细菌耐药整合子intⅠ分类的多重PCR方法的建立及应用

目的 建立快速筛选细菌耐药整合子的分类方法，并对21株来自临床的菌株进行整合子筛选和分类。方法 根据GenBank／EMBL内的第一、第二和第三类的整合酶序列，通过软件Clustal W的多重比对分析设计出各类整合子的特异性引物，用对照菌株建立多重PCR方法并对21株临床菌株进行PCR扩增，通过其PCR扩增产物片段大小的不同进行整合子分类。结果 对照菌株实验结果显示，21株临床分离菌株中，15株在565bp处有扩增片段，即为含有第一类整合酶基因；4株在403bp处有扩增片段，即含有第二类整合酶基因；1株在565bp和403bp处均有扩增片段，提示其同时含有第一、二类整合酶基因；1株没有得到任何扩增片段，即不含有这三类整合酶基因；在被测菌株中未发现第三类整合酶基因的阳性菌株。结论 本文报道的筛选细菌耐药整合酶基因分类的多重PCR方法效果良好，具有可行性，为更加全面细致研究整合子类型以及整合子介导的细菌耐药机制提供了一种简单易行、快捷有效的方法。     

多重耐药临床菌株中整合子结构的检测与分析

目的研究广州暨南大学附属第一医院2004年部分临床菌株样本的整合子及其基因盒的分布特性。方法多重PCR检测与细菌耐药关系密切的1、2、3类整合酶基因,进一步对阳性样本可变区的基因盒序列鉴定分析。结果随机抽取109株临床菌株,整合酶阳性检出率为97.2%(106/109),其中1类整合酶阳性菌100株(91.7%),2类整合酶阳性菌1株(0.92%),此外有5株(4.6%)同时检出1、2类整合酶,没有检测到3类整合酶;基因盒鉴定结果显示,插入基因盒以dfrA(甲氧苄氨嘧啶耐药相关)和aadA(氨基糖苷类耐药相关)基因家族为主,也在少数菌株中发现了aacA4、cmlA1、catB3以及sat1基因盒。其中又以dfrA12、orfF和aadA2组合最为常见,耐药基因盒PCR扩增片段为1913bp(64.6%);此外,还发现了同时存在两种整合子结构的菌株。结论整合子普遍存在于临床菌株中,可通过基因水平转移在不同菌属间传播,提示各医药单位必须加强耐药监测及合理选择抗菌药物,以减少多重耐药细菌的发生和发展。     

5株第一类整合子阳性铜绿假单胞菌的耐药机制分析

目的了解5株分离于临床的第一类整合子阳性铜绿假单胞菌分子生物学特点。方法应用PCR的方法确定5株铜绿假单胞菌含有第一类整合子并且对其整合耐药基因盒进行扩增和测序,通过PFGE分析该5株菌的同源性。结果5株铜绿假单胞菌均为第一类整合子阳性菌株并且都携带2360bp的耐药基因盒,包括aacA4和含有终止突变的cmlA1。PFGE结果显示5株铜绿假单胞菌来自同一克隆。结论整合子在临床致病菌的多重耐药性中起着重要作用,本研究提示应加强细菌耐药性的监测以及防止相关病菌在院内的传播。     

阴沟肠杆菌AmpC酶阳性菌株中整合子参与的多重耐药

目的 筛选阴沟肠杆菌AmpC酶阳性菌株,探寻阳性菌株中整合子参与的耐药机制,指导合理用药,为临床治疗感染提供理论依据.方法 KB法药敏;纸片表型和三维试验筛选AmpC酶阳性菌株;PCR扩增ampC、ampD和整合子保守序列CS;PCRmapping研究阳性菌株中ampC和ampD在整合子中的位置.结果 74株阴沟肠杆菌对多种抗生素耐药.纸片表型筛选的阳性率为35.1%;三维试验为28.4%.PCR扩增定位的阳性率为89.2%;ampD为86.5%,整合子保守序列CS为49%.PCR mapping阳性率为33.3%,片段均小于1000bp.结论 除哑胺培南和丁胺卡那敏感外,74株阴沟肠杆菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类及氨基糖甙类抗生素的耐药率都>50%,为多重耐药菌株.纸片表型筛选更方便实用,适于临床常规开展;三维试验最准确可靠,但操作烦琐,难推广普及;PCR方法 操作复杂、试剂昂贵.插入的耐药基因可能位于整合子上游.     

