三万名大、中学生吸烟状况的调查研究

１９８９～１９９０年作者对福州、厦门、沈阳、成都四城市的１６所中学和７所大学３万名学生中的吸烟状况进行调查的结果表明：男生吸烟率初中为４．１７％、高中为１２．６５％、大学为３０．４８％；女生吸烟率初中为０．１８％、高中为０．２１％、大学为２．１９％。吸烟率随年龄和学龄的增长而上升，男生吸烟率远比女生高。开始吸烟年龄，初中男生主要为１２～１４岁、高中男生为１４～１６岁、大学为１７～２０岁。开始吸烟的主要原因是伙伴劝吸、生活无聊和消除紧张，家人吸烟对学生也有很大影响。调查结果与１９８４年全国吸烟调查结果相比，５年间男生吸烟率初中上升１．７个百分点、高中上升９．６个百分点、大学上升９．１个百分点，呈上升趋势。     

北京市中小学生吸烟状况抽样调查

采用问卷方法对北京市城乡３万余名中小学生进行了吸烟状况的抽样调查。结果表明，小学生吸烟率为３．９３％（男生５．４７％，女性０．８７％），中学生吸烟率为８．９３％（男生１７．８％，女生０．８２％）。吸烟烟程短、程度轻、吸烟量少是本次调查学生吸烟的特点。学生吸烟与情绪、心理、父母的化、习惯、职业等诸多因素有关。提示我们教育学生不吸烟，培育健康行为，应针对学生的心理发育特点，从小学一年开始。     

中学生吸烟影响因素及控制对策

目的探讨中学生吸烟行为及相关影响因素，为制定中学生控烟对策提供依据。方法对沈阳市21所中学，1855名中学生进行问卷调查，收集到有效问卷为1831，统计分析采用SPSS11．5软件。结果中学生尝试吸烟率为26．7％（男生35．6％，女生18．2％）。调查前1个月吸烟率6．3％（男生10．7％，女生2．0％）。开始吸第1支烟的平均年龄（13．4±2．9）岁，其中男生（13．3±2．9）岁，女生（13．5±3．1）岁。吸烟的相关因素，男生为周围人吸烟、好朋友吸烟、学校类别、认为拒绝别人递的烟不礼貌等因素。女生为家庭收入、好朋友吸烟等因素。结论沈阳市中学生吸烟率较高，开始吸烟年龄也较低，应引起社会各界的高度重视，通过动员社会、学校力量，采取加大禁烟力度，城市立法，严禁向未满18岁青少年售烟等综合措施降低中学生吸烟率。     

上海市奉贤区中小学生10年营养状况分析

目的 了解奉贤区中小学生营养状况，以便科学地指导学生保健工作。方法 1992—2001年间，按有关标准对7—22岁58814名中小学生进行身高体重测量，用身高标准体重法评价营养状况。结果 营养不良率在13．48％-35．12％之间，平均检出率为24．14％。营养不良率女生显高于男生，而超重率、肥胖率男生均显高于女生。营养不良率城市学生显低于乡镇学生，而超重率、肥胖率城市学生均显高于乡镇学生。营养不良率由高到低依次为初中生(30．0l％)、高中生(28．55％)、小学生(18．06％)。结论 预防控制学生营养不良重点是女生和乡镇学生及初中阶段学生，肥胖的预防控制重点是男生和城镇学生。     

2006年龙岩市部分高中学生吸烟情况调查

[目的]了解龙岩市高中学生吸烟情况以及对控制吸烟的态度，为今后教育和干预措施提供科学理论依据。[方法]采取整群随机抽样方法，通过现场问卷的方式对两所中学4个高中班的221名学生进行调查。[结果]男生吸烟率14．1％，女生吸烟率3．7％。男生吸烟率高于女生（P〈0．05）。尝试吸第一口烟者占调查者总数的27．8％，半数以上小于10岁，尝试吸烟者成为当前吸烟者的比率为31．0％。说明尝试吸烟者近I／3成为当前吸烟者。[结论]个人认识与社会、家庭、学校影响成为影响青少年吸烟的主要因素，影响着青少年对控制吸烟的态度。应采取教育与行政干预相结合的办法，才能有效地改变学生的不健康行为，控制吸烟。     

建始县中小学生营养状况

目的 了解建始县中小学生现时营养状况，为防治学生营养不正常提供依据。方法采用身高标准体重法，对2002年建始县7～18岁学生7926名进行营养状况评价。结果 建始县中小学生营养不良率为19．64％．营养过剩率为13．17％(其中超重率为8．29％，肥胖率为4.88％)。营养不良率显低于1995年全国中小学生平均水平，而肥胖率显高于全国平均水平。营养不良率女生显高于男生．中学生高于小学生；肥胖率男生显高于女生．中学生低于小学生结论建始县中小学生营养不良和营养过剩问题并存．青春期营养干预工作的开展势在必行。     

医科大学生吸烟心理与行为分析

为了解医科大学生吸烟情况及心理、行为状态，笔者于1993年5～11月对本校1303名医科大学生进行了吸烟现况调查。其吸烟率为14．58％（男生为29．34％，女生为1．31％）；男生吸烟率有随年级升高而上升的趋势；吸第一支烟的年龄多数在14～19岁之间；影响学生的吸烟的主要因素有生源、心理和行为等。     

楚雄市城区中小学生营养状况评价

目的 了解楚雄市中小学生营养状况。方法 用身高标准体重法对楚雄市4077名－7018岁中小学生的营养状况进行分析。结果 学生总体营养不良率为31．83％，营养过剩率为14．22％。中学生的营养不良和营养过剩率均显高于小学生。女生的营养不良率显高于男生，营养过剩率则女生显低于男生。结论 加强营养知识教育，营养干预的重点在青春期。     

合肥市中专学生吸烟行为流行病学研究

１９９４年３－４月在合肥市进行了中专学校学生吸烟的行为调查。结果发现，中专生的总吸烟率为２１．９３％，其中男生为４３．０５％，女生则为２．４３％。中专生吸烟开始年龄为１２－２２岁不等。吸烟的主要影响因素为：心理因素，家庭因素中的兄弟姐妹吸烟，同辈压力，社会因素中的文艺、影视作品、交际面等。     

上海市学生营养状况分析

目的　了解上海市学生营养状况并进行分析和提出相应对策。方法　对学生健康监测资料， 用 Ｗ Ｈ Ｏ 推荐的身高标准体重方法进行评价， 并用分层相关方法作流行趋势的研究。结果　学生营养不良率为２４ ．０８ ％ ，女生明显高于男生（ 女生２８ ．３６ ％ ，男生１９ ．７７ ％ ） ，肥胖率为８ ．１３ ％ ，男生明显高于女生（ 男生１０ ．７０ ％ ，女生５ ．５８ ％ ） 。与历年资料比较，学生肥胖率呈逐年上升趋势，营养不良率呈逐年下降趋势。结论　目前上海市学生营养不良和肥胖问题并存。应针对缺乏合理膳食营养和不良饮食习惯等问题，研究制定有效的健康促进、干预措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.