CD20阳性淋巴细胞在慢性移植肾肾病组织中浸润的意义

目的 探讨肾移植术后慢性移植物肾病(CAN)组织CD20阳性淋巴细胞浸润的临床意义及其机制.方法 选择肾移植术后2年内活检证实为CAN病例为研究对象,应用免疫组织化学方法检测补体C4d的沉积和CD20阳性淋巴细胞在移植肾组织的浸润,同时分析临床随访资料.结果 人选CAN病例44例,其中CD20阳性淋巴细胞浸润13例(29.5％),CD20阴性为31例(70.5％),移植肾组织不同病理分级者中CD20阳性者所占比例的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).44例中,12例(27.3％)出现管周毛细血管内皮细胞(PTC)补体C4d的线性沉积,CD20阳性和阴性者中补体C4d表达阳性率的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).确诊为CAN时移植肾组织CD20为阴性和阳性者的肾功能分别为( 140.8±22.0)μmol/L和(183.5±25.5) μmol/L(P＜0.01),1年后分别为(165.6±37.6)μmol/L和(242.2±59.1 )μmol/L(P＜0.01).结论 CD20阳性淋巴细胞在移植肾组织的浸润与移植物的预后相关,其机制可能不是通过慢性体液免疫反应.     

C4d沉积在抗体介导的慢性排斥反应中的临床意义

目的 探讨移植肾肾小管周围毛细血管补体片段C4d沉积与抗体介导的慢性排斥反应的病理形态、移植肾功能及预后的关系.方法 应用免疫组织化学技术检测77例肾移植受者移植肾肾小管周围毛细血管中C4d的沉积情况,根据检测结果分为C4d阳性组(35例)和C4d阴性组(42例).检测并比较C4d阳性和阴性组受者移植肾的病理形态结构、移植肾功能及预后.结果 与C4d阴性组比较,C4d阳性组受者移植肾肾小管萎缩和肾小球基底膜增生分层的例数明显增多,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).C4d阳性组受者的血肌酐水平在移植肾穿刺后12个月时较C4d阴性组受者明显升高,分别为(379.1±260.2)μmol/L和(260.5±175.3)μmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).C4d阳性组受者移植肾穿刺明确C4d阳性后1年内移植肾存活率为62.9%(22/35),而阴性组受者为83.3%(35/42),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在抗体介导的慢性排斥反应中,移植肾C4d沉积常见的病理学改变为肾小管萎缩和肾小球基底膜增生分层,C4d阳性抗体介导的体液性慢性排斥反应加快了移植肾功能丧失的进展速度,使C4d阳性受者的移植肾功能丧失率升高,导致存活率降低.     

急性细胞性排斥伴补体裂解片断C4d沉积对移植肾预后的影响

目的探讨急性细胞性排斥伴肾小管周围毛细血管补体裂解片断(C4d)沉积对移植肾预后的影响。方法经病理证实的急性细胞性排斥肾移植患者145例,根据病理表现有否肾小管周围毛细血管C4d沉积,将其分为细胞性排斥+C4d阳性组(C4d阳性组)64例,单纯细胞性排斥组(C4d阴性组)81例。比较两组术前一般情况、排斥反应发病情况、抗排斥治疗、移植肾失功率及移植肾存活率。结果两组的术前一般情况比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。C4d阳性组的急性细胞性排斥反应发生时间明显早于C4d阴性组,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组Banff分型Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型比例差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。随访期间C4d阳性组有22例(34%)移植肾失功,明显高于C4d阴性组的11例(14%),比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。Kaplan-Meier法分析发现C4d阳性组的移植肾存活率明显低于C4d阴性组(P0.01),移植肾的5年生存率分别为51%、79%。结论急性细胞性排斥反应伴肾小管周围毛细血管C4d沉积的肾移植患者,术后较早发生排斥反应,抗排斥治疗效果较差,移植肾存活率低。     

