旋髂深动脉应用解剖研究

本文对46具成人尸体的旋髂深动脉进行了研究。旋髂深动脉的起点距髂前上棘60mm左右、通常行经腹股沟韧带上方。髂前上棘与韧带可做为寻找动脉的标志。动脉外径3.0mm左右,分单干、双干、三干三型。旋髂深动脉起点至最近的腹肌支起点间距为:男3.0mm、女11mm,至最远腹肌支起点:男93mm、女76mm。至最近的髂肌支起点:男3.0mm、女12mm:至最远的髂肌支起点:男116mm、女85mm。至最近的髂骨支起点:男8.0mm、女11mm。至最远的髂骨支起点:男161mm、女99mm。各分支外径1.0mm左右。     

经旋股内侧动脉深支和旋股外侧动脉升支介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的应用解剖

对 50例成人下肢标本的旋股内侧动脉深支和旋股外侧动脉升支的起源、起点、外径、走行、分布以及经这二支血管介入有关的结构进行观测 ,为介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死提供更接近病变部位及可进行插管的血管。结果表明 ,旋股外侧动脉升支与横支共干起自旋股外侧动脉者占 68% ,升支单独起自旋股外侧动脉占 2 6 % ;旋股内侧动脉深支由旋股内侧动脉主干延续而来。旋股内、外侧动脉深支或升支起点外径分别为 3 0± 0 8mm、 2 8± 0 7mm。从股动脉的起点 ,经股深动脉、旋股外侧动脉至其升支长度为 7 1± 1 1cm ;经股深动脉、旋股内侧动脉至其深支长度为 5 6± 1 4cm。旋股内侧动脉与其深支间约呈 90 。 角 ;旋股外侧动脉与其升支间约呈 1 33。 角。旋股内、外侧动脉深支 (升支 )为营养股骨头和颈的血管 ,这二支血管符合导管插入要求     

介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的应用解剖

目的 介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死提供解剖学基础.方法 选用经乳胶灌注防腐成人下肢标本20侧及新鲜成人下肢标本2侧,观察股深动脉的起点方位及分支类型,测量股深动脉及各分支长度和外径以及各分支起始部的角度.结果 股深动脉主要从股动脉后方(36.4％)和后外侧方(36.4％)发出,旋股内侧动脉从股深动脉发出(72.7％),从股动脉发出(27.3％).各主要血管的长度为:股深动脉(19.22±10.19) mm,其根部距腹股沟韧带的距离为(38±11.78)mm;旋股内侧动脉(12.56±6.17) mm;旋股外侧动脉(13.93±11.04) mm.各主要血管的外径为:股深动脉(5.20±1.57)mm,旋股内侧动脉(3.64±0.99) mm,其升支(2.66±0.99)mm;旋股外侧动脉(4.48±1.19) mm,其升支(2.12±0.59) mm.旋股内侧动脉升支以与主干成接近90°的夹角;旋股外侧动脉与其升支间约呈115.82°夹角.结论 熟悉股动脉应用解剖,有利于完善这种治疗方法.     

旋髂浅动脉与旋股外侧动脉降支共干起于股动脉1例

正旋髂浅动脉多发自腹股沟韧带下方1.0～4.0 cm,其他可发自旋髂深动脉、旋股外侧动脉、股深动脉或旋股内侧动脉,单干或者共干。旋髂浅动脉与旋股外侧动脉降支共干起源于股动脉的情况临床尚未见报道。笔者在解剖1具青年男尸时发现其右侧存在此类变异(图1),现报道如下:本例标本右侧旋髂浅动脉与旋股外侧动脉降支于腹股沟韧带下方2.5 cm处共干,起始处外径3.5 mm,起于股动脉外侧壁,共干长1.5 cm,随即分出旋髂浅动脉与旋股外侧动脉降支。(1)旋髂浅动脉,起始处外径1.5 mm,向外侧横向走行1.0 cm分出1横支分布于股骨大转子附近,主干向髂前上棘方向走行于深筋膜层,分布于附近的皮肤及筋膜。     

股深动脉起自髂外动脉一例

在制作一例男性成人左下肢标本过程中遇股深动脉起始于髂外动脉,现报道如下:股深动脉在距腹股沟韧带下缘9.6mm 处由髂外动脉外侧壁发出,起始处外径为8.3mm。在股深动脉起点下方21.9mm 处内侧壁发出旋股内侧动脉,其外径为2.4mm;在起点下方47.9mm 处外侧壁发出旋股外侧动脉,其外径为5.0mm(附图)。     

