枕下远外侧经枕髁入路的应用解剖

目的：为枕下远外侧经枕髁入路提供应用解剖学基础。方法：在５例共１０侧正常人头颅标本上模拟枕下远外侧经枕髁入路逐层解剖和观测到达枕骨大孔区腹外侧。结果：应用此入路切除部分枕髁后可满意暴露枕骨大孔区腹外侧而对重要的神经血管的损伤最小。结论：正确的头位和切口设计、向外侧充分切除骨质、椎动脉内移、乙状窦外牵、上二条齿状韧带的切断及妥善保护重要的神经血管等是应用此入路成功的关键。     

枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤手术入路的应用解剖

目的:探讨枕骨大孔区腹侧肿瘤的最佳手术入路及其应用解剖学基础.方法:在5例共10侧正常人尸头标本上模拟枕下外侧经枕髁入路逐层解剖观测毗邻结构,到达枕骨大孔腹外侧区.结果:应用此入路切除部分枕髁可满意暴露枕骨大孔腹外侧区,而对重要的血管神经损伤最小.结论:枕下远外侧入路是枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤的最佳手术入路.     

神经内镜与显微镜经远外侧锁孔入路在颅颈交界区手术中应用的解剖学对比研究

目的 探讨神经内镜与显微镜经远外侧锁孔入路行颅颈交界区手术中,枕髁磨除前后的解剖观察范围,并分析枕髁磨除的意义。方法 纳入10%甲醛固定的5例（10侧）成年国人尸头标本,动静脉分别以红、蓝乳胶灌注,其中男3具、女2具,年龄58~70岁、平均61岁。模拟远外侧手术入路：取乳突后“S”形切口、枕髁后微骨窗开颅,分别在显微镜和神经内镜下操作,观察磨除枕髁前后镜下术野显露的解剖结构,测量并计算延髓腹外侧的显露面积,对比2种手术入路的观察范围。结果 显微镜经远外侧锁孔入路可显露成人尸头标本后组颅神经、椎动脉、基底动脉、小脑前下动脉和小脑后下动脉,枕髁磨除后扩大了对椎动脉、舌下神经、延髓侧方及腹侧的显露。神经内镜经远外侧锁孔入路通过面听-舌咽神经间隙、舌咽-迷走神经间隙、迷走-副神经颅根间隙和副神经脊髓根腹侧间隙,可观察后组颅神经、椎动脉、基底动脉、小脑前下动脉、小脑后下动脉、脑干侧面及腹侧面;磨除枕髁前、后内镜下延髓腹外侧显露面积分别为（331.0±6.6）mm²和（464.7±10.6）mm²,差异有统计学意义（t=52.99, P<0.001）;磨除枕髁前、后显微镜下延髓腹外侧显露面积分别为（205.8±9.6）mm²和（329.1±6.7）mm²,差异有统计学意义（t=75.07, P<0.001）;磨除枕髁前、后内镜下延髓腹外侧显露面积均大于显微镜下,差异均有统计学意义（t=62.18、64.62, P值均<0.001）;内镜磨除枕髁前与显微镜磨除枕髁后的显露面积差异无统计学意义（t=1.63, P=0.137）。结论 远外侧锁孔入路磨除枕髁后神经内镜与显微镜2种手术方式均能增加延髓腹外侧的显露面积;神经内镜远外侧锁孔入路不磨除枕髁即可获得良好的、与显微镜远外侧锁孔入路磨除枕髁后相似的显露范围,对脑干腹侧面、椎动脉、基底动脉等深部结构的显露更具优势,临床手术中可免于磨除枕髁。     