肾移植一年后急性排斥反应时移植肾组织中C4d表达阳性的临床研究

目的 观察肾移植1年后发生急性排斥反应时移植肾组织中补体片段C4d的表达情况,分析其对移植肾功能及预后的影响.方法 选择肾移植时间超过1年,临床诊断为急性排斥反应并经病理穿刺活检证实的肾移植受者36例为研究对象.以第1例受者移植肾组织穿刺时间为观察起点(2006年3月),以此项研究结束时间为观察终点(2010年4月).应用C4d多克隆抗体对移植肾穿刺组织行免疫组织化学染色,检测C4d在移植肾组织中的表达情况;根据检测结果,分为C4d阳性组和阴性组,分析和比较两组在观察时间段内移植肾功能的变化及存活时间.结果 在36例受者的移植肾穿刺标本中,C4d阳性16例(44.4%),C4d阴性20例(55.6%);C4d阳性组和阴性组移植肾组织中嗜酸性粒细胞浸润数量分别为(9.4±4.5)个和(2.6±1.8)个,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在观察时间段内,所有受者血清肌酐均有不同程度上升,但C4d阳性组上升幅度与C4d阴性组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);C4d阳性组和C4d阴性组受者移植肾功能丧失率分别为31.3%(5/16)和30.0%(6/20),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).C4d阳性组和C4d阴性组受者移植肾穿刺后的巾位存活时间分别为(19.3±5.3)个月和(22.5±7.4)个月,两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 肾移植1年后发生急性排斥反应时,移植肾组织中C4d表达阳性对其功能及存活时间无明显影响.     

移植肾切除标本中C4d表达分析

目的 检测C4d在难治性排斥反应移植肾组织中的表达情况,分析体液免疫参与难治性排斥反应与移植肾长期存活的相关性.方法 以40例难治性排斥反应致移植肾切除患者为研究组(A组),20例移植术后因移植肾功能一过性异常行穿刺活检患者作为对照组(B组);应用C4d多克隆抗体对移植肾组织的石蜡切片行免疫组织化学染色,检测C4d在切除移植肾中的表达情况,分析2组标本中C4d的表达差异.结果 A组中检测到C4d阳性17例(42.5%),17例C4d阳性患者中存活时间＜5年的移植肾12例(70.6%),明显多于存活时间＞5年者的阳性数(5例,29.4%);B组中C4d阳性2例(10.0%),2组比较P=0.024.A组中受者男28例,女12例;年龄27～67岁,平均(39±10)岁;冷缺血时间6～12 min,热缺血时间170～720 min;免疫抑制方案为吗替麦考酚酯加环孢素加糖皮质激素19例、吗替麦考酚酯加他克莫司加糖皮质激素7例、硫唑嘌呤加环孢素加糖皮质激素14例;二次移植4例;31例术后仍有高血压.经t检验与X2检验,以上各因素与移植.肾C4d的阳性沉积无明显相关(P＞0.05).结论 体液免疫参与的难治性排斥反应是影响移植物长期存活的危险因素.     

补体裂解片断C4d在移植肾急性排斥反应中的临床意义

目的探讨肾小管周围毛细血管补体裂解片断(C4d)沉积在移植肾急性排斥反应中的临床意义。方法对肾移植后发生急性排斥反应的78例受者进行移植肾活体穿刺检查,共获取移植肾活检穿刺标本86份。根据Banff97病理分型将86份活检标本分为BanffⅠ型32份,Ⅱ型51份,Ⅲ型3份。应用免疫组织化学法检测出86份标本中有30份出现肾小管周围毛细血管C4d沉积,阳性率为34.9%。分析C4d阳性其与Banff97分型、术前一般情况、抗排斥治疗、移植肾功能及移植肾预后的关系。结果BanffⅠ和Ⅱ型受者移植肾中C4d阳性率分别为21.9%和39.2%,两者相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.101)。有妊娠史、术前群体反应性抗体(PRA)>30%和再次移植的受者C4d阳性率较高。C4d阳性的受者发生排斥反应时血肌酐较阴性受者高,分别为(312.56±196.26)μmol/L和(210.97±136.59)μmol/L,两组差异有统计学意义(P=0.0115)。C4d阳性受者对激素和ATG冲击治疗与阴性受者比较,敏感率明显降低。C4d阳性的受者移植肾1年生存率较阴性受者低,分别为64.3%和90.0%,两组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.006)。结论移植肾C4d阳性的受者发生排斥反应时,对常规的激素冲击和ATG抗排斥治疗不敏感,血肌酐明显升高,移植肾1年存活率下降,受者预后较差。     