旋股外侧动脉旋髂浅动脉和旋髂深动脉起始变异1例

笔者在解剖一具成年男性尸体时,发现其右侧旋股外侧动脉、旋髂浅动脉和旋髂深动脉的起始变异,为积累资料和为临床提供参考,现报道如下：1.右旋股外侧动脉起于股动脉,起始处外径3.8 mm,距股深动脉起始处2.42cm发出,发出后行向外侧0.85 cm后继而行向下,分支分布于缝匠肌、股直肌、股外侧肌。2.右旋髂浅动脉起于旋股外侧动脉,距股动脉0.85 cm发出,起始处外径1.8mm,发出后行向外上,分布于缝匠肌、阔筋膜张肌。3.正常情况下：旋髂深动脉在距髂前上棘附近分为髂嵴支和腹壁肌支(升之),前者分布至髂嵴及附近肌及皮肤,后者分布至肌。本例右旋髂深动脉起于股动脉,起始处外径为3.0 mm,距腹股沟韧带1.22 cm,以短干发出后分为上、下两支,起始处外径分别为2.4 mm、2.2 mm。上支向上穿腹股沟韧带后行向外上,分布于髂肌和腹横肌的下份内面,上支起始段还发出两较大分支,分布于耻骨肌;下支行向外上于腹股沟深面入腹内斜肌和腹横肌之间,分布于此二肌的下份。     

股深动脉的解剖学观测及其临床意义

目的　为解剖学和临床应用提供解剖学资料。方法　采用成人尸体标本 32具 (男 2 7,女 5)、6 4侧 ,解剖、观察股深动脉的起点及分支 ,测量起端外径和距股深动脉的距离 ,观察股深动脉的毗邻关系。结果　股深动脉起始部外径和起点距离腹股沟韧带的距离分别为 6 2± 0 2mm和 4 5 1± 1 32mm。旋股内、外侧动脉起始部外径分别为 33± 0 0 9mm和 4 8± 0 13mm。股动脉在股深动脉起点上、下发一降支者分别占 12 9%和 2 9%。旋股内、外侧动脉起于股深动脉者分别占 90 32 %和 85 1%。在股三角中部 ,由前向后依次排列为隐神经和股动脉 ,股静脉 ,股深静脉和股深动脉者占 5 6 4 5 %。由内侧向外侧依次排列关系不恒定。结论　股深动脉通常发旋股内、外侧动脉 ,旋股外侧动脉再分升支 ,横支和降支。但旋股外侧动脉降支发自股动脉者较多 (41 9% )。股深动脉位置最深、最靠外侧 ,与股部血管紧密相邻 ,股深动脉手术和股上部损伤时可造成多发性血管损伤。     

股深动脉起自髂外动脉伴分支异常1例

股深动脉起始于髂外动脉 ,实属罕见。教学过程中 ,在一例经红色乳胶灌注的成人女尸上 ,发现其右侧股深动脉高位起始 ,并分支异常动脉。现报道如下 :股深动脉在腹股沟韧带中点上方 1.2ｃｍ处起自髂外动脉 (附图 ) ,其外径 9ｍｍ ,总干长 5.3ｃｍ ,伴股动脉外侧下行。在腹股沟韧带中点下方 1.5ｃｍ处 ,股深动脉向内侧发出阴部外动脉 ,外径 1.0ｍｍ ,穿筛筋膜内侧行 ,分布于阴阜 ,大阴唇 ;同时向外侧发出旋髂浅动脉 ,外径 1.2ｍｍ ,向外上斜行至髂前上棘附近 ,分布于皮肤和浅筋膜。距髂前上棘 9.9ｃｍ ,腹股沟韧带中点下方 5.5ｃｍ处 ,旋股内 ,…     

旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣转位腰骶椎植骨的应用解剖

目的 :为带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣转位腰骶段椎体植骨融合术提供应用解剖学基础。方法 :在3 0具共 60侧灌注红色乳胶的成年尸体上 ,解剖观察旋髂深动脉的起始、走行、分支、分布范围及其毗邻结构 ,测量有关数据 ;摹拟转位情况、测量旋髂深动脉的起点至S1椎体中部、L5～S1椎间、L5椎体中部的距离 ,并用量角器测量旋髂深动脉主干向内转位的角度。结果 :旋髂深动脉起于髂外动脉者占 63 .3 % ,起于股动脉者占 3 6.7%。起点外径 ( 2 .6± 0 .4)mm ,腹壁肌支外径 ( 1.4± 0 .4)mm ,旋髂深动脉的主干延续为髂嵴支 ,外径 ( 1.8± 0 .4)mm ,沿途发出许多小的分支进入髂嵴 ,以最后一个分支作为终点测量其蒂长为( 10 .7± 0 .7)cm ,旋髂深动脉起点至L5椎体中部距离为 ( 11.2± 0 .7)cm ,至L5～S1椎间距离为 ( 10 .1±0 .5 )cm ,至S1椎体中部距离为 ( 9.7± 0 .6)cm ,向内旋转角度为 ( 63 .5± 3 .5 )°。结论 :带旋髂深动脉蒂髂骨瓣转位腰骶段椎体植骨融合具有可行性。     

旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的 :探讨带旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣的解剖及应用要点。方法 :在 2 5侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上 ,重点观测旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支的走行、分支、发出点和外径等。结果 :旋股外侧动脉升支的阔筋膜张肌支上行支发出点距髂前上棘平面 7.1± 2 .3cm ,外径 1.2± 0 .8mm ,该支又分出 2～ 3支外径在 0 .3mm～ 0 .5mm的小分支从阔筋膜张肌后份进入肌质 ,上行至肌起始处达髂骨 ;其下行支发出点距髂前上棘平面 7.9± 1.8cm ,外径 1.3± 0 .8mm。结论 :旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣具有手术可行性和实际应用价值     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.