Cytomegalovirus-seronegative blood components for the prevention of primary cytomegalovirus infection after marrow transplantation. Considerations for blood banks

The authors report 2.5 years' experience with the use of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seronegative blood components for the prevention of primary CMV infection after allogeneic marrow transplantation from seronegative marrow donors to 104 CMV-seronegative patients. Patients and blood donors were screened for CMV-seronegativity by a combination of passive latex agglutination, complement fixation, and indirect hemagglutination CMV antibody screening methods. Changes in blood banking procedures necessary to provide CMV-seronegative components are detailed. Providing CMV-seronegative components was a considerable undertaking; a mean, per patient, of 19 units of red cells and 105 units of platelets was required. Twenty percent of the platelet support was provided by family members and 80 percent by volunteer donors. CMV-infection was eliminated in all but one patient not considered infected at the time of transplantation. The capability to provide CMV-seronegative components depends on an adequate supply of seronegative donors, a sensitive and practical screening method for CMV antibody, a major commitment by the blood bank, and close communication between the blood bank and the patients' physicians.     

肾移植术后人巨细胞病毒感染的诊断

目前肾移植术已较为成熟，在经历了手术技术、宿主对异体器官排斥反应的困难之后，大量免疫抑制剂应用所诱发的感染已成为器官移植患者的重要并发症和死亡原因，其中人巨细胞病毒（human cytomegalovirus，HCMV）感染，起病急，发展快，易出现多脏器功能衰竭。国外报道，肾移植术后HCMV感染率为59％～79％，HCMV感染发生率为38．4％，HCMV感染相关死亡人数占肾移植近期总死亡人数的2％。HCMV感染的早期诊断可提高移植器官存活率，降低病死率。本文就HCMV感染的早期诊断方法做一简要综述。     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒性肺炎的X线和CT诊断

肺部感染是肾移植术后常见的并发病和死亡原因,其病死率高达40%～50%。其中巨细胞病毒（CMV）感染最常见,CMV肺炎进展快,病程短,严重影响移植肾受者的存活率,早期诊断并给予适当的经验治疗非常重要，     

肝移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的特点

目的:观察肝移植受者术后巨细胞病毒的感染情况及干预效果。方法:选择2002-07/2005-07在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院行同种异体原位肝移植手术的患者20例,均知情同意。术后1个月内每周检测1次巨细胞病毒血清抗体,术后2~6个月每个月检测1次巨细胞病毒血清抗体,以后有感染症状时检测巨细胞病毒血清抗体。所有患者术后给予更昔洛韦0.5g静脉滴注,2次/d,维持2周;以后用阿昔洛韦800mg/d口服,维持3个月进行预防性治疗。所有患者术后采用三联免疫抑制治疗,根据术后血药浓度及肝功能改变调整免疫抑制药物用量。采用ELISA法检测患者血中巨细胞病毒抗体-巨细胞病毒IgG、巨细胞病毒IgM。巨细胞病毒血清抗体阳性者诊断为巨细胞病毒感染;巨细胞病毒血清抗体阳性合并组织器官受累者诊断为巨细胞病毒病。结果:20例患者全部进入结果分析,无脱落。20例患者中3例血中巨细胞病毒IgM转化为阳性,为巨细胞病毒感染,其中2例伴有呼吸系统症状及影像学改变,诊断为巨细胞病毒性肺炎。3例巨细胞病毒感染病例中2例治愈,1例死于呼吸衰竭。巨细胞病毒感染率为15%(3/20),巨细胞病毒肺炎发病率为10%(2/20),病死率为5%(1/20)。结论:肝移植术后进行巨细胞病毒感染的预防性治疗,定时监测尽早发现巨细胞病毒感染,及时治疗,阻断其向巨细胞病毒病演变是降低巨细胞病毒病死率的有效方法。     