缬沙坦与贝那普利联用治疗移植肾慢性损伤的远期效果

目的 探讨血管紧张素受体拮抗剂缬沙坦与血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂贝那普利联合应用治疗肾移植患者移植肾慢性损伤的远期效果. 方法非糖尿病患者肾移植术后尿蛋白＞0.5g/d或SCr＞177 mmol/L(＞2 mg/d)32例,随机分2组:①治疗组23例.男9例,女14例.平均40岁.病理诊断慢性移植物肾病(CAN)13例、环孢素中毒3例、肾小球疾病7例.②对照组9例.男4例,女5例.平均35岁.CAN 6例、环孢素中毒1例、肾小球疾病2例.治疗组给予缬沙坦(80mg/d)与贝那普利(20 mg,2次/d)联合治疗3年,对照组未进行此项处理.比较2组患者治疗前后SCr、24 h尿蛋白变化及移植肾生存时间.结果 随访3年后,治疗组SCr为(252.2±117.9)mmol/L,对照组为(375.3±203.0)mmol/L,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗组CAN患者SCr为(282.4±147.3)mmol/L,对照组为(528.7±107.8)mmol/L,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).治疗组24 h尿蛋白为(1.0±0.6)g,对照组为(1.3±0.7)g,组问差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).移植肾存活时间治疗组76个月,对照组为71个月,组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 缬沙坦与贝那普利联合应用可保护移植肾功能,对蛋白尿及移植肾远期存活的影响有待进一步观察.     

将钙调磷酸酶抑制剂转换为西罗莫司在慢性移植肾肾病中的临床治疗效果

目的 探讨慢性移植肾肾病(CAN)患者将免疫抑制方案中钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(CNI)转换为西罗莫司(SRL)的有效性及安全性.方法 选取72例经移植肾活检证实发生CAN的受者,其中35例将免疫抑制方案中CNI转换为SRL(SRL组),其余37例继续原CNI方案(CNI组).另取10例因其他原因将CNI转换为SRL治疗的受者,将45例转换为SRL的患者分为A组[血肌酐(SCr)＜120 μmol/L),B组(SCr为120～200 μol/L,且Banff分级为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级),C组(SCr为120～200 μmol/L,且Banff分级在Ⅱ级以上),D组(SCr＞200 μmol/L).随访期为24个月,检测各组随访期内的各临床指标.结果 转换治疗前,两组间SCr和肾小球滤过率(eGFR)的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);转换治疗后24个月内,SRL组SCr水平和eGFR较CNI组明显改善(P＜0.05),而CNI组的移植肾功能有逐渐衰退的趋势.SRL组尿蛋白及血脂明显上升(P＜0.05),而CNI组变化不大;SRL组血小板计数较CNI组明显下降(P＜0.05),两组间其他指标的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).A组患者各指标在转换治疗前后的变化并不大,B组患者的肾功能及蛋白尿有改善明显,C组和D组患者肾功能有不同程度衰退情况,且蛋白尿加重.结论 SRL转换治疗对于稳定及改善CAN患者的移植肾功能是有效、安全的,CAN早期进行转换(SCr＜200 μmol/L)效果明显.     

雷公藤多甙治疗慢性移植肾肾病的效果观察

目的 观察雷公藤多甙(TW)治疗慢性移植肾肾病(CAN)的效果及其不良反应.方法 肾移植术后经病理诊断为CAN者54例,确诊CAN后调整患者的免疫抑制方案,同时根据是否加用TW,将患者分为TW组(30例)和对照组(24例).TW组加用雷公藤多甙片(40 mg/次,3次/d,服用1个月后减量为20 mg/次,3次/d,长期服用),对照组不加用1W.观察治疗前和治疗后12个月时两组患者尿蛋白和血清肌酐水平的变化及发生的不良反应.结果 治疗12个月后,TW组和对照组蛋白尿总体缓解率分别为53.3%(16/30)和25%(6/24),TW组显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).两组治疗后血清肌酐水平明显低于治疗前(P＜0.05和P＜0.05),但治疗后两组间血清肌酐水平的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).TW组血清肌酐下降者所占百分比较对照组高,而升高者所占百分比低于对照组.治疗期间,患者均未发生排斥反应.TW组患者中,发生带状疱疹病毒感染3例,肝功能异常4例,2例女性患者出现内分泌紊乱,1例女性患者出现乳房小叶良性增生,1例男性患者出现乳头胀痛,经减少TW用量或停用TW后均好转.结论 雷公藤多甙可明显减少CAN患者的尿蛋白,改善移植肾功能,用药时应注意TW的不良反应.     