产ESBLs并高产AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌中整合子的基因研究

目的 :观察 4株从临床分离产超广谱内 β内酰胺酶 (ESBLs)及AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌的多重耐药情况 ,分析其中整合子的存在 ,对整合子的特性进行研究 ,探讨整合子基因盒表达对肺炎克雷伯杆菌耐药表型的影响。方法 :采用微量稀释法测定复方新诺明等 15种抗菌药物对细菌的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC)。PCR技术检测整合子基因 ,DNA测序研究整合子插入耐药基因盒情况。结果 :这 4株菌对多种抗菌素耐药。其中 1株存在整合子 (扩增片段 2 0 0 0bp左右 ) ,携有dhfrXII和aadA2基因。结论 :4株菌中仅 1株存在整合子结构 ,尽管产ESBLs和AmpC酶基因未位于整合子的基因盒上 ,但整合子参与多重耐药的产生。     

产ESBLs肠杆菌科细菌中整合子参与多重耐药机制研究

目的　观察产超广谱 β-内酰胺酶 (ESBL s)菌株的多重耐药情况 ,并分析产 ESBL s菌株中整合子的存在 ,同时对整合子的特性进行了初步研究。方法　采用 VITEK GNS药敏板测定庆大霉素等 13种抗菌药物对 12 6株产 ESBL s的肠杆菌属细菌的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC)。PCR技术检测整合子基因 ,应用 PCR定位技术和 DNA测序研究整合子插入耐药基因的情况。结果产 ESBL s的菌株对第三代头孢菌素、氨基糖苷、喹诺酮、磺胺类代表药如头孢噻肟、庆大霉素、培氟沙星、磺胺甲口恶唑 /甲氧苄氨嘧啶 (SMZ/ TMP)的耐药率分别为76 .2 %、6 7.5 %、76 .2 %、6 3.5 % ,对碳青霉烯类的亚胺培南全部敏感。产 ESBL s菌株质粒上存在三种大小不同的整合子 (扩增片段 94 0、180 0、2 6 0 0 bp) ,含有二氢叶酸还原酶基因和 β-内酰胺酶基因和核苷转移酶基因。结论　产 ESBL s菌株和非产 ESBL s菌株相比呈多重耐药 ,产 ESBL s菌株存在不同类型的整合子结构 ,含有多种耐药基因。整合子可以在细菌种内和种间引起多重耐药的水平传播。     

多重耐药不动杆菌碳青霉烯酶耐药基因及Ⅰ类整合子

了解安徽省多重耐药不动杆菌碳青霉烯类耐药的机制.方法 收集安徽省多家医院2006～2007年临床分离非重复的不动杆菌共167株,用琼脂稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MICs),用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增和克隆测序方法确认碳青霉烯酶基因,用PCR扩增整合酶.结果 34株对包括碳青霉烯类抗菌素在内的多种抗菌药耐药,34株中19株产OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶基因、23株Ⅰ类整合酶阳性,未检测到OXA-24型酶,IMP、VIM、SIM型金属酶基因和Ⅱ,Ⅲ整合酶基因.发现2株新基因取得登录号FJ194460;FJl94494.23株Ⅰ整合酶阳性菌株有21株测出Ⅰ类整合子基因结构.结论 安徽省多重耐药不动杆菌的耐药性与其携带OXA-23型酶和Ⅰ类整合子有关.     

该基因的整合和鲍曼不动杆菌基因可变区盒式结构分析检测

目的:了解整合酶基因在天津地区多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌株中的分布和流行情况,分析整合子与鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药性的关系。方法:收集天津地区3家医院55株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌,以K-B法进行抗生素敏感试验,用PCR方法检测整合酶基因,结合以往检测的耐药基因,采用聚类法对55株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌进行菌株亲缘性分析。结果:55株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌共检出47株含有Ⅰ类整合酶基因,其中有23株检出可变区结构,未检出Ⅱ、Ⅲ类整合酶基因,可变区所携带的aacA4和aadA1基因盒是引起鲍曼不动杆菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药的主要原因。55株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌共含有3个克隆株。结论:天津地区多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌中主要存在Ⅰ类整合子,聚类分析方法可对所有菌株分型。     

