肝移植术后早期动脉并发症的治疗与预后

目的 探讨原位肝移植术(OLT)后动脉并发症的危险因素和诊治策略.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2007年9月180例原位肝移植临床资料.比较肝良性疾病与原发性肝癌原位肝移植术后动脉并发症的发生率.观察动脉并发症受者的长期生存率.结果 180例中,12例(6.7％)发生动脉并发症,其中肝动脉血栓(HAT)3例,肝...     

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目的 探讨原位肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成的诊治经验。方法 总结３４例原位肝移植术后的临床资料,结合文献,分析肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成的诊断和不同治疗方法的结果。结果 本组肝动脉血栓形成发生率为８．８％（３／３４）,３例均经彩超检查诊断,例１术后第５７天死于上消化道出血,经尸检证实,例２和例３经肝动脉造影证实后给予动脉内溶栓,球囊扩成形及放置血管内支架等介入治疗,病人分别在术后第１８,６５天死于感染和     

Two-step hepatic artery reconstruction for a hepatic artery lacking in length for the use of a microclamp in living donor liver transplantation

IntroductionWe describe successful two-step hepatic artery reconstruction in a patient whose graft site hepatic artery was too short for the use of a microclamp in living donor liver transplantation.Presentation of caseA 57-year-old woman was diagnosed as having hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis. Her 26-year-old son was the living liver donor. The living donor underwent right lobectomy. The dissected graft hepatic artery was too short for the use of a microclamp. The recipient right hepatic artery was cut and used as an arterial graft. The graft right hepatic artery was sutured to the right hepatic artery of the arterial graft and the graft posterior branch of the right hepatic artery was sutured to the middle hepatic artery of the arterial graft. After reconstruction of the portal vein and hepatic vein was completed, anastomosis was performed between the graft right hepatic artery and right hepatic artery. The patency of the vessels was checked using color Doppler ultrasonography for 1 week postoperatively. No postoperative complications involving blood flow of the hepatic artery were observed.DiscussionIn our case, the recipient hepatic artery was cut and used as an arterial graft. Although the number of anastomotic sites of the hepatic artery increased, we could perform hepatic artery reconstruction safely and easily.ConclusionTwo-step hepatic artery reconstruction is a useful method in cases where the recipient hepatic artery does not have enough length.     

原位肝移植术中肝动脉变异及术后肝动脉血栓形成的处理

目的探讨肝移植术中肝动脉变异及术后肝动脉血栓形成的处理。方法统计2000年8月至2002年12月期间进行肝移植术的67例次供、受者肝动脉的变异情况；分析肝动脉的重建方式，探讨肝动脉变异与手术后肝动脉血栓形成的关系、肝动脉血栓形成的危险因素及肝动脉血栓形成后的处理。结果67例次供者肝脏和65例受者肝脏共出现肝动脉变异12例次，发生频率最高的为右肝动脉起源于肠系膜上动脉(5例)及左肝动脉起源于胃左动脉(3例)。肝动脉的重建方式如下：供者及受者肝总动脉与胃十二指肠动脉分叉处成型后吻合58例；腹主动脉与肝动脉搭桥2例；利用变异的肝动脉分支吻合7例。手术后发生肝动脉血栓形成3例，均经腹股沟处股动脉插管行肝动脉溶栓治疗，此3例患者中死亡1例。结论避免变异的肝动脉损伤、选择适当的肝动脉吻合方式可以保证移植肝脏的动脉血供。肝动脉血栓形成与肝动脉变异无关。作为肝动脉血栓形成后的保守治疗方法，肝动脉内溶栓治疗有可能避免2次移植。     

A technique for hepatic artery anastomosis during orthotopic liver transplantation

Hepatic artery thrombosis remains the most common technical complication that causes graft failure following orthotopic liver transplantation. The Hepatic artery anastomosis should be performed using meticulous technique and adequate magnification. We report a very low incidence of Hepatic artery thrombosis (1.3%) utilising a modified microvascular 120° triangulating technique in 150 adult liver transplants.     