移植肾组织中C4d沉积、浆细胞聚集性浸润及其与体液性排斥反应的关系

目的 检测因排斥反应而丧失功能的移植肾组织中浆细胞的浸润情况及补体CA裂解产物C4d的沉积情况,分析浆细胞浸润、C4d沉积与体液性排斥反应的相关性.方法 切取40例因排斥反应而丧失功能的移植肾,取其组织,进行HE染色和免疫组织化学染色,依据Banff 97标准对排斥反应进行病理分型,检测肾组织中C4d、CD38和CD138的表达,分析三者之间的相关性.同时以10例非排斥因素导致移植肾功能丧失者为对照.结果 40例排斥反应中,超急性排斥反应5例,急性排斥反应9例,慢性排斥反应26例;40例中,C4d阳性17例(42.5%),CD38阳性25例(62.5%),CD138阳性23例(57.5%);有9例(22.5%)的C4d、CD38和CD138同时阳性,其中超急性排斥反应1例,急性排斥反应3例,慢性排斥反应5例.经Spearman等级相关分析,C4d的沉积与CD38和CD138的表达存在相关性(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).10例对照者中,C4d和CD38染色阳性各1例,无C4d、CD38和CD138均阳性的病例.结论 CD38和CD138与C4d的沉积存在相关性,提示移植肾中聚集性浸润的浆细胞可能通过局部分泌抗体的方式参与移植肾的体液排斥机制.     

Monocytes and peritubular capillary C4d deposition in acute renal allograft rejection

BACKGROUND: Peritubular capillary (PTC) deposition of complement split factor C4d in renal allografts has been shown to be closely associated with circulating antidonor antibodies and a marker for relatively poor graft survival. Monocyte/macrophage (MO) infiltration of renal allografts has been shown to adversely affect graft survival. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the two phenomena are related. METHODS: Twenty-three biopsies (from 15 patients) demonstrated diffuse strong staining of PTC for C4d (C4d+ group) and acute tubular injury with or without significant cellular rejection, while 28 biopsies (with acute rejection) but negative for PTC C4d served as controls (C4d- group). RESULTS: The C4d+ group demonstrated significantly greater glomerular and interstitial MO infiltration than did the C4d- group [3.4 +/- 2.0 vs. 0.2 +/- 0.3 MO/glomerulus, P < 0.0001; 12.9 +/- 9.2 vs. 6.5 +/- 5.0 MO/high power field (hpf), P = 0.0030]. Neutrophilic (PMN) infiltration of glomeruli and PTC was also significantly greater in the C4d+ group than in the C4d- one (0.8 +/- 0.6 vs. 0.3 +/- 0.3 PMN/glomerulus, P = 0.0003; 0.9 +/- 0.8 vs. 0.4 +/- 0.3 PTC PMN/hpf, P = 0.0035). CONCLUSION: The results indicate a close association between PTC C4d deposition and MO infiltration, particularly glomerular, and confirm previous observations regarding the correlation of PTC C4d staining and PMN infiltration.     

