Optimal implantation of Ommaya reservoirs for cystic metastatic brain tumors preceding Gamma Knife radiosurgery

Introduction: Although Ommaya reservoir implantation is effective in reducing the target volume of cystic brain metastases preceding stereotactic radiosurgery, adequate volume reduction cannot be achieved in some cases, and the factors leading to failure in volume reduction have not been clearly identified. In this study, we investigated the factors leading to failure in volume reduction after use of the Ommaya reservoir. Materials and methods: Between December 2007 and February 2015, 38 consecutive patients with 40 cystic metastases underwent Ommaya reservoir implantation at our institution. The patient characteristics, treatment parameters, and all available clinical and neuroimaging follow-ups were analyzed retrospectively. Results: The rate of volume reduction was significantly related to the location of the tube tip inside the cyst. By placing the tip at or near the center, 58.7% reduction was achieved, whereas reduction of 42.6% and 7.7% occurred with deep and shallow tip placement, respectively (p = 0.011). Although there was no additional surgery in the center placement group, additional surgeries were performed in 5 out of the 23 deep and shallow cases due to inadequate volume reduction. No other factors were correlated with successful volume reduction. Conclusion: For adequate volume reduction using the Ommaya reservoir in the treatment of cystic brain metastases prior to stereotactic radiosurgery, the tip of the reservoir tube should be placed at the center of the cyst.     

伽玛刀和立体定向^32P囊内放疗联合治疗颅咽管瘤

对1993年11月～1997年8月本院治疗的42例颅咽管瘤进行回顾性研究.42例均为囊性-实质性肿瘤,平均直径为32mm,平均体积为12688mm~3,采用伽玛刀治疗肿瘤的实质部分,平均中心剂量26Gy,周边剂量为13Gy,囊性部分行~32P内放射治疗,平均~32P量为 0.944mci.对早期治疗的16例病人进行随访,平均时间为31个月.术后短期观察无放射和手术相关的并发症,随访结果显示:88%的肿瘤有不同程度的缩小.症状改善61%,症状不变为37%,但视力和视野恢复不明显,另外1例于注射~32P胶体3个月后出现动眼神经损害.伽玛刀结合~32P治疗颅咽管瘤是一种安全有效.创伤较小的治疗方法,有临床使用价值.     

神经内镜手术治疗脑室内肿瘤

目的探讨神经内镜手术治疗脑室内肿瘤的临床疗效及经验.方法回顾性分析16例经神经内镜手术治疗的脑室内肿瘤的临床资料,其中肿瘤单纯位于侧脑室8例,第三脑室6例,同时位于侧脑室和第三脑室2例.结果肿瘤全切除4例,部分切除8例,囊性颅咽管瘤经囊腔内置Ommaya管术后囊腔明显缩小4例.术后根据病理检查对部分病例进行放射治疗.均无明显手术并发症.随访2～36个月,平均15.7个月,无死亡病例,第三脑室内生殖细胞瘤复发1例,第三脑室内囊性颅咽管瘤囊腔扩大1例.结论神经内镜手术治疗脑室内肿瘤具有微创、手术视野好、并发症少等优点,是一种有效的诊疗手段.     

立体定向穿刺加Ommaya囊置入术在颅内囊性病变中的临床应用

目的探讨立体定向穿刺术和Ommaya囊置入术在治疗颅内囊性病变中的应用技巧及疗效。 方法回顾性分析上海华山医院伽马分院2012年11月至2013年4月收治的3例不同颅内囊性病变患者,对该3例诊断明确的颅内囊性患者(分别为右颞转移瘤、左侧CPA神经鞘瘤、颅内多发病变)在立体定向穿刺后置入Ommaya囊,再根据具体病情给予囊腔逐渐抽吸,使囊液逐渐减少至最少,给予伽玛刀的治疗方法。 结果3例病例均在多次抽取囊液后行伽玛刀治疗,无不适反应,均未出现皮肤感染、颅内感染、硬膜外血肿等因手术操作导致的并发症。 结论治疗颅内囊性病变,尤其是高龄病人或由于其他原因不能耐受全麻手术的患者时,立体定向加Ommaya囊置入术不失为一种简便、经济、有效、微创的好方法。     

Clinical application and future prospect of neuroendoscopic surgery]