肝移植术中输血量的预测因素分析

目的 分析成人终末期肝病(ESLD)患者肝移植术中输血量的术前预测因素.方法 回顾性总结我院肝胆外科2005年8月～2011年9月共63例肝移植受体的临床资料,统计其术中输血量,根据术中用血量≥12 U和＜12U分为2组,比较2组患者之间一般情况、术前实验室检查结果等各项指标的不同,分析其与肝移植患者输血量之间的关系.结果 63例肝移植术中,27名患者输血量≥12U.单因素分析显示肝移植术中输血量＞12U的术前预测因素为Hb、总蛋白、肌酐、MELD评分、既往上腹手术史;多因素分析结果显示术中输血量＞12 U的独立预测因素为Hb和既往上腹部手术史.预测模型为:y=4.31 +1.979×既往上腹部手术史-0.046×术前Hb.结论 成人终末期肝病患者肝移植术中输血量＞12U的独立预测因素为术前Hb和既往上腹部手术史,根据以上结果输血科可以预测用血数量和品种,合理选择血液制品并提供备血.     

Impact of aprotinin on blood transfusion requirements in liver transplantation

Summary. A retrospective study was carried out to ascertain the blood bank provision required to support a liver transplant programme and to assess the effect of intraoperative aprotinin on blood product requirements in liver transplant recipients with cirrhosis. Sixty patients with end-stage liver disease underwent 62 consecutive orthotopic liver transplants between October 1988 and January 1991. The total and intraoperative requirements of red cells, platelets and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) were analysed for three groups of liver transplant recipients, those without cirrhosis ( n = 15), those with cirrhosis ( n = 25) and those with cirrhosis who received intraoperative aprotinin ( n = 20). Fifteen without cirrhosis had mean total requirements of 15 units of red cells, 18 units of platelets and 16 units of FFP. Twenty patients with cirrhosis who received intraoperative aprotinin had broadly similar requirements. However, blood product requirements for 25 patients with cirrhosis were significantly greater (46 units of red cells, 41 units of platelets, 43 units of FFP, excluding the seven patients with primary biliary cirrhosis). We conclude that a liver transplant programme can be supported by a teaching hospital blood bank. The use of intraoperative aprotinin significantly reduces blood product requirements.     

原位肝移植围手术期成分输血相关问题的探讨

目的　探讨成人原位肝移植围手术期出凝血功能的变化及输血对手术预后的影响。方法　对肝移植术前肝功能Child分级均为C级 ,出凝血功能均存在异常的 19名患者通过补充凝血因子、血小板等成分进行纠正。无肝期采用体外静脉转流 ,术中动态监测血流动力学、出凝血功能变化及出血量 ,根据无肝前期、无肝期、新肝期各项出凝血功能指标的变化 ,给予相应的输血处理 ,分别以术后生存情况和围手术期输血量分组 ,分析各种输血因素对移植术中、术后的影响。结果　在术前肝功能分级、出凝血功能、手术方式、方法、时间无明显差异的情况下 ,输血总量、红细胞用量、冰冻血浆用量与术后存活率呈明显负相关 ,偏相关系数分别为 - 0 .75 18(P <0 .0 1)、- 0 .710 4 (P<0 .0 1)、- 0 .5 14 4 (P <0 .0 5 )。死亡组输血量明显高于存活组 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;输血量≥ 10 0 0 0ml组死亡率明显高于输血量 <10 0 0 0ml组 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;所有病例中无一发生输血后巨细胞病毒 (CMV)感染、颅内出血。结论　术前充分纠正出凝血功能异常 ,术中进行动态监测 ,及时通过各种血液成分在品种和剂量上的合理输注进行调控及应用去白细胞输血等新技术 ,可保证原位肝移植手术顺利进行 ,有效降低输血总量 ,减少术后并发症。     

Impact of cytomegalovirus infection on biliary disease after liver transplantation - maybe an essential factor

BACKGROUNDCytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is common in liver transplant (LT)_ recipients, and biliary complications occur in a large number of patients. It has been reported that CMV-DNA is more detectable in bile than in blood.AIMTo investigate the effects of CMV infection on biliary complications by comparing the levels of CMV-DNA in the bile and blood of patients after LT.METHODSWe conducted a retrospective analysis of 57 patients who underwent LT, 10 of these patients had no biliary complications and 47 patients had biliary complications. We also compared the levels of CMV-DNA in patients’ bile and blood, which were sampled concurrently. We used RNAscope technology to identify CMV in paraffin-embedded liver sections.RESULTSCMV-DNA was not detected in bile samples and was detected in 2 blood samples from patients without biliary complications. In the 47 patients with biliary complications, CMV-DNA was detected in 22 bile samples and 8 blood samples, both bile and blood samples were positive for CMV-DNA in 6 patients. The identification rate of CMV-DNA in blood was 17.0%, and was 46.8% in bile. Moreover, tissue samples from 4 patients with biliary complications tested positive using RNAscope technology but were negative with hematoxylin and eosin staining. During the follow-up period, graft failure occurred in 13 patients with biliary complications, 8 of whom underwent retransplantation, and 3 died. CMV-DNA in bile was detected in 9 of 13 patients with graft failure.CONCLUSIONIn patients with biliary complications, the identification rate of CMV-DNA in bile was higher than that in blood. Blood CMV-DNA negative patients with biliary complications should still be monitored for CMV-related biliary tract diseases. Potential occult CMV infection may also be a contributing etiological factor in the development of graft failure.     

Blood transfusion in liver transplantation

Liver transplantation is a relatively new procedure in which unusually large quantities of blood are used. Blood use in 68 adult and 49 pediatric liver transplants was reviewed. The median (range) intraoperative red cell use for adults and children was 28.5 (3-251) and 11 (2-55), respectively. Blood use closely correlated with the patient's primary diagnosis. Adult patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and carcinoma used about one-half as much blood as those with a diagnosis of sclerosing cholangitis, hepatitis, or cirrhosis. Patients in the former diagnostic groups also had better survival rates. Total red cell use for the patient's entire hospitalization was about twice that used during surgery. Fresh-frozen plasma use paralleled red cell transfusions, but platelet use was modest. These data can serve as a baseline in helping other hospital transfusion services prepare for the advent of liver transplantation in their institutions.     

Gastroduodenal cytomegalovirus infection after renal transplantation. Fiberscopic observations

Recently we experienced 2 adult post-renal transplantation cases with gastroduodenal cytomegalic inclusion body. In one case, it was possible to carry out close endoscopic observation from onset to resolution a - very rare opportunity. A 39-year-old man developed continuous occult blood in the stool for 1 month after renal transplantation. Multiple erosive lesions from the upper corpus of the stomach to the bulb of the duodenum were revealed by the endoscopic study. A biopsy specimen from the erosion showed the cytomegalic inclusion body. One month later, the erosive lesions had disappeared. The second case is a 40-year-old man who developed tarry stools 5 days after renal transplantation. Multiple erosions partially covered with blood coagula from the upper portion of the gastric corpus to the antrum were revealed by the endoscopic examination. A biopsy specimen from the erosion in the antrum contained the cytomegalic inclusion body.     

Management and prevention of cytomegalovirus infection after renal transplantation.