内镜辅助下远外侧髁后锁孔手术入路的解剖学研究

目的：探讨内镜辅助下枕下远外侧锁孔手术的可行性及入路的显微外科解剖学基础。方法：10具尸体头标本于乳突后作纵向“S”型、约7cm长头皮切口，上缘起自乳突中点向后2cm处，下界至C2水平。分层翻转枕下肌群，显露枕骨远外侧，做直径约3cm的骨窗，牵开小脑半球，神经内镜及显微镜下观察所显露的解剖结构。结果：通过调整神经内镜及显微镜角度，经枕下远外侧髁后锁孔入路可显露同侧椎动脉、小脑下后动脉、小脑下前动脉、面神经、前庭蜗神经神经、后组脑神经、舌下神经和延髓腹外侧等结构。结论：枕下远外侧髁后锁孔入路可很好地显露上述结构，应用神经内镜技术，可在不磨除枕髁和颈静脉结节的情况下进行颅颈交界区手术。     

枕下极外侧入路的解剖学量化研究

目的从临床术者视角出发，定量测量枕下极外侧入路中颈静脉结节、枕髁、寰椎侧块三个骨性障碍部分磨除对颅颈交界腹侧区暴露的影响，为临床切除颅颈交界腹侧区病变提供解剖学依据。方法成年国人头颅干颅骨标本及颅颈交界区CT骨窗片上测量枕髁、寰椎侧块模拟磨除1／3，颈静脉结节全部磨除后颅颈交界腹侧区暴露的改变。应用所测得数据在成人尸头上模拟枕下极外侧入路。术前术后CT薄扫对比。结果骨性标本及寰枕交界CT测量显示枕髁、寰椎侧块、颈静脉结节磨除后颅颈交界腹侧区手术视角及术野宽度明显增加。模拟手术证实枕髁、寰椎侧块及颈静脉结节部分磨除后使颅颈交界腹侧区暴露致水平视角。结论极外侧入路中枕髁、寰椎侧块及颈静脉结节的部分磨除对颅颈交界腹侧区暴露及病变的切除有显著的作用。术前颅颈交界区三维CT检查对极外侧入路有重要的指导意义。     

极外侧经髁入路的显微解剖研究

目的 为极外侧经髁入路的临床应用提供翔实的显微解剖学资料和参数，以利于术中重要血管、神经结构的识别和保护。方法 在10例干性颅骨标本上，对本入路相关的骨性结构进行观察、测量和拍照。模拟极外侧经髁入路，对10例尸头标本进行显微解剖，并对入路相关的重要解剖结构进行观察、测量和拍照，尤其关注枕下段椎动脉的识别和保护及枕髁的安全磨除。结果 本入路涉及众多的肌肉、血管、神经结构，它们的关系复杂；枕下段椎动脉行程曲折。结论 观察和测量的结果有助于术中重要血管、神经结构的识别和保护。     

两种联合入路处理颈静脉孔区沟通性肿瘤的应用解剖比较

目的　通过比较远外侧髁旁联合部分经髁入路与迷路下联合枕下乙状窦后入路,为颈静脉孔区沟通性肿瘤的临床应用提供解剖学依据。 方法　用16具成人尸头镜下模拟两种联合入路,比较两种联合入路对颈静脉孔区的暴露范围及相关解剖学标志,同时观察寰椎横突磨除后对颈静脉孔区颅外段的暴露情况。 结果　两种联合入路均可显露颈静脉孔区颅内段及有限的颅外段,但远外侧髁旁联合部分经髁入路有利于暴露颈静脉孔后内侧区域,而迷路下联合枕下乙状窦后入路更利于暴露颈静脉孔后外侧区域。枕髁和颈静脉突为前者的解剖标志,茎乳孔和颈静脉突为后者的解剖标志。寰椎横突的切除可增加颈静脉孔区颅外段茎突后间隙的显露。 结论　远外侧髁旁联合部分经髁入路结合寰椎横突的磨除,适宜处理肿瘤主体偏于孔内侧的颈静脉孔区沟通性肿瘤,而迷路下联合枕下乙状窦后入路结合寰椎横突的磨除,更适宜处理肿瘤主体偏于颈静脉孔外侧的沟通性肿瘤。     

