、下纵膈均可发生淋巴结转移。左上叶肺癌第5组淋巴结转移和中、下叶肺癌第7组淋巴结转移是上、下纵膈之间淋巴结扩大转移的信号。原发肺癌除T1期可仅行区域性上纵膈或下纵膈淋巴结清扫外，均应行系统性肺门和上下纵膈淋巴结廓清。     

Gastric cancer invading the esophagus--improved management.

From 1978 to 1989, a total of 1272 patients with gastric cancer were admitted to Kurume University Hospital. Of these, 1184 (93%) underwent gastric resections. Of the resected cancers, 140 cases were gastric cancers invading the esophagus, as confirmed by postoperative pathological studies. For all 168 gastric cancers invading the esophagus, the resectability rate was 83% (140/168). These cancers were subdivided chronologically, with those during 1978-1983 included in Group 1 and those during 1984-1989 in Group 2. Group 2 patients were treated with a higher proportion of aggressive extended radical operations, such as combined resections of the diaphragm and lymph node dissections as far as the paraaortic lymph nodes (N4). The resectability rate was 76% in Group 1 and 93% in Group 2, due to the more aggressive operations. A lower esophagectomy with a total gastrectomy, mainly from a left thoracoabdominal approach, was performed for 71% of the patients in Group 1, and for 90% in Group 2. Lymph node metastasis was related to the extent of esophageal invasion and inversely related to the 5 year-survival rate. In all cases of esophageal invasion of less than 1 cm, there were no mediastinal lymph node metastases, and the 5 year-survival rate was 76%. On the other hand, when esophageal invasion was more than 4 cm, 50% had mediastinal lymph node metastases and the 5 year-survival rate was zero. The tumor size was also related to lymph node metastasis. When the maximal tumor length was less than 5 cm, a negative lymph node metastasis was found in 78% of cases, and the 5 year-survival rate was 76%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Contribution of minute axillary lymph nodes to accurate staging for patients with breast cancer

Background Axillary lymph node metastasis is a very important metastatic pathway in breast cancer and its accurate detection is important for staging tumour and guiding therapy. However, neither the accuracy of routine detection of lymph node in surgical specimens nor the significance of minute lymph node with metastases in breast cancer is clear. A modified method for conveniently detecting minute lymph node in specimens of axillary dissections in patients with breast cancer was used to analyze their influence on staging breast cancer. Methods Lymph nodes in fresh, unfixed, specimens of axillary dissections from 127 cases of breast cancer were detected routinely. Then the axillary fatty tissues were cut into 1 cm thick pieces, soaked in Carnoy’s solution for 6 to 12 hours, taken out and put on a glass plate. Minute lymph nodes were detected by light of bottom lamp and examined by routine pathology. Results Lymph nodes (n= 2483, 19.6±8.0 per case) were found by routine method. A further 879 lymph nodes up to 6 mm (781 < 3 mm, 6.9±5.3 per case, increasing mean to 26.5±9.7) were found from the axillary tissues after soaking in Carnoy’s solution. By detection of minute lymph nodes, the stages of lymph node metastasis in 7 cases were changed from pathological node (pN) stage pN(0) to pN(1) in 4 cases, from pN(1) to pN(2) in 2 and from pN(2) to pN(3) in 1. Conclusions The accurate staging of axillary lymph node metastasis can be obtained routinely with number of axillary lymph nodes in most cases of breast cancer. To avoid neglecting minute lymph nodes with metastases, small axillary nodes should be searched carefully in the cases of earlier breast cancer with no swollen axillary nodes. Treatment with Carnoy’s solution can expediently detect minute axillary nodes and improve the accurate staging of lymph nodes in breast cancer.     

pN0胃癌淋巴结微转移的研究

目的：证实常规病理检查（HE染色）结果全部阴性的胃癌淋巴结（pN0）存在微转移（MM）,探讨pN0胃癌淋巴结微转移与胃癌临床病理学的关系。方法：选取行胃癌根治术,常规病理检查（HE染色）证实淋巴结转移全部阴性的胃癌（腺癌）病例40例,收集其淋巴结蜡块146个,淋巴结共298枚。分别用鼠单抗CK7和鼠单抗CK19行免疫组织化学染色,确定其有无微转移。结果：两组有10例（25%）共计26枚淋巴结（8.72%）发现微转移。其中CK7组6例,阳性率15%,CK19组4例,阳性率10%。胃癌微转移淋巴结的检出数量分别为：CK7组16枚（5.37%）,CK19组10枚（3.35%）。胃癌淋巴结微转移的存在与肿瘤的侵及深度有关（P〈0.05）,与患者的性别、年龄,肿瘤部位、大小等无关（P〉0.05）。结论：常规病理学检查全部阴性的胃癌淋巴结存在微转移,CK7和CK19均是免疫组化检测胃癌淋巴结微转移的理想指标,对指导胃癌的手术治疗具有积极意义。     

CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADVANCED COLORECTAL CANCER 30 mm OR SMALLER IN DIAMETER

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of advanced colorectal cancer which was 30 mm or smaller in diameter. Methods Retrospective analysis documented 80 patients with small advanced colorectal cancer from May 1985 to May 2002. According to the diameter of tumors, all patients were divided into three groups: Group A (10 mm or less), Group B (11-20 mm), Group C (21-30 mm). Considering the number of patients in Group A was smaller, we combined Group A with Group B as Group D. Then various clinicopathological characteristics were compared between Group C and Group D. Results The most common site of small advanced colorectal cancer was sigmoid colon and rectum that accounted for 36.2% and 35.0% of all cases. The average diameter of total tumors was 23.3 mm. Type 2 was the most common macroscopic type (63.7%) and the moderate differentiation was seen in 77.5% of cases. Thirty-eight (47.5%) cases had lymph node metastasis. Three (3.8%) cases had liver metastasis and three (3.8%) cases had peritoneal metastasis. The frequency of lymph node metastasis was found significantly different between Group C and Group D (54.2% vs. 28.6%, P<0.05), as well as between the groups with different depth of invasion (P<0.05). Curability A resection was performed in 69 (86.2%) cases. Conclusions Tumor size and depth of invasion are related to lymph node metastasis in small advanced colorectal cancer. However, the small size of tumor may not always be a.reliable parameter for estimating the risk of lymph node metastasis. Small colorectal cancers also do not always mean the early stage. Surgeons should be aware of the features of small advanced colorectal cancers to select ideal management and perform perfect resection.     

前哨淋巴结阳性个数与早期乳腺癌非前哨淋巴结转移的相关性分析

目的:前哨淋巴结（SLN）的状态明显影响腋窝淋巴结清扫（ALND）。该研究的目的是分析前哨淋巴结阳性个数与早期乳腺癌非前哨淋巴结转移（NSLN）的相关性。方法:回顾性分析天津医科大学肿瘤医院2014年1月-2017年12月收治的符合Z0011试验纳入标准（cT1-2N0）的SLN阳性且行腋窝淋巴结清扫的早期浸润性乳腺癌,对与NSLN转移相关的变量进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:根据纳入和排除标准,495例患者纳入研究,174例（35.2%）发生NSLN转移;单因素分析显示SLN阳性个数≥ 3（P<0.000）、受体状态（P = 0.007）和淋巴血管侵犯（P =0.006）与NSLN转移相关;多因素分析显示SLN阳性个数≥ 3是NSLN转移的最重要的独立预测因子（OR=6.604;95 % CI3.451~12.638;P<0.000）。对于0、1、2或3个相关的危险因素的患者,NSLN转移率分别为16.4 %、23.1 %、39.1 %和60.7 %。结论:SLN阳性个数、受体状态和脉管浸润与NSLN转移相关。SLN阳性个数≥ 3是NSLN转移最重要的独立预测因素。当存在2或3个危险因素时,NSLN转移率高于ACOSOG Z0011试验的 27.3 %,强烈建议行ALND。     

不同分组间乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结转移的关联性分析

目的：分析不同分组间乳腺癌患者淋巴结转移的情况,探讨早期乳腺癌患者中进一步缩小腋窝清扫范围的可能性。方法：选择87例未接受任何新辅助治疗的可手术乳腺癌患者,按统一标准施行乳腺癌改良根治术,均在术中行完全腋窝淋巴结清扫。所获得的样本按淋巴结分组分为Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Rotter's组,分别送检病理。分析各组淋巴结转移之间...     