产质粒介导AmpC酶大肠埃希菌的耐药性及相关耐药机制

目的 了解安徽省35所医院2005年随机月份临床分离402株大肠埃希菌产质粒介导AmpC酶及对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况，揭示其相关耐药机制，指导临床合理用药。方法 三维试验筛选产AmpC酶株；多重PCR检测产质粒介导AmpC酶菌株，对产质粒介导AmpC酶菌株用PCR方法检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶（EsBLs）基因、1类整合子基因盒插入序列和主动外排系统acrAB-tolC基因。结果检出产质粒介导AmpC酶菌株28株（7．0％），其中2株经测序证实为新的质粒ampC基因型（GenBank登录号分别为EF054895，EF417572）。产酶菌株对12种常用抗菌药物，除亚胺培南、美罗培南全部敏感外，对其他大多数抗菌药物耐药率均高于非产酶株。28株产酶菌株中有23株表现为多重耐药，20株检测出各型ESBLs基因，21株扩增出Ⅰ类整合子基因盒插入序列，20株主动外排系统acrAB-tolC基因阳性。结论产质粒介导AmpC酶大肠埃希菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药率均较高，多重耐药现象普遍，同时存在多种耐药机制，其中以产生灭活酶和Ⅰ类整合子介导的耐药机制为主。对产酶株临床经验用药可选用碳青霉烯类、阿米卡星及第四代头孢菌素类抗菌药物。     

100株住院儿童大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子研究

目的:了解Ⅰ类整合子在住院儿童分离大肠埃希菌中分布流行情况。方法:根据NCCLS推荐的纸片扩散法进行药敏试验;PCR扩增临床大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子整合酶基因和可变区基因盒。结果:患者整合酶检出率68%,Ⅰ类整合子基因盒检出率为65%。Ⅰ类整合子的大小约为772 bp～2360 bp,100株细菌各含1～2个Ⅰ类整合子,整合子中最常见的基因盒排列为dfrA17+aadA5和dfrA12+aadA2。结论:Ⅰ类整合子在多重耐药大肠埃希菌中广泛流行,是介导细菌多重耐药性的重要分子机制,应加强基因水平耐药监测。     

鲍曼不动杆菌Ⅰ类整合子与多重耐药相关性研究

目的 了解临床分离鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药状况、Ⅰ类整合子的分布情况,探讨Ⅰ类整合子与多重耐药的关系.方法 检测20种临床常用抗菌药物对鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC).PCR扩增Ⅰ类整合酶基因.对部分Ⅰ类整合酶阳性菌株进行耐药基因盒序列分析.结果 鲍曼不动杆菌呈现多重耐药,鲍曼不动杆菌对IMP和MRP耐药率分别为0.9%和1.8%,对CPZ/SB的耐药率为35.7%,对其它抗菌药物的耐药率均大于60%,多重耐药率为76.8%(86/112),但对COL和MIN均敏感.80.4%(90/112)的菌株检测出Ⅰ类整合子.Ⅰ类整合子阳性株对多种药物的耐药率均高于阴性株,且Ⅰ类整合子阳性株多重耐药率(90%)明显高于阴性株(22.7%)(P<0.01).Ⅰ类整合子基因盒序列分析显示,Ⅰ类整合子携带aacA4,catB8和aadA13种耐药基因.结论 Ⅰ类整合子在鲍曼不动杆菌中检出率很高并与其多重耐药性关系密切.     

Genetic environment of sul genes and characterisation of integrons in Escherichia coli isolates of blood origin in a Spanish hospital

The prevalence and characterisation of integrons and the genetic environment of sulphonamide resistance genes were studied in 135 Escherichia coli isolates recovered from blood cultures in a Spanish hospital during 2007. Class 1 and 2 integrons were identified in 54 isolates (intI1, 52 isolates; intI2, 1 isolate; and intI1 + intI2, 1 isolate). Of the 53 intI1-positive isolates, 36 (67.9%) contained the classic class 1 integron including the qacEΔ1–sul1 region, and 11 different gene cassette arrangements were demonstrated in 33 of these isolates. Seventeen intI1-positive isolates lacked the qacEΔ1–sul1 region, and 8 gene cassette arrangements were demonstrated in 12 of these isolates. Seventy-one isolates showed a sulphonamide-resistant phenotype, 63 of which contained sul genes. The sul1 gene was associated with intI1 in 36 of 42 sul1-positive isolates, and the sul3 gene was associated with non-classic class 1 integrons in 5 of 7 sul3-positive isolates. Finally, sul2 was found associated with strA–strB genes in 32 of 35 sul2-positive isolates, identifying 11 genetic structures, 1 of them presenting the IS150 element disrupting the strB gene; this structure was included in GenBank with accession no. FJ705354. Almost one-half of the E. coli isolates from blood cultures contained integrons and sul genes. Moreover, sul genes were detected in different structures, one of them new, and could be important determinants in antibiotic resistance dissemination.     