Loss of peritubular capillaries in the development of chronic allograft nephropathy

BACKGROUND: Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) remains the most important cause of late renal graft loss. In this study, we examined the role of peritubular capillary (PTC) injury in the development of CAN. METHODS: We studied renal biopsies (n = 79) obtained from grafts with CAN. PTC injury was examined morphologically by immunohistochemistry for CD34. These findings were correlated with interstitial fibrosis and graft dysfunction. Humoral immunity involved in CAN was studied by C4d staining. RESULTS: The CAN cases in the present study included chronic rejection (CR) (n = 14, 17.8%) and C4d-positive chronic humoral rejection (CHR; n = 6, 42.9% in CR cases). Irrespective of CR, CHR, or other CAN, the development of CAN was characterized by injury to and loss of identifiable PTCs, accompanied with the development of interstitial fibrosis. In CR and CHR cases, the loss of PTCs was prominent and seemed to progress within a relatively short period after transplantation. A decrease in the number of PTCs significantly correlated with the development of interstitial fibrosis (r = -0.75, P < .001) and impairment of graft function (r = -0.69, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of whether CR, CHR, or other factors contribute to CAN, the processes involved in its development appear similar and are characterized by progressive injury and loss of PTCs, with the development of renal scarring. Immunohistochemistry for CD34 in human renal biopsies is a useful method for the detection of microvascular injury.     

环孢素A转换为他克莫司对慢性移植肾肾病患者的治疗效果

目的 探讨由环孢素A(CsA)转换为他克莫司(Tac)为主的免疫抑制方案对慢性移植肾肾病(CAN)患者的治疗效果.方法 选择接受同种肾移植后发生CAN的患者153例,患者肾移植后均采用CsA、吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)及泼尼松(Pred)的免疫抑制方案.根据是否以Tac替换CsA将患者分为两组.(1)CsA组:45例,进入研究后患者维持原免疫抑制方案.(2)Tac组:108例,进入研究后将CsA转换为Tac,停用CsA后立即开始服用Tac,MMF和Pred的用法同CsA组.对所有患者随访12个月,观察人/移植肾存活率、急性排斥反应发生率、移植肾功能、24 h尿蛋白定量、移植肾穿刺病理学活检及免疫抑制剂的不良反应等指标.结果 随访12个月时,CsA组和Tac组患者存活率均为100%,移植肾存活率分别为86.6%和93.5%(P＜0.05);急性排斥反应发生率分别为4.4%(2/45)和3.7%(4/108)(P＞0.05),6例发生急性排斥反应的患者均经甲泼尼龙冲击治疗3 d后逆转.Tac组患者移植肾功能明显改善,并且出现重度蛋白尿、重度肾间质纤维化和肾小管萎缩的患者比例较CsA组显著减少(P＜0.05).Tac组有13.8%(15例)的患者出现轻度血糖增高,发生率显著高于CsA组的4.4%(2例)(P＜0.05);Tac组有22.2%(24例)的患者发生高血压,发生率显著低于CsA组的55.6%(25例)(P＜0.05);17例因使用CsA而出现牙龈增生和多毛症者,经转换治疗后,症状均明显好转.结论 由CsA转换为Tac为主的免疫抑制方案能够显著改善CAN患者的移植肾功能,延缓CAN的发展,转换过程中未发生严重Tac不良反应并且改善了使用CsA时出现的不良反应.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of conversion from cyclosporine A (CsA) to tacrolimus (Tac) on chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). Methods 153 CAN patients undergoing kidney transplantation received CsA, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and prednisone (CsA-MMF-Pred) regimen after kidney transplantation, and divided into 2 groups according to whether CsA were maintained in the immunosuppressive regimen: CsA + MMF + Pred group (CsA group, n = 45); Tac + MMF + Pred group (Tac group, n = 108). The patients were followed up with patient/kidney survival rate, acute rejection incidence, renal function, 24-h proteinuria and adverse events of immunosuppressive drugs for 12 months. Results Compared with CsA group, the transplanted kidney survival rate was significantly higher in Tac group (93. 5 % vs 86.6 %, P＜0. 05). Acute rejection (AR) was diagnosed in 4. 4 % (2/45) of recipients in CsA group and 3. 7 % (4/108) in Tac group (P＞0. 05) respectively. Acute rejection (2 cases in CsA group and 4 in Tac group) was reversed by 500 mg of methylprednisolone for consecutive 3 days, and the patients in Tac group showed a significantly lower degree of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA) (P＜0. 05).Renal allograft functions and 24-h proteinuria during a follow-up period of 12 months were significantly improved in Tac group (P ＜ 0. 05). Incidence of mild hyperglycemia in Tac Group (13.8 %, 15/108) was significantly higher than in CsA group (4.4 %, 2/45), and that of hypertension in Tac group (22. 2 %, 24/108) was significantly lower than in CsA group (55.6 %,25/45). CsA-related side effects (such as hirsutism and gingival hypertrophy) in 17 patients were greatly improved after conversion from CsA to Tac treatment. Conclusion The conversion from CsA to Tac on the patients with CAN can improve renal allograft function, retard the progression of renal allograft dysfunction, reduce the incidence of CsA-related side effects and not generate serious adverse effects of Tac.     