CT增强扫描技术在周围型肺癌淋巴结转移的诊断研究

目的探讨CT增强扫描对周围型肺癌淋巴结转移的临床诊断价值。方法选取我院2013年1月-2015年12月入院治疗的周围型肺癌患者69例作为研究对象,均进行CT平扫和CT增强扫描,观察病灶的大小、形态、位置,并结合有无淋巴结转移瘤的特征对其进行分析。结果 69例周围型肺癌患者中发生淋巴结转移的有42例(约占60.8%),其中小细胞淋巴结20例(约占28.9%),腺癌淋巴结16例(约占23.2%),鳞癌淋巴结6例(约占8.7%),而未发生淋巴结转移的有2 7例(约占39.1%),CT增强扫描未检测出病灶的有1例(约占1.5%);周围型肺癌患者中,转移性淋巴结的CT净增强程度略低于非转移性淋巴结,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);周围型肺癌患者的肺窗与纵隔窗胸部CT图以及动脉期、静脉期和延迟期CT增强扫描图,能清楚地显示病灶大小与位置。结论CT增强扫描具有较高的检出率,提高了对病灶的定性能力,为肺癌的早期发现与治疗提供了科学的理论依据。对于早期症状不明显的周围型肺癌淋巴转移瘤,CT增强扫描应用更为广泛,具有较高的临床价值。     

cTNM-ⅠA期非小细胞肺癌肺门淋巴结转移的规律及临床意义

  目的  探讨肺门淋巴结(第10组淋巴结)在cTNM-ⅠA期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中的转移规律以及临床意义。  方法  回顾性分析2020年1月1日—2021年1月1日蚌埠医学院第一附属医院胸外科收治的233例原发性cTNM-ⅠA期NSCLC患者在接受肺叶切除和系统性淋巴结清扫术后的肿瘤及淋巴结病理情况。  结果  233例患者共取得淋巴结3 145枚,平均每例13.5枚,440枚淋巴结存在癌转移,转移率为14.0%。233例患者中49例有胸内淋巴结转移,其中N₁有16例,N₁+N₂有25例[注:N₁为单纯肺内淋巴结存在转移;N₁+N₂为存在N₂(纵隔2~9组淋巴结)转移的同时,亦存在N₁(肺内第10~14组淋巴结)],跳跃性N₂有8例,总转移率为21.0%(49/233)。其中N₁中第10组淋巴结阳性的有10例,占62.5%(10/16),N₁+N₂中第10组淋巴结阳性的有18例,占72.0%(18/25)。第10组淋巴结转移率在T_1b期和T_1a期差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),第10组淋巴结在低分化及中分化肺癌中的转移率分别为25.9%(21/81)和8.3%(7/84),差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.060,P < 0.05)。  结论  NSCLC中第10组淋巴结转移与原发肿瘤大小、临床病理类型、分化程度密切相关,在N₁、N₁+N₂、N₂存在淋巴结转移的情况下,第10组淋巴结阳性的概率较大;因此,早期非小细胞肺癌患者接受手术时优先对第10组淋巴结进行病理检测,根据第10组淋巴结病理情况,决定下一步手术方案更具有科学性。      

淋巴结转移率和数量分级与胃癌预后及病理因素关系的研究

目的分析淋巴结转移率（rN）和数量分级与胃癌预后及病理因素的关系。方法对比分析341例胃癌患者rN分级和1997年第5版TNM分期的淋巴结分级标准（pN）与患者预后及反映胃癌生物学行为的病理因素的关系。结果rN分级中,rN1组术后5年生存率为69．9％,rN2组为45．7％,rN3组为10．6％,3组患者术后生存率差异有统计学意义（X^2=14．38,P均〈0．05）;在同一pN分级组中,再按rN分级比较5年生存率差异亦有统计学意义,而在同一rN分级组中,再按pN分级比较5年生存率差异均无统计学意义;COX模型分析表明,rN分级是反映胃癌预后最主要的独立指标;淋巴结转移率分级与肿瘤大小、浸润深度及大体类型间的差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）;rN分级与日本胃癌规约中的淋巴结转移分站有相关性。结论rN分级可更好的指导胃癌的治疗和预后判断,有助于完善胃癌的TNM分期体系。     

胰头癌扩大切除标本的病理分析

 目的 探讨胰头癌肿瘤细胞的淋巴结转移模式及胰头癌扩大切除术的适用范围。 方法 按日本胰腺协会(Japanese Pancreas Society,JPS)制定的胰腺癌研究通则对126例胰头癌扩大切除标本行淋巴结分组(1~18组)并计数,其中包括3例有肝转移的胰腺癌病例,分析淋巴结各组的转移频率、肿瘤大小、分化程度与淋巴结转移的相关性,淋巴结转移和肝转移间的关系。 结果 126例胰头癌扩大切除标本中88例有淋巴结转移,移频率由高到低排列前3位的依次是13组、14组和17组。15例有16组淋巴结转移的病例中,14例同时伴有13组、14组或17组淋巴结转移,另1例仅有16组淋巴结转移;3例有肝转移的病例不伴有16组淋巴结转移。淋巴结转移率与肿瘤分化程度呈负相关;淋巴结转移率与肿瘤大小及肝脏转移无明显相关性。结论 淋巴结的广泛转移和早期发生远处转移是导致胰腺癌高度恶性的原因,无远处转移的患者才能从胰十二指肠扩大切除术中获益。     