The clinical application and future prospect of neuroendoscopic surgery are described. In the historical trend, it is emphasized that the neuroendoscopic surgery has become one of the major or leading procedures in "minimally-invasive approaches" to the intracranial lesions. The presently-available instrument include procedures using an endoscope of three different types: rigid-rod, steerable/flexible-fiber-rod and semi-rigid-rod. To use a rigid-rod or fiber-rod scope, it is available to apply forceps, laser, a microballoon and other fine instruments. The indication for neuroendoscopic surgery has been expanded to almost all neurosurgical procedures, as "endoscope-assisted" procedures are applied more to micro neurosurgical procedures (endoscope-assisted microsurgery). The realistic indication for "pure neuroendoscopic surgery" includes reconstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathway such as third ventriculostomy, septostomy, foramen reconstruction, fenestration of septation; removal or biopsy of tumor/cystic lesion, mainly in the intraventricular regions; and removal of hematoma involving the cerebral parenchyma (intracerebral hematoma), ventricles/(intraventricular hematoma) or subdural space (subdural hematoma). The intraparenchymal or deep-seated intracisternal lesions can be the realistic indication for "pure neuroendoscopic surgery" when the instrument are further developed in future. Neuroendoscopic surgery will play a promising and major role in the "minimally-invasive neurological procedure" in the 21st century.     

立体定向手术治疗颅内囊性病变

目的 探讨立体定向手术治疗颅内囊性病变的手术方法 、有效性及优点. 方法 回顾性分析北京军区总医院神经外科自2002年12月至2009年11月采用立体定向手术治疗的29例颅内囊性病变患者(病灶37个)的临床资料,其中颅咽管瘤11例,胶质瘤5例,转移瘤3例,脑脓肿10例.18例肿瘤患者行Ommaya囊置入及32P内放疗[32内放疗剂量根据囊性病变体积,平均为800 μCi(500～1500 μCi)],1例单纯抽液后外放疗;10例脑脓肿患者置管引流8例,穿刺冲洗2例.结果 本组无手术出血及死亡患者.患者随访1～60月,平均10.6月,4例因无法联系而失访.11例颅咽管瘤患者(病灶11个)经32P内放疗症状稳定无复发.8例其他肿瘤患者(病灶12个)中有5例控制症状5～48月,3例无效(转移瘤2例,胶质母细胞瘤1例).10例脑脓肿患者(病灶14个)经穿刺引流症状消失治愈.2例颅咽管瘤患者32P内放疗后出现一过性尿崩、低热及呕吐. 结论 立体定向手术对于脑脓肿、囊性颅咽管瘤、体积不大的深部胶质瘤及转移瘤而言,较传统开颅手术具有明显的优势,但对体积较大、难于短期控制瘤液分泌的囊性转移瘤效果不佳.     

Ommaya囊置入及囊内化疗治疗颅内囊性胶质瘤的临床应用研究

目的探讨Ommaya囊置入术及尼莫司汀(nimustine,ACNU)囊内化疗对颅内囊性胶质瘤的治疗效果。方法对诊断明确的31例颅内囊性胶质瘤患者,置入Ommaya囊后,再进行穿刺引流囊液和Ommaya囊内注射尼莫司汀。结果 18例恶性程度高的胶质瘤近期(2～3个月)随访结果:临床症状消失11例,好转4例,死亡3例。13例低度恶性胶质瘤中远期(6～42个月)随访结果:临床症状消失9例,好转2例,加重1例,死亡1例。结论本组结果表明立体定向置入Ommaya囊结合尼莫司汀囊内化疗是临床治疗颅内囊性胶质瘤一种简便、经济、有效、创伤小的好方法。     

伽玛刀联合立体定向手术治疗颅内囊性肿瘤

目的探讨立体定向穿刺抽吸手术与伽玛刀联合治疗颅内囊性肿瘤在立体定向放射外科治疗中的作用。方法分析颅内囊性肿瘤40例,单纯立体定向穿刺抽液19例,留置Ommaya囊抽液19例,内窥镜下手术切除肿瘤并排除囊液2例。肿瘤体积缩小后再行立体定向磁共振成像（MRI）定位、伽玛刀治疗,并计算抽液前后肿瘤体积的变化。依据Logistic综合方程计算抽液前后风险概率的变化,将抽液前后的肿瘤体积和风险概率进行配对t检验。结果抽液后瘤囊完全消失,病灶体积明显缩小。抽液前后肿瘤容积和风险概率均显著降低（容积变化：t＝8.108,P＜0．001;风险概率：t＝5．933,P＜0．001）。随访时间6个月～42个月,平均17.5个月。经伽玛刀治疗后,瘤结节消失10例,缩小12例,无变化17例,增大1例。结论颅内囊性肿瘤立体定向穿刺抽液后肿瘤体积缩小,使立体定向放射外科治疗并发症的风险概率显著降低,是联合伽玛刀治疗囊性肿瘤一种有效方法;针对肿瘤病理类型的不同采用伽玛刀放射外科联合单纯穿刺或置管抽取囊液、结合囊内治疗是囊性肿瘤治疗成功的关键。     

A review on five cases of intramedullary dermoid cyst

Purpose

Intramedullary dermoid cyst is a type of rare congenital intraspinal lesions. Its proximity and its strong adherence to the surrounding spinal cord tissue often make a complete resection of the cyst wall problematic. We retrospectively studied five cases of intramedullary dermoid cyst, focusing the recurrence of intramedullary dermoid cyst after surgery and the probable method to prevent the recurrence.