We reviewed the epidemiologic characteristics, diagnosis, clinical features, and management of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after renal transplantation. CMV, the major viral pathogen after renal transplantation, increases patient morbidity and mortality. The spectrum of CMV infection ranges from latent infection to asymptomatic viral shedding to life-threatening multisystem disease. The two major risk factors for the development of CMV infection in renal transplant recipients are (1) preexisting CMV antibody seropositivity of either the organ donor or the recipient and (2) host immunosuppression. Blood cultures (but not urine cultures) positive for CMV predict the progression of asymptomatic infection to CMV disease, characterized by fever, malaise, myalgia, leukopenia, abnormal transaminase levels, and often involvement of the lung and gut. New genomic methods of viral detection now offer diagnostic advantages, including methods of detecting only actively replicating CMV. No evidence shows that CMV directly causes allograft rejection or glomerulonephritis, but patients with tissue-invasive CMV disease have higher rates of allograft loss and mortality than do those without the disease. Therapy for established CMV disease includes decreasing the immunosuppressive therapy and administering the antiviral agent ganciclovir sodium. Proven prophylactic strategies include limitation of exposure to the virus from CMV seropositive blood or organ donors, administration of CMV-specific immune globulin, and use of high-dose acyclovir therapy. Preemptive therapy with ganciclovir is a promising alternative to prophylaxis for patients at highest risk for progression to symptomatic CMV disease, such as those with CMV viremia and seropositive recipients receiving antilymphocyte therapy.     

外周血单倍体造血干细胞移植后巨细胞病毒感染临床研究

目的探讨外周血单倍体造血干细胞移植（haploidentical peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,HID PBSCT ）后巨细胞病毒（CMV）感染的临床特点及抢先治疗的临床意义。方法对本院血液科2010年3月至2015年3月69例外周血单倍体造血干细胞移植患者巨细胞病毒感染情况进行回顾性分析,统计移植后CMV感染的累积发生率、发生中位时间、抢先治疗有效率、转阴中位时间以及对移植患者长期生存(5年)的影响。结果移植后51例（73.9%）发生CMV血症,发生中位时间为移植后36天（14～120天）;80.4%（41/51）的患者经抗病毒抢先治疗后转为阴性,转阴中位时间为21天（7～82天）,其中2例患者发生巨细胞病毒肺炎,未发生CMV血症组5年生存率为50%,CMV血症组5年生存率为52.9%,两组差异无统计学意义（P=0.829）。结论HID PBSCT有较高的CMV血症发生率,抢先治疗能有效阻止CMV血症患者发病。     

维持性血液透析患者的关爱护理

对于维持性血液透析患者来说。透析治疗是一种终身的替代疗法，其过程漫长而艰难，透析期间要控制饮食、饮水，医疗费用昂贵，在经济方面也给家庭带来很大的压力，大部分患者存在不同程度的心理问题。为探讨血液透析患者的社会支持与希望水平及其相互关系，本研究对41例血液透析患者进行了相关调查．现报道如下。     

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的护理19例

肾移植术后巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)感染为肾移植手术患者的常见并发症,感染率高达20%～70%[1].CMV感染可并发CMV肺炎、CMV肝炎、CMV视网膜炎等疾病,影响患者的生存质量,甚至可致患者死亡.2000年2月-2005年5月,我院共收治19例肾移植术后CMV感染患者,经有效的救治,除3例患者因并发严重急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)死亡外,其余患者均健康存活,现报道如下.     

更昔洛韦对原位肝移植术后巨细胞病毒感染的预防和治疗:19例临床资料回顾

目的:巨细胞病毒感染是器官移植后的一个严重并发症,回顾性分析肝移植术后患者巨细胞病毒感染的诊断和防治方法.方法:①回顾分析2005-05/2006-08解放军总医院第二附属医院全军器官移植中心收治的19例肝移植受者的临床资料,供者均为健康献肝者.供者、受者对治疗方案均知情同意,且得到医院伦理道德委员会批准.②术后1个月检测1次巨细胞病毒血清抗体,预防和治疗巨细胞病毒感染均采用静脉注射更昔洛韦.术后采用三联免疫抑制疗法,根据术后血药浓度及肝功能改变调整免疫抑制药物用量.③采用酶联免疫吸附法检测患者血中巨细胞病毒抗体巨细胞病毒IgG、巨细胞病毒IgM.结果:19例受者中6例发生巨细胞病毒感染,均无临床症状,并全部治愈.结论:更昔洛韦能够有效治疗肝移植术后巨细胞病毒感染.积极预防、早期治疗肝移植术后患者巨细胞病毒感染是治疗成功的关键.