Significance and actual status of the dissection of paraaortic lymph nodes in the cases with gastric cancer

The results of the surgical resection of the paraaortic lymph nodes metastases of the gastric cancer were evaluated in 116 cases. The frequency of the dissection of paraaortic lymph nodes (No. 16 lymph node) was 20%; the metastatic ratio was 24%. When classified by regions, the highest frequency of metastasis was observed in the cases of upper gastric cancer. The effect of the dissection of No. 16 was more conspicuous when No. 16 metastases were absent than when No. 16 metastases were present. Particularly, the prognosis was improved in the case of n1 and n2 population of the cases which were positive with respect to the proximal lymph node metastasis. It appears altogether that the dissection has considerable significance as prophylactic treatment.     

DWI联合高分辨磁共振T2WI在宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移中的应用价值

目的探讨弥散加权成像联合高分辨磁共振T2WI在宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法选取2014年10月至2016年2月我院收治的35例宫颈癌患者作为研究对象,所有患者均接经病理检查证实。其中鳞癌33例,腺鳞癌1例,腺癌1例,患者术前均接受DWI联合高分辨磁共振T2WI检查,根据影像结果明确诊断宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移情况,并比较转移淋巴结与非转移淋巴结平均表观扩散系数值及最小ADC值是否存在差异。结果术前磁共振检查发现短径超过0.8cm盆腔淋巴结95个,其中明确淋巴结转移108个,与病理证实结果比较无统计学差异(P0.05);转移性淋巴结T2信号强度略高于非转移性淋巴结,但差异不具有统计学意义(P0.05);转移性淋巴结患者平均ADC值以及最小ADC值均明显低于非转移性淋巴结,具有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 DWI联合高分辨磁共振T2WI成像能够清晰观察宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移情况,在鉴别转移淋巴结与非转移淋巴结中准确性较高,同时可通过对淋巴结ADC值的定量分析预测宫颈癌是否发生盆腔淋巴结转移,具有临床应用及推广价值。     

Effect of Tumor Deposits on Overall Survival in Colorectal Cancer Patients with Regional Lymph Node Metastases

Objectives: The staging system of the International Union Against Cancer considers tumor deposits to be N1c in patients with no regional lymph node metastasis, but the significance of tumor deposits in patients with regional lymph node metastases is unclear. We investigated the effect of tumor deposits on overall survival in colorectal cancer patients with regional lymph node metastases.Patients and Methods: From 2000 to 2008, 551 patients underwent resections for colorectal cancer at our medical center. We excluded 87 patients who had distant metastases or had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy from our study and statistically analyzed the remaining 464 patients.Results: Stepwise multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis in patients with regional lymph node metastases showed only tumor deposits to be significant for overall survival (hazard ratio: 2.813; P = 0.0002). Recurrence was seen in 49.2% of patients with tumor deposits (30/61) compared with 14.4% of patients without them (58/403; P < 0.0001). Tumor deposits did not show the same effect on overall survival as lymph node metastases.Conclusions: Tumor deposits were significantly associated with poorer overall survival in colorectal cancer patients with regional lymph node metastases. The effect of tumor deposits on overall survival was between that of lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis.     

全腔镜乳房皮下腺体切除术联合腔镜前哨淋巴结活检术治疗早中期乳腺癌的技巧探讨

目的:观察全腔镜乳房皮下腺体切除术联合腔镜前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)治疗早中期乳腺癌的近期疗效和安全性,探讨手术技巧。方法:选取行2~4周期TEC方案新辅助化疗方案的早中期乳腺癌患者63例为研究对象,实施腔镜乳房皮下腺体切除术联合腔镜SLNB,并对前哨淋巴结转移病例进一步行腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫。记录术中前哨淋巴结活检结果、手术效果、术后并发症和复发、转移情况。结果:63例患者前哨淋巴结检出率100%(63/63),获取前哨淋巴结1~8枚,平均(3.5±0.7)枚,其中32例SLNB阳性者行腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术。术后并发症主要为乳头部分坏死4例、3例皮下气肿。术后随访平均(7.6±2.1)个月,无局部复发和远处转移。结论:全腔镜乳房皮下腺体切除术联合SLNB治疗早中期乳腺癌安全可行,良好的操作空间、充分溶脂、保护乳头乳晕处皮肤和皮下血运是手术成功的关键。     