Methods

Five cases of intramedullary dermoid cyst with or without other concomitant deformities were retrospectively reviewed. Subjects consisted of three males and two females, aged 2–24 years. Diagnosis was confirmed by spinal MRI and pathology studies. Surgical outcomes were analyzed. In case 2, an Ommaya reservoir was implanted in the cystic cavity, and the cystic content was sucked though the Ommaya reservoir. An 18–113 months of follow-up was conducted.

Results

The contents of intramedullary dermoid cyst were loose and easy to be cleared in the operations. The cyst wall was closely adhered to the spinal cord, and complete resection was difficult. During the follow-up of 18–113 months, the lesion reoccurred in three cases.

Conclusion

Intramedullary dermoid cyst is prone to recurrence. The presence of residual cyst wall might be the cause of dermoid cyst recurrence. When a complete resection of cyst wall becomes infeasible, placement of an intraspinal Ommaya reservoir may help to delay and minimize clinical symptoms by aspiration of cystic contents in case of recurrence.     

Intracystic chemotherapy with bleomycin in the treatment of craniopharyngiomas

OBJECT: Since bleomycin has not yet been used very frequently in the treatment of patients with craniopharyngioma, it seemed important to document the course of a series of such patients treated with this preparation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Local chemotherapy with bleomycin was performed in 24 patients (20 children and 4 adults), 16 of whom presented with cystic or mixed (solid/cystic) craniopharyngioma and 8, with recurrent cystic craniopharyngioma. The drug was administered through an Ommaya reservoir, which was placed either by using a direct surgical approach (6 patients) or a stereotactic approach (16 patients), or with endoscopic assistance in patients with hydrocephaly (2 patients). Injection of bleomycin was always preceded by a water-tightness test. Each patient received a 3-mg dose of bleomycin every other day. The total dose of bleomycin injected ranged from 28 mg to 150 mg. Most patients (17, or 70%) were treated only with intracystic chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was followed by surgery in 7 patients. Five were operated on at the beginning of our study, and 2 required surgery because chemotherapy yielded poor results. A toxic dose was injected in 1 patient only: a severe complication, i.e. blindness, was observed. The follow-up period ranged from 2 years to 10 years. CONCLUSION: Our results show that bleomycin can be an alternative in the treatment of cystic craniopharyngiomas or cystic recurrences, as it reduces surgical morbidity and improves clinical results.     

神经导航辅助内镜在脑室系统病变中的应用

目的探讨神经导航辅助内镜在脑室系统病变中的应用。方法对30例脑室系统病变,包括12例实质性肿瘤、10例梗阻性脑积水、8例囊性病变患者用神经导航制定手术计划,术中导航引导内镜,按投射轨迹、靶点进行穿刺、活检或肿瘤切除。结果全部病例均能顺利、准确进行手术操作。2例囊性肿瘤和3例实质性肿瘤全切除,8例实质性肿瘤行活检和第三脑室底造瘘,6例囊性病变行造瘘和囊壁部分切除,1例实质性肿瘤行透明隔造瘘和肿瘤部分切除,10例脑积水行第三脑室底造瘘,未出现并发症。结论神经导航辅助的内镜技术最大限度的减少了对脑组织的创伤,明显提高了神经内镜手术的安全性和准确性。     

Ommaya储液囊植入术治疗隐球菌性脑膜炎临床观察

目的观察Ommaya储液囊植入术治疗隐球菌性脑膜炎的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2002—2010年收治的27例隐球菌性脑膜炎患者临床资料,其中Ommaya储液囊治疗组10例,采用两性霉素B、氟康唑治疗、Ommaya储液囊治疗。非Ommaya储液囊治疗对照组17例,只给予两性霉素B+氟康唑治疗。结果 Ommaya储液囊治疗组隐球菌转阴时间(20±8)d,明显短于对照组的(35±10)d,两者比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Ommaya储液囊治疗组治愈率60.0%,总有效率90.0%,病死率10.0%,好于对照组(治愈率29.4%,总有效率47.1%,病死率17.6%),两者疗效比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论植入Ommaya储液囊能有效改善症状,减少并发症,提高治愈率、好转率,降低病死率,值得临床进一步推广。     