C4d deposition is associated with chronic allograft nephropathy in rats and could be influenced by immunosuppressants

Aims

Deposition of C4d in peritubular capillaries (PTC) has been considered to be a marker of humoral immunity in renal transplant. This study is to investigate C4d deposition in rat renal allografts undergoing CAN and the effects of immunosuppressants on it.

Methods

Fisher 344 rat renal grafts were orthotopically transplanted into Lewis rats following the procedure of Kamada with our modification. All the recipients were given CsA 10 mg/kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹ × 10 d and then divided into 5 groups (each n = 9); (1) Vehicle: vehicle orally, (2) CsA: 6 mg/kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹, (3) RAPA: 0.8 mg/kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹, (4) FK 506: 0.15 mg/kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹, (5) MMF: 20 mg/ kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹. At 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, the rats were sacrificed, renal allografts were harvested and sera were collected. The deposition of C4d was detected by immunofluorescence and analyzed by Integrated Optical Density (IOD). The pathological changes were accessed according to the Banff 97 criteria.

Results

C4d deposition in PTC was found in all the allografts at 4 weeks, while there was no obvious manifestations of CAN in all the groups; the differences of Banff Score between all groups were not significant (P > .05). The values of IOD in RAPA and MMF group were lower than those in other 3 groups (P = .002, .006). The differences between RAPA and MMF, and between other 3 groups were not significant (P > .05). The intensity of C4d increased along with the progression of CAN, the heaviest C4d deposits in PTC were found at 12 weeks, and meanwhile the severest CAN was found. Comparing with Vehicle group, CsA and FK 506 had no effect on C4d deposition (P > .05), however, MMF and RAPA obviously decreased the C4d deposition (P = .000). The intensity of C4d deposition had a significant correlation with the severity of CAN (r = 0.894, P = .000).

Conclusions

Our study suggests that the deposition of C4d in allografts appears earlier than pathological changes of CAN and has a correlation with the progression of CAN. MMF and RAPA can attenuate CAN by inhibiting humoral immunity. In contrast, CsA and FK 506 have no effect on humoral immunity.     

Interstitial expression of heat-shock protein 47 correlates with capillary deposition of complement split product C4d in chronic allograft nephropathy

BACKGROUND: Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN), associated with late-allograft dysfunction is caused by alloantigen-dependent and -independent mechanisms, and eventually leads to interstitial fibrosis (ci). Activation of complement cascade is considered to be a poor prognostic marker of graft survival. This study was designed to examine the relationship between the expression of C4d and heat-shock protein 47 (HSP47, a collagen-specific chaperone) in the development of interstitial fibroproliferative lesions in CAN. METHODS: Sixty-three renal allograft biopsy specimens, obtained from 48 patients, were examined for the expression of C4d, HSP47, CD68 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) by immunohistochemistry. Double-staining was performed to determine the colocalization of C4d and HSP47. The relationship of between the expression of C4d, HSP47, CD68 and alpha-SMA and the clinical and histopathological parameters were statistically analysed. RESULTS: No expression of C4d was noted in the tubulointerstitium including peritubular capillary (PTC) of the control kidney. C4d was expressed in PTC in one-third of allograft renal tissues with morphological evidences of CAN. The interstitial cells around the fibrotic areas of the PTC of CAN were positive for the expression of HSP47. The deposition of C4d in PTC correlated with interstitial expression of HSP47 around the PTC. Most HSP47 expressing cells were phenotypically altered myofibroblasts, as determined by the dual staining of alpha-SMA. CONCLUSIONS: The increased expression of HSP47 positively correlated with the expression of C4d in PTC, and might contribute to the progression of interstitial ci in CAN.     