成人肝移植术后早期肝动脉血栓形成的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨成人肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成(hepatic artery thrombosis,HAT)的诊断与治疗,及其对患者预后的影响.方法 2007年6月至2010年10月我中心共实施成人尸体肝脏移植387例.术后采用床边彩色多普勒超声监测移植肝血流.疑有肝动脉血栓形成时,采用超声造影或肝动脉造影明确诊断,根据病情采用介入溶栓治疗、手术再血管化治疗及再次肝移植等治疗.结果 387例中术后共有10例患者发生HAT,发生率2.6％.发生HAT的中位时间为肝移植术后7(范围2～18)d.2例采用介入溶栓治疗,其中1例伴肝动脉狭窄放置支架,均痊愈;3例再次手术行肝动脉重建联合肝动脉局部溶栓治疗,其中1例术后再次出现HAT,死亡;2例行再次肝移植,痊愈;3例出现肝内脓肿,严重感染,肝功能恶化死亡.死亡率为40％(4/10).结论 肝移植术后常规彩色多普勒超声监测肝动脉血流是早期发现HAT的关键,超声造影及肝动脉造影可明确诊断;及时采用介入溶栓、手术再血管化及再次肝移植等治疗虽然可减少患者死亡,但预防HAT发生更为重要.     

儿童肝移植肝动脉显微重建技术探讨

目的探讨儿童肝移植术中肝动脉的显微重建技术,以降低肝动脉栓塞的发生率,提高患儿生存率。方法回顾性分析2015年4月至2016年7月间实施的22例儿童肝移植病例,肝动脉显微重建采用10倍显微镜下的显微外科重建技术,分别观察儿童活体供肝肝移植和DCD供肝肝移植术后发生肝动脉栓塞并发症的发生情况。结果 22例儿童肝移植中16例为活体部分肝移植(左外叶12例,扩大左外叶1例,不带肝中静脉右半肝3例),6例为DCD供肝移植。两组均无术后肝动脉栓塞的病例发生。结论应用显微外科技术行肝动脉重建能降低儿童肝移植术后肝动脉栓塞发生率,取得满意效果。     

同种异体原位肝移植的复杂肝动脉重建经验总结

目的  总结同种异体原位肝移植术中复杂肝动脉重建的相关经验。方法  回顾性分析2015年1月至2019年3月期间行复杂肝动脉重建的7例肝移植受者资料。其中4例经典肝移植,3例背驮式肝移植。观察受者术中的一般情况,包括无肝期、术中出血量、肝动脉吻合时间、手术时间; 观察受者预后情况及并发症发生情况。结果  2例供者变异右肝动脉重建血管,分别用供者腹腔干或肝总动脉与受者肝总动脉吻合; 2例用髂动脉搭桥,然后供者肝动脉与受者腹主动脉吻合; 1例供者肠系膜上动脉与受者肝总动脉端端吻合; 1例供者腹腔干与受者脾动脉吻合; 仅1例因肝动脉吻合后出现急性肝动脉血栓,需再次行肝移植。6例肝移植受者均顺利完成手术,无围手术期死亡,无肝期49~77 min,术中出血量300~1 500 mL,肝动脉吻合时间23~56 min,手术时间5.3~11.1 h。术后住院时间23~56 d,均未出现肝动脉血栓、狭窄。所有受者术后2周内肝功能基本恢复正常,无严重外科并发症发生,移植肝均获得良好的功能。结论  正确辨别肝动脉有否变异,选择适宜的方式处理供、受者肝动脉并重建新肝动脉血供,是肝移植术中的关键步骤。     

肝移植术后肝动脉血栓的处理及预后

目的了解肝移植术后肝动脉血栓（HAT）的处理方法及预后。方法收集2004年至2010年在北京佑安医院肝移植中心施行的427例肝移植病例的临床资料,分析HAT的临床处理方法及预后情况。结果 427例肝移植患者中,共发生HAT5例（1.2%）,发生时间为4～91d（中位时间28d）。经尿激酶介入溶栓、血栓取出、肝动脉重建、再次肝移植及高压氧等治疗后,5例患者中死亡3例。移植物存活时间为8～690d（中位时间298d）,患者存活时间为13～1005d（中位时间298d）。结论肝移植术后HAT发生率较低,但预后极差。一旦确诊及时采用尿激酶介入溶栓、血栓取出、肝动脉重建、再次肝移植及高压氧等治疗,以降低病死率。     

Biliary complications secondary to late hepatic artery thrombosis in adult liver transplant patients