Gamma knife surgery for epilepsy related to hypothalamic hamartomas

Numerous neurosurgical approaches are available for children presenting with hypothalamic hamartomas (HHs) associated with severe epilepsy. A concern regarding the impairment of short-term memory after resective surgery is promoting the exploration of less invasive alternatives like radiosurgery. Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) can lead to a real reversal of the epileptic encephalopathy. Three years after radiosurgery, 60% of the children have an excellent result with complete seizure cessation in 40% and rare nondisabling seizures in 20%, often in association with dramatic behavioral and cognitive improvement. No permanent neurologic complications have thus far been reported. Rare transient cases of poikilothermia have been observed. GKS is clearly the safer approach for these difficult patients. Young patients with severe epilepsy and neurocognitive comorbidity must be treated by using a curative approach as early as possible. Topological type (according to our original classification) is the major feature for selection of the best treatment strategy. Type I HH deeply embedded in the hypothalamus is treated safely and efficiently by GKS. Type II HH can be resected by either endoscopic or transcallosal approaches or treated by GKS depending on the parent's choice and severity of epilepsy. In small type III HH, GKS is the safer procedure because of the very close relationship to the fornix and mammillary bodies. Types V (rarely epileptic) and IV are frequently operable by disconnection. Very large type VI (or mixed type) with a large component above the floor of the third ventricle must be disconnected, and then the upper remnant is best treated by GKS using a staged technique. Overall, when the lesion is sufficiently small, GKS offers a rate of seizure control comparable to microsurgery but with much lower risk. The disadvantage of radiosurgery is its delayed action. Longer follow-up is mandatory for a reliable evaluation of the role of GKS.     

Endoscopic removal of a cystic choroid plexus papilloma of the third ventricle: a case report and review of the literature

Cystic choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) of the third ventricle is rare. The authors have reported a case of cystic CPP resected successfully through neuroendoscopic approach. An 18-year-old young man was admitted to our hospital, presented with blurred vision and paroxysmal, intermittent, severe headache for 1 month as well as nausea and vomiting. The findings of neurological examination were normal except for a bilateral papilledema. Magnetic resonance and computerized tomography revealed a cystic lesion in the third ventricle, which did not furnish a definite diagnosis. The tumor was totally resected through neuroendoscopic approach and was found in histopathological examination to be a CPP. The patient retained free of symptoms at 2 year follow-up. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of a cystic CPP of the third ventricle involved adult and endoscopic surgery might be a preferred technique to it.     

Implantation of Ommaya reservoir in extremely low weight premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a cautious option

Objective

This study aims to evaluate effects and complications of the implantation of Ommaya reservoir in premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH).

Methods

The effects and complications of the implantation of Ommaya reservoir in seven premature infants with PHH were retrospectively analyzed. Intracapsular puncture of the reservoir was performed for draining cerebrospinal fluid.

Results

Seven extremely low-weight premature infants with PHH (birthweight less than 1,000?g) were treated with the placement of an Ommaya reservoir. Ommaya reservoirs in five infants were removed, but were retained in two infants. Two premature infants had to undergo ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. Postsurgical major complications (including skin dehiscence, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infection, ventricular hemorrhage, and CSF leak) occurred in 57?% of all patients. Three infants of skin dehiscence and CSF leak occurred. Two infants of CSF infection occurred, as well as one clinically significant secondary hemorrhage. Six infants survived, and one died.

Conclusion

The implantation of Ommaya reservoir is a cautious option of treating low-weight premature infants with PHH because of a relatively high complication rate. However, VP shunt surgery may be avoided in some infants.     

颅内囊性病变的神经内窥镜手术治疗

目的：分析颅内囊性病变的神经内窥镜手术治疗及效果。方法：应用ｗｏｌｆ硬质神经内窥镜治疗颅内囊性病变１２例，其中颅咽管瘤３例，透明隔囊肿２例，蛛网膜囊肿７例。结果：临床症状改善１２例（１００％），影像检查改善１１例（９２％）。结论：神经内窥镜手术是治疗颅内囊性病变的一种安全有效的方法。     