采用SELDI技术检测肾移植患者尿液蛋白质指纹图谱诊断慢性移植肾肾病

目的 探讨应用表面增强激光解吸离子化飞行时间质谱（SELDI）技术检测慢性移植肾肾病（CAN）患者尿液蛋白质指纹图谱峰值的意义。方法 实验分为4组。对照组：身体健康者6例；肾功能衰竭组：慢性肾功能衰竭者5例，未进行肾移植；肾功能恢复组：肾移植术后移植肾功能恢复正常的长期存活者22例；CAN组：肾移植术后发生CAN者16例。取各组受试者早晨中段尿液，应用SELDI技术检测蛋白质指纹图谱峰值。结果 经检测，肾功能恢复组和CAN组之间有3个蛋白质的表达存在差异（P〈0．05）；在肾功能衰竭组和肾功能恢复组之间有7个蛋白质表达存在差异（P〈0．05），其中3个可能为潜在性的标记物（P〈0．01）；在对照组和肾功能衰竭组之间有19个蛋白质表达存在差异（P〈0．05），其中12个可能为潜在性的标记物（P〈0．01）。结论 SELDI技术可通过比较不同患者尿液蛋白质谱间的差异，分析出能区分CAN和其他肾病的特异性蛋白质峰值，初步筛选出有意义的差异蛋白，可为CAN的早期临床诊断提供一个可行的检测途径和方法。     

低温保存不同时间大鼠带瓣管道活性与bax、bcl-2基因表达的关系

目的 观察低温保存不同时间大鼠带瓣血管活性及bax和bcl-2基因的表达,探讨基因检测是否能成为带瓣血管活性指标.方法 Wistar大鼠80只,体质量250～350 g,分为新鲜组A组,-196 ℃液氮冻存3、6、9个月为B、C、D 3组.检测细胞结构、糖代谢及bax、bcl-2基因的变化.结果 大鼠带瓣血管的各组葡萄糖代谢率测定,A组(4.365±0.784)与B(4.383±0.548)、C组(4.446±0.608)、D组(4.090±0.657)差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);bax基因的表达分别为20%、45%、60%和85%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);bcl-2基因表达分别25%、30%、20%和35%,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 经冻存后的大鼠带瓣血管活性良好,提示bax基因可作为检测带瓣血管活性的指标,bcl-2的表达或高表达可能是细胞能耐受冻存打击的原因之一.

Abstract：

Objective To study the expression of bax and bcl-2 genes and activity of valved conduit in rats by cryopreservation for different lengths, and to probe whether genetic detection will become one of the indexes of valved conduit activity. Methods Eighty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: 20cases of fresh blood vessels ( group A ), 20 cases of frozen vessels for 3 months ( group B ), 20 for 6months ( group C), and 20 for 9 months ( group D). The changes in cellular structure, gluoce metabolism and the expression of bax and bcl-2 proteins were observed. Results The glucose metabolism rate of the rate valved conduit in groups A, B, C and D was 4. 365 ± 0. 784, 4. 383 ± 0. 548, 4. 446 ± 0. 608, and 4. 090 ± 0. 657 respectively, with the difference being not significant ( P ＞ 0. 05 ). The positive expression rate of bax protein in groups A, B, C and D was 20%, 45%, 60% and 85% respectively (P＜0. 05).The positive expression rate of bcl-2 in groups A, B, C and D was 25%, 30%, 20% and 35% respectively ( P ＞ 0. 05 ). Conclusion The frozen rat valved vascular showed good activity. bax gene can be regarded as one of the indicators for detecting valved vessel activity. The expression or over-expression of bcl-2gene may be one of the reasons why the cells can tolerate the frozen preservation.     