T1-2期乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结生发中心和窦组织细胞增生与淋巴结转移的关系

目的 探讨T1-2期乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结生发中心增生（GH）和窦组织细胞增生（SH）与淋巴结转移的关系.方法 选取104例T1-2期乳腺导管癌患者,HE染色法检测腋窝淋巴结GH和SH情况以及腋窝淋巴结转移、癌细胞分化、癌周浸润和淋巴管浸润情况,免疫组织化学染色法检测乳腺癌组织雌激素受体、孕激素受体、p53、C-erb-B2和增殖细胞核抗原的表达,分析GH、SH及其他临床病理特征的关系以及GH和SH与淋巴结转移的关系.结果 32例（31%）患者有腋窝淋巴结转移,GH和SH均阳性者、GH和SH仅1个阳性者以及GH和SH均阴性者的淋巴结转移率分别为21%、73%和81%.GH和SH均阳性者与GH和SH均阴性者以及GH和SH仅1个阳性者淋巴结转移阳性的比例差异有统计学意义（P=0.017,P=0.041）.SH表现与p53表达相关（P=0.037）,GH表现与SH表现相关（P=0.000）.结论 T1-2期乳腺癌SH的发生与乳腺癌组织p53表达相关,而GH的发生与SH的发生相关.SH和GH同时发生可抑制乳腺癌淋巴结的转移,提示预后较好;而SH或（和）GH阴性提示较高的术后复发可能,需加强术后辅助化疗.     

早期胃癌前哨淋巴结的临床研究

目的 评估纳米炭示踪早期胃癌(EGC)前哨淋巴结(SLN),预测胃周淋巴结转移状态的价值,探索SLN的分布情况。 方法 45例EGC患者在完成开腹探查后,将1 mL纳米炭混悬液分4~6个位点于肿瘤周围经浆膜下注射,将最先黑染的淋巴结确认为SLN,术后将SLN和清扫的各组淋巴结送病理组织学检查,计算其预测价值。 结果 45例EGC患者中有43例染色成功,检出率为95.6%,总共检出SLN 53枚,平均(1.23±0.53)枚/例。43例染色成功的患者中有11例(25.6%)患者发生淋巴结转移,有3例(7.0%)患者出现假阴性,其预测胃周区域淋巴结转移状态的准确性及敏感性分别为93.0%和72.7%,假阴性率及阴性预测值则分别为27.3%及91.4%。在36例胃窦癌患者中,有23例(63.9%)患者检出的SLN位于第3组。黏膜内癌与黏膜下癌两组比较,肿瘤长径(P=0.042)和淋巴结转移率(P=0.001)两方面的差异有统计学意义,但这两组中的准确性和敏感性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 纳米炭示踪EGC的SLN,染色率、准确性和敏感性高,可以较为准确地预测胃周淋巴结的转移状态。     

前哨淋巴结定位在结直肠癌中的研究

目的探讨结直肠癌前哨淋巴结的检测厦其对淋巴结转移的预测，用于指导手术范围。方法术中注射异硫蓝方法对43例结肠癌患者进行手术中前哨淋巴结的临床研究，手术中取前哨淋巴结作快速冰冻病理并与术后常规蜡块病理相对照，观察冰冻病理前哨淋巴结转移与常规病理肠系膜淋巴转移的相关性，厦其对肠系膜淋巴结转移的预测价值。结果43例结直肠癌病人中，42例确定了前哨淋巴结，前哨淋巴结活检成功率97．7％。42例病人共检出淋巴结142个。检出前哨淋巴结35个。将前哨淋巴结冰冻病理与常规病理结果对照，42例结肠癌病人中15例患者证实淋巴结有转移，13例有前哨淋巴结转移，其中9例有非前哨淋巴结转移，4例无非前哨淋巴结转移；29例无前哨淋巴结转移，其中27例无非前哨淋巴结转移，2例有非前哨淋巴结转移。检出特异性为100％（27／27），敏感性为86．7％（13／15），前哨淋巴结假阴性率为13．3％（2／15）。结论前哨淋巴结检测结肠癌对淋巴结转移有重要价值。可以用于指导临床手术。