Ommaya囊置入术治疗脑积水合并颅内感染的疗效

目的 探讨Ommaya囊置入术治疗脑积水合并颅内感染的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2019年4月至2020年6月收治的10例脑积水合并颅内感染的临床资料。入院后,均行脑室镜探查+Ommaya囊置入术,术后经Ommaya囊抽取脑脊液,并视病情注射抗生素治疗,动态评估脑积水改善情况及颅内感染控制情况,待脑脊液恢复正常后再次行脑室镜探查,拔除Ommaya囊并行分流手术。结果 10例术后脑脊液恢复正常的时间21～36 d,平均（28.4±4.57）d。5例行脑室-腹腔分流术,1例因脑室内粘连严重未行分流术,4例转变为静止性脑积水继续随访。10例出院时GOS评分4分。结论 对于脑积水合并颅内感染,Ommaya囊置入术可作为外引流术的替代方案,具备留置时间长、感染风险低等优势,可为后期分流手术争取足够时间窗、降低分流术后并发症发生率;还可经Ommaya囊注射抗生素治疗颅内感染,从而提高治疗成功率。     

Neuroendoscopic surgery of intracranial cysts in adults

OBJECTS: The purpose of this study was to describe the indications, surgical techniques and postoperative outcome of neuroendoscopic interventions in a heterogeneous group of intracranial cystic pathologies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1992 and 2003, 127 patients with symptomatic intracranial cysts and cystic tumours underwent neuroendoscopic treatment in our department. In 22 patients indication for surgery was colloid cysts, in 9 patients pineal cysts and in 3 patients cavum vergae cysts. Twelve arachnoid cysts, 10 cystic craniopharyngiomas, 2 Rathke's cleft cysts and 69 malignant cystic tumours were operated on. The patients' mean age was 45 years and their clinical presentations varied from typical signs of increased intracranial pressure to focal neurological deficits. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-seven patients with intracerebral cystic space-occupying lesions were operated on using stereotactic frameless or frame-based endoscopic techniques. There was no operative mortality. The operative morbidity was 3.1% including 1 memory deficit due to fornix injury, 1 hemiparesis due to postoperative haematoma after lesion biopsy, 1 aseptic meningitis and 1 subdural fluid collection. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic interventions enable neurosurgeons to manage intracranial cystic lesions. Via the same approach, the obstructed CSF pathways may be restored and consequently the increased intracranial pressure diminishes. With the aid of stereotactic guidance or a neuronavigation system, access to the lesion can be gained rapidly and with high accuracy.     

Effects of the implantation of Ommaya reservoir in children with tuberculous meningitis hydrocephalus: a preliminary study

Objective

The role of Ommaya reservoir implantation in children with tuberculous meningitis hydrocephalus (TBMH) has been seldomly reported. Therefore, we performed this study to determine the role of the Ommaya reservoir in the treatment of children with TBMH.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the effects of Ommaya reservoir implantation in 12 children with TBMH. Intracapsular puncture of the reservoir was performed for draining the cerebrospinal fluid and the TBM was treated by intraventricular injection of isoniazid.

Results

The ideal treatment outcome was observed in nine (75?%) of the 12 children; two (16.7?%) children developed serious disabilities and one of them (8.3?%) eventually died. The treatment method was effective for all six (100?%) children with Palur grade II TBM but showed no effect in three (50?%) children with grade III and IV TBM. The number of leukocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid decreased to 20?×?10⁶/L (75?%) within 2?weeks after implantation of the reservoirs. Finally, the Ommaya reservoirs in eight children were removed but were retained in four children. Four children had to undergo ventriculoperitoneal shunt.

Conclusion

Ommaya reservoir implantation has been shown to be effective in treating children with TBMH. This method may be largely suitable for children with early grade II TBM or partly in children with grade III TBM who have mild or moderate hydrocephalus that can alleviate after short-term treatment. Thus, a good proportion of children who undergo Ommaya reservoir implantation can avoid ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery.     

External drainage with an Ommaya reservoir for perioperative hydrocephalus in children with posterior fossa tumors

Purpose

This study aims to evaluate an external drainage using an Ommaya reservoir for relieving perioperative hydrocephalus and reducing postoperative complications in children with posterior fossa tumors.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the data from 48 children with posterior fossa tumors who underwent tumor resection between May 2006 and June 2012. An Ommaya reservoir was placed in the right lateral ventricle forehead for continuous perioperative drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Results

Tumors were successfully removed from all patients. Intracranial infection occurred in nine patients and was controlled by antibiotic treatment. Preoperative obstruction and obstructive hydrocephalus were relieved, and the need for a shunt or endoscopic third ventriculostomy was avoided. One patient who underwent a second surgical procedure had intracranial infection, hydrocephalus, and occipital pseudomeningocele. After continuous drainage and anti-infective treatment, hydrocephalus and intracranial infection were effectively controlled.

Conclusions

Using an Ommaya reservoir for perioperative external ventricular CSF drainage enabled tumors to be wholly and safely removed. Restoring CSF circulation provided an effective means of controlling and preventing hydrocephalus secondary to posterior fossa tumors in children.