奇异变形菌中整合子分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解院内奇异变形菌中各类整合子的携带分布情况、阳性菌株可变区基因盒类型以及其与宿主菌耐药表型的相关性,从而为临床治疗和院内感染控制提供参考。方法 采用PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳等方法,将本院2016年1月—2018年12月份从临床标本中分离得到的150株奇异变形菌进行第1、2和3类整合子的筛选,并对整合子阳性菌株可变区进行测序分析以及宿主菌的耐药性进行相关性分析。结果 150株奇异变形菌中携带整合子的菌株共有91株,阳性率为60.7%,其中第1类整合子阳性菌株有30株,占20.0%;第2类整合子阳性菌株22株,占14.7%;同时携带第1和2类菌株39株,占26.0%;未筛出第3类整合子;在91株整合子阳性菌株中,86株可变区出现扩增产物条带,其余5株可变区未见扩增产物;第1类整合子阳性菌株可变区携带的耐药基因盒主要为AadA2、DfrA32,第2类整合子阳性菌株可变区携带耐药基因盒主要为DfrA1;可变区携带AadA2的菌株对庆大霉素和妥布霉素的耐药率显著高于整合子阴性菌株(P<0.01),可变区携带DfrA1或DfrA32的菌株对复方磺胺甲噁唑(即甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑)的耐药率也明显高于整合子阴性菌株(P<0.01);91株整合子阳性菌株对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、复方磺胺甲噁唑、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、头孢曲松、妥布霉素和左氧氟沙星的耐药率均显著高于整合子阴性菌株(P<0.01)。结论     

Class 1 integrons and virulence genes in Salmonella enterica isolates from pork and humans

In this study, 183 Salmonella enterica isolates were characterised for integrons and virulence genes. Among the isolates, 46% were positive for intI1, but no isolates carried intI2 or intI3. Eighteen class 1 integrons (21%) contained resistance gene cassettes (i.e. dfrA1-orfC, dfrA12-aadA2, bla(PSE-1) and aadA2) and five class 1 integrons with the dfrA12-aadA2 array were conjugally transferable. Two Salmonella pork isolates of serotypes Albany and Kedougou possessed Salmonella genomic island 1 variants SGI1-G and SGI1-F, respectively. Four class 1 integrons contained an atypical 3'-CS linked to the qacH-sul3 domain, and three were not a sul type. Two novel GyrA mutations (Pro-45→Ser and Met-48→Ile) and three novel ParC mutations (Ser-5→Arg, Thr-31→Met and Leu-77→Arg) were identified in ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates. At least 90% of the Salmonella isolates contained pagC, prgH, sitC, sipB or spaN, whereas all isolates harboured invA, msgA, spiA and tolC.     

奇异变形菌中整合子分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解院内奇异变形菌中各类整合子的携带分布情况、阳性菌株可变区基因盒类型以及其与宿主菌耐药表型的相关性,从而为临床治疗和院内感染控制提供参考。方法 采用PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳等方法,将本院2016年1月—2018年12月份从临床标本中分离得到的150株奇异变形菌进行第1、2和3类整合子的筛选,并对整合子阳性菌株可变区进行测序分析以及宿主菌的耐药性进行相关性分析。结果 150株奇异变形菌中携带整合子的菌株共有91株,阳性率为60.7%,其中第1类整合子阳性菌株有30株,占20.0%;第2类整合子阳性菌株22株,占14.7%;同时携带第1和2类菌株39株,占26.0%;未筛出第3类整合子;在91株整合子阳性菌株中,86株可变区出现扩增产物条带,其余5株可变区未见扩增产物;第1类整合子阳性菌株可变区携带的耐药基因盒主要为AadA2、DfrA32,第2类整合子阳性菌株可变区携带耐药基因盒主要为DfrA1;可变区携带AadA2的菌株对庆大霉素和妥布霉素的耐药率显著高于整合子阴性菌株(P<0.01),可变区携带DfrA1或DfrA32的菌株对复方磺胺甲噁唑(即甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑)的耐药率也明显高于整合子阴性菌株(P<0.01);91株整合子阳性菌株对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、复方磺胺甲噁唑、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、头孢曲松、妥布霉素和左氧氟沙星的耐药率均显著高于整合子阴性菌株(P<0.01)。结论 临床分离的奇异变形菌携带整合子的比例较高,其可变区所携带的耐药基因主要为编码氨基糖苷类和甲氧苄氨嘧啶类抗菌药物的基因,整合子的携带与宿主菌产生的耐药性呈高度相关。     