Abstract Biliary complications (BC) are the usual presentation of late hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) of the liver graft. Our aim was to study the clinical features and outcome of BC secondary to HAT compared to BC which occurred in liver transplant (LT) patients with patent vessels. We present a retrospective study of 224 LTs performed in 204 patients between 1988 and 1996. The mean recipient x s age was 51 years. A choledochocholedochostomy without T-tube was used as biliary reconstruction in most cases (67%); in 12%, a choledochojejunostomy was performed. An iliac conduit was necessary in 15 % of cases and back-table arterial reconstruction was performed in 10 % of cases of anatomic variants in graft arteries. Different donor, recipient and intraoperative variables, as well as treatment and outcome, were studied in the two groups of patients presenting BC with or without HAT. BC occurred in 38 cases (17%) whereas HAT was diagnosed in 11 cases (4.9%). Therefore, 23 % of BC encountered after LT were secondary to HAT. Nine cases of late HAT manifested as BC, septicaemia (88 %) and hepatic bilomas (8 cases). Percutaneous or surgical drainage of hepatic bilomas was performed in all cases, followed by retransplantation in six cases (66%). BC secondary to HAT appeared later than the rest of BC. Donor age was the only significant predisposing factor found in our study. Graft survival is significantly reduced as most patients needed re-transplantation. In conclusion, BC secondary to HAT presented later in livers from older donors in the form of biliary sepsis and hepatic biloma. Retransplantation was ultimately required in most cases and graft survival was significantly diminished.     

肝移植后无症状性肝动脉血栓形成一例

目的 探讨导致移植肝动脉阻塞后无症状的可能原因。方法 通过肝功能监测、彩色多普勒超声、肝动脉造影、肝组织活检以及胆道造影等手段追踪观察肝动脉血栓形成的临床经过，综合分析导致“无症状”的各种可能因素。结果 肝移植术后第4d肝动脉吻合出现血栓形成，至20d肝动脉接近完全阻塞；肝组织学检查见肝内胆汁淤积、肝细胞水样变性、小胆管上皮细胞萎缩以及汇管区纤维化等病理学改变。肝功能检查提示除γ0谷氨本主酶和碱笥磷酸酶升高之外，肝功能恢复顺利。术后71d血管造影显示肝动脉完全阻塞，但有侧枝循环建立和门静脉代偿性扩张。术后患者始终未出现肝动脉阻塞所特有的临床症状。结论 侧枝循环的建立和门静脉的代偿，使移植肝得以存活；术后2周之内经常进行彩色多普勒超声检查对肝动脉血栓形成的早期诊断有帮助。     

Incidence and outcome of arterial complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

Abstract  Arterial complications can be a major factor in morbidity and mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), as they may cause graft failure, sepsis and complications of the biliary tract. From September 1988 to December 1994, 571 OLT were performed in 529 patients. The follow-up period ranged from 8 to 83 months. Actuarial 1–, 3– and 5-year survival figures were 91 %, 87 % and 85 %, respectively. In 12 cases (2.1 %) complications of the arterial anastomoses were observed. Early arterial complications occurred in eight cases from various causes, while late arterial complications were exclusively Thromboses and developed in four patients 8, 12, 26 and 37 months after surgery, respectively. The main clinical course in patients with arterial thromboses was septic cholan-gitis with destruction of the biliary tree. Although 70% of the grafts with arterial thrombosis were lost, 30 % could, at least temporarily, be salvaged by other treatment options. Provided adequate treatment is carried out, arterial complications do not affect overall patient survival.     

Alternative procedure for failed reconstruction of a right replaced hepatic artery in liver transplantation

A right replaced hepatic artery (RRHA) arising from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is the most frequent variation of the hepatic arterial supply requiring backtable reconstruction. There are several widely used techniques for backtable reconstruction of the RRHA to a single conduit. If these reconstructions fail, due to technical reasons or size discrepancies, an alternative method of rearterialization is needed. We describe six cases in which an RRHA was anastomosed to the donor's gastroduodenal artery (GDA) stump utilizing a loupe magnification technique. In four cases the reconstruction was performed at the time of the backtable procedure and in two after reperfusion and failure of the original RRHA to splenic artery (SA) reconstruction. In all cases, the anastomoses remained patent. All patients had Doppler sonography and two had subsequent arteriograms that verified anastomotic patency. This method of reconstruction is more demanding technically but obviates the awkward 90-degree twist of the hepatic artery when an RRHA is anastomosed to the SA stump.     