Chronic humoral rejection: identification of antibody-mediated chronic renal allograft rejection by C4d deposits in peritubular capillaries

The pathogenesis of chronic renal allograft rejection (CR) remains obscure. The hypothesis that a subset of CR is mediated by antidonor antibody was tested by determining whether C4d is deposited in peritubular capillaries (PTC) and whether it correlates with circulating antidonor antibodies. All cases (from January 1, 1990, to July 31, 1999) that met histologic criteria for CR and had frozen tissue (28 biopsies, 10 nephrectomies) were included. Controls were renal allograft biopsies with chronic cyclosporine toxicity (n = 21) or nonspecific interstitial fibrosis (n = 10), and native kidneys with end-stage renal disease (n = 10) or chronic interstitial fibrosis (n = 5). Frozen sections were stained by two-color immunofluorescence for C4d, type IV collagen and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I. Antidonor HLA antibody was sought by panel-reactive antibody analysis and/or donor cross matching in sera within 7 wk of biopsy. Overall, 23 of 38 CR cases (61%) had PTC staining for C4d, compared with 1 of 46 (2%) of controls (P < 0.001). C4d in PTC was localized at the interface of endothelium and basement membrane. Most of the C4d-positive CR tested had antidonor HLA antibody (15 of 17; 88%); none of the C4d-negative CR tested (0 of 8) had antidonor antibody (P < 0.0002). The histology of C4d-positive CR was similar to C4d-negative CR, and 1-yr graft survival rates were 62% and 25%, respectively (P = 0.05). Since August 1998, five of six C4d-positive CR cases have been treated with mycophenolate mofetil +/- tacrolimus with a 100% 1-yr graft survival, versus 40% before August 1998 (P < 0.03). These data support the hypothesis that a substantial fraction of CR is mediated by antibody (immunologically active). C4d can be used to separate this group of CR from the nonspecific category of chronic allograft nephropathy and may have the potential to guide successful therapeutic intervention.     

慢性移植物肾病患者外周血淋巴细胞细胞因子表达的研究

目的探讨慢性移植物肾病（chronic allograft nephropathy,CAN）患者外周的血淋巴细胞细胞因子的表达情况。方法选取2004年7月至2005年8月在中国人民解放军第309医院器官移植研究所就诊的15例CAN和22例移植’肾功能正常的肾移植受者,分别列为CAN组和非CAN组。所有患者均签署知情同意书,符合医学伦理学规定。两组患者分别抽取空腹外周血4ml,分离外周血淋巴细胞。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应比较两组患者外周血淋巴细胞细胞因子白介素（IL）-2、IL-10、干扰素（IFN）-1及转化生长因子（TGF）-β1的信使核糖核酸（messengerRNA,mRNA）表达的差异。结果与非CAN组比较,CAN组的IL-2和IL-10mRNA表达差异无统计学意义（均为P〉0．05）,IFN-γ、TGF-β1mRNA表达明显较高,差异有统计学意义（分别为P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。结论IFN-γ、TGF—β1mRNA的高表达可能与CAN的发生、进展有关。     

C4d-positive chronic rejection: a frequent entity with a poor outcome

BACKGROUND: Chronic rejection (CR) is an important cause of kidney graft loss. Some studies have suggested the role of antibodies mediating chronic graft dysfunction. In this context, C4d identification is an important tool to evaluate antibody-mediated rejection. METHOD: This is a retrospective study that analyzed 80 patients with histological diagnosis of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) according Banff 97 and no evidence of transplant glomerulopathy. These patients had renal biopsies available for C4d immunoperoxidase staining at the time of diagnosis. Cases were reclassified by the presence of C4d in peritubular capillaries. RESULTS: C4d was negative in 30 cases (37.5%) and positive in 50 (62.5%). C4d+ group had more female and highly sensitized patients (PRA) at transplant. All variables were similar between C4d- and C4d+ cases at diagnosis time, but more C4d+ patients presented proteinuria (>0.3 g/L). Patients were submitted to various immunosuppression regimens after the CAN diagnosis. Four years after the diagnosis, death-censored graft survival was 87% for C4d- and 50% for C4d+ (P=0.002). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, C4d+, PRA>10%, and vascular intimal proliferation were the variables that present higher relative risk for graft loss. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that C4d positive chronic rejection is very common, associated with proteinuria, and has a poor outcome. A larger study is warranted to identify which immunosuppressive regimen may modify the poor course of this entity.