Class 1 integrons in environmental and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The aims of this study were to ascertain the presence and spread of class 1 integrons amongst environmental and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to characterise their variable regions. A total of 76 isolates (56 clinical and 20 environmental) were studied. The presence of plasmids was explored, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for integron detection. All amplicons were sequenced. PCR detected class 1 integrons in 26 of the 56 clinical isolates; environmental isolates were integron-free. No plasmids were found, thus all the integrons found are possibly on the chromosome. Most isolates presented one amplicon, except PA110514 and PA116136, which showed two PCR products each. Variable regions revealed that 18 strains carried only one gene involved in aminoglycoside resistance, whereas in 3 strains gene cassettes were not found. The most prevalent cassettes amongst isolates were those encoding aminoglycoside adenyltransferase B (aadB). Several of the strains had acquired the same or a highly similar cassette array as those detected in geographically distant P. aeruginosa. This finding suggests that contact with bacterial reservoirs contributes to the evolution of this pathogen towards multiresistance. Empty structures found may represent a reservoir increasing the capacity to adapt to the environment. However, these integrons are not retained when the selective pressure disappears. It is hypothesised that integrons containing gene cassettes are crucial vehicles for the rapid horizontal transfer of resistance. If this is so, reduced use of antibiotics may lead to a significant decrease in the carriage of integrons amongst P. aeruginosa strains.     

Occurrence,abundance and elimination of class 1 integrons in one municipal sewage treatment plant

Integrons are elements that encode a site-specific recombination system that recognizes and captures mobile gene cassettes and are closely related to multiple resistances of environmental microorganisms. This study was undertaken to determine the efficiency of an activated sludge process to remove integrons. The prevalence and characteristics of class 1 integrons were investigated for bacterial species isolated from the activated sludge of Nanjing Jiangxinzhou sewage treatment plant (STP, China). A total of 189 bacterial strains were isolated from influent water, activated sludge and effluent water, and PCR–RFLP (Polymerase chain reaction—restriction fragment length polymorphism) of 16S rRNA gene showed that the isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli, Aeromonas veronii, Klebsiella spp., Aeromonas salmonicida and Aeromonas media. PCRs showed that 57 isolates contained class 1 integronase gene intI1. The integron detection frequency in the isolated strains was 20.4% for influent, 30.9% for activated sludge and 38.9% for effluent. Quantitative real-time PCR assay showed that the abundance of integrons in effluent was higher than that in influent. This study indicates that class 1 integrons are wide-spread in STPs which might be involved in multiple resistances in the activated sludge characterized by high biomass and biodiversity.     

辽宁地区沙门菌整合子与耐药相关性研究

摘要：目的 及时掌握辽宁地区沙门菌整合子的分布以及对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,获取沙门菌整合子与耐药性的相关性,从而为临床用药及治疗提供指导。方法 本文对来源于食品以及病患的149株沙门菌,利用PCR扩增的方法,进行整合子类别的筛选,并将扩增的整合子基因盒进行基因测序,同时通过药敏板测定(耐药性实验)对沙门菌与15种临床常用抗菌药物的耐药相关性进行研究。结果 149株沙门菌中未发现第II类、第III类整合子,检出第I类整合子的菌株50株,I类整合子阳性率为33.6%。50株整合子阳性菌株中25株携带耐药基因盒,片段范围从1500~1800 bp。测序结果表明,其中22株整合子携带dfrA17-aadA5基因盒,2株携带dfrA12-aadA2基因盒,1株首次检出罕见耐药基因盒linG。根据整合子携带情况不同,对15种抗菌药物的耐药率进行对比分析,结果显示整合子阳性菌对9种抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于整合子阴性菌(P<0.01),分别为氨苄西林、四环素、氯霉素、头孢噻肟、头孢唑林、庆大霉素、复方磺胺甲恶唑、阿奇霉素和环丙沙星。辽宁地区沙门菌多重耐药率达50.3%。结论 I类整合子在沙门菌中分布广泛,抗性基因表型与耐药结果相一致,整合子的携带与沙门菌多重耐药率高度相关。沙门菌对亚胺培南和头孢西丁保持高敏感率,可以用于对常规抗菌药物耐药的沙门菌的治疗。     

Characterisation of integrons containing the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene qnrA1 in Klebsiella pneumoniae

The aim of this study was to determine the structural relationships of qnrA1 and other resistance genes in four integrons contained in four clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. In the four integrons, the sequences surrounding qnrA1 were similar to those described for pMG252 (accession no. AY070235). The four integrons carried a class 1 integrase gene belonging to the complex class 1 integron. Three of the strains contained an identical integron coding for resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim. The fourth strain contained a different integron coding for resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol. Downstream of the last integron, copies of IS6100 and IS26 were present. We describe two new and different integrons containing qnrA1. These integrons code for resistance to different groups of antimicrobial agents from K. pneumoniae clinical strains isolated in the USA.