同种异体原位肝移植的肝动脉重建

目的 总结同种异体原位肝移植术中肝动脉吻合的经验。方法 回顾悸分析20例原位肝移植术中影响肝动脉吻合的因素和处理技巧。结果 16例行供、受者肝固有动脉端端吻合，3例供者肝总动脉与受者肝固有动脉吻合，1例供者肝总动脉与受者脾动脉吻合；术后彩色多普勒超声监测显示肝动脉血流通畅，均未发现有血栓形成或肝动脉狭窄，全部病例未发生胆道并发症，现存活15例。结论 合理选择吻合用血管是避免术后发生血栓形成和动脉狭窄的关键。     

活体亲属供肝部分肝移植术后肝动脉的彩色多普勒超声监测

目的探讨应用彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)对亲属活体供肝部分肝移植术后早期监测肝动脉的价值。方法对33例活体供肝部分肝移植术后2周内每日行彩色多普勒超声检查,根据彩色血流及频谱情况判断有无肝动脉血栓形成;6例行动脉造影;所有存活者均进行随访观察。结果经彩色多普勒超声监测发现2例肝动脉血栓(HAT)形成。1例行急诊取栓和肝动脉重建术无效,再次行肝移植后存活(供肝为脑死亡者);另1例发生HAT后,经急诊取栓肝动脉重建术后恢复。结论肝移植术后行彩色多普勒超声监测对早期诊断HAT形成具有重要的价值。     

Arterial steal: an unusual cause for hepatic hypoperfusion after liver transplantation

Abstract. Case reports of two patients with an unusual cause for a rapid increase in transaminases following liver transplantation are described. In the postoperative course, angiography revealed an arterial hypoperfusion of the liver due to a steal phenomenon with blood shunting from the hepatic to the splenic artery. In one case, the underlying pathophysiology was a pre-existing filiform stenosis of the celiac trunk with insufficient recruitment of arterial blood from the superior mesenteric artery via the pancreatic arcade. Adequate liver perfusion was restored by simple ligation of the common hepatic artery. In the other case, angiography showed an arteriovenous fistula formation of the splenic vessels and minimal blood flow through the hepatic vessels. This was successfully corrected by angiographic embolization of the splenic artery with metal coils. After therapeutic intervention, both patients rapidly recovered with excellent liver function.     

Arterial steal: an unusual cause for hepatic hypoperfusion after liver transplantation

Case reports of two patients with an unusual cause for a rapid increase in transaminases following liver transplantation are described. In the postoperative course, angiography revealed an arterial, hypoperfusion of the liver due to a steal phenomenon with blood shunting from the hepatic to the splenic artery. In one case, the underlying pathophysiology was a pre-existing filiform stenosis of the celiac trunk with insufficient recruitment of arterial blood from the superior mesenteric artery via the pancreatic arcade. Adequate liver perfusion was restored by simple ligation of the common hepatic artery. In the other case, angiography showed an arteriovenous fistula formation of the splenic vessels and minimal blood flow through the hepatic vessels. This was successfully corrected by angiographic embolization of the splenic artery with metal coils. After therapeutic intervention, both patients rapidly recovered with excellent liver function.     

成人肝移植中的肝动脉搭桥术——澳大利亚 Australia National Liver Transplant Unit的经验

目的 介绍澳大利亚国家肝移植中心在成人肝移植中应用肝动脉搭桥术的经验。方法 对澳大利亚国家肝移植中心（Australia National Liver Transplant Unit，ANLTU）1986—2003年的31例行肝动脉搭桥的成人肝移植结果进行回顾行分析。31例需行肝动脉搭桥的原因有微小受者肝动脉、肝动脉血栓症、肝门严重粘连、肝动脉壁间动脉瘤、真菌性肝动脉瘤及前次植入肝的肝动脉因胆道出血而结扎。18例为首次移植，13例为再次或多次肝移植。结果 术后15例（48．4％）存活，平均存活时间为4．1年，16例（51．6％）死亡，平均存活时间为34．56d。两次和多次肝移植者的死亡率为76．9％，首次肝移植者的死亡率为33．3％（P〈0．05）。因肝动脉血栓症而搭桥者的死亡率最高，其次为肝门严重粘连者。死亡原因依次为败血症、围手术期大出血、颅内出血、肝动脉血栓形成、排斥反应、原发病复发以及心跳骤停。结论 成人肝移植行肝动脉搭桥的适应证主要是各种原因导致的受者肝动脉不适用，或因肝门部严重粘连而无法解剖者；患者术后转归与肝移植的次数及患者的术前状况有关。     

Hepatic artery interruption followed by portal vein thrombosis in an adult liver transplant

Vascular complications following liver transplantation result in significant morbidity and mortality. We report a 28-year-old man who, because of a mycotic false aneurysm, underwent ligation of the hepatic artery 4.5 weeks post-transplantation and who, 4.5 months later, suffered a portal-mesenteric vein thrombosis. Adverse hepatic sequelae did not follow these events, demonstrating the capacity of the collateral circulation to perfuse the transplanted liver.