远外侧经髁入路处理脑干腹侧枕骨大孔区及颅颈交界区肿瘤

远外侧经髁入路又称枕下远外侧入路,最外侧经扰骨髁——颈结节入路,枕下后外侧入路等。脑干腹侧,枕骨大孔区前缘及颅颈交界区肿瘤手术难度很大,而远外侧经髁入路能够更好地显露和切除斜坡下端和扰骨大孔前缘的肿瘤,从而减轻对小脑和脑干的牵拉。 1.历史回顾     

经枕髁-颈突入路到达颈静脉孔区显微解剖学研究

目的 :了解颈静脉孔区周围组织关系 ,量化枕髁及髁旁组织结构 ,为该手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法 :采用显微外科解剖学方法 ,对 10例成人尸体头部标本 ,15例干性颅骨标本 ,观测颈静脉孔、枕髁、颈突及舌下神经管等髁旁组织结构间关系。结果 :寰枕关节面不同的比例关系 ,决定枕髁的磨除范围。颈突位于枕髁的后外侧 ,茎突和二腹肌沟的内侧 ,后邻椎动脉上外侧袢 ,组成了颈静脉孔的后壁。与颈动脉管外口、舌下神经管外口形成了三角形 ,出颅的后组脑神经及颈静脉球位于三角形内。结论 :本入路是枕下外侧入路的改良 ,通过部分枕髁及颈突磨除 ,从后方显露颈静脉孔 ,避免了面神经移位及颞骨岩部的磨除。     

便携式视频显微镜经枕下下正中入路的解剖研究

目的研究便携式视频显微镜经枕下下正中人路的显露范围和观察效果。方法灌注和新鲜成人尸头各5例，在便携式视频显微镜下，经枕下下正中、经小脑延髓裂入路暴露并观察枕骨大孔区和第四脑室。结果便携式视频显微镜经枕下下正中入路能够清楚、逼真地暴露枕骨大孔区和第四脑室。结论便携式视频显微镜经枕下下正中入路能够完成枕骨大孔区和第四脑室的显微解剖。     

颈静脉孔区的显微解剖及定位标志研究

目的:研究颈静脉孔区的显微外科解剖,探讨寰椎横突(TPA)、头侧直肌、二腹肌沟、颈静脉突等解剖标志在颈静脉孔区病变手术中的定位意义。方法:成人头颈标本15例,男13例,女2例,红色乳胶灌注颈总动脉和椎动脉。手术显微镜下(×3～×30)逐层显露颈静脉孔区结构,明确该区显微解剖特征、相关的解剖标志及其定位意义。结果:颈静脉孔区多数重要的解剖结构均可以TPA为参照标志予以明确。二腹肌后腹位于其浅层。TPA的后方为枕下三角,三角内有椎动脉、椎静脉丛和颈1神经通过。头侧直肌起始于TPA的外表面,止于枕骨颈静脉突的下表面,可作为确定颅外颈静脉孔的解剖标志。茎突位于TPA的前方,颈内静脉、迷走神经、副神经、舌下神经穿行于茎突与TPA之间,颈内动脉位于颈内静脉的前内侧。二腹肌、颈静脉突、颈动脉嵴对定位面神经、颈静脉孔及舌咽神经等结构具有重要意义。结论:颈静脉孔区解剖结构复杂,利用寰椎横突、头侧直肌、二腹肌沟、颈静脉突等解剖标志有助于明确此区域重要的解剖结构,避免术中不必要的损伤。     

Anatomic study of the suboccipital artery of Salmon with surgical significance

The anatomy of the muscular branches of the vertebral arteries has clinical relevance during surgical procedures, suboccipital injections, and manual therapies. Each vertebral artery is divided into four segments. Segment V3, found in the suboccipital triangle, courses posteromedially around the lateral mass to lie in a groove on the posterior arch of the atlas, ultimately coursing beneath the posterior atlanto‐occipital membrane to enter the skull. Although not always present, any muscular branch that emanates from this segment to supply the suboccipital muscles is called the suboccipital artery of Salmon. There is a paucity of literature on this artery despite its clinical relevancy. We found the suboccipital artery of Salmon in 10 (67%) of 15 embalmed adult cadavers. This frequency is considerably higher than that in previous reports. Two (20%) of the 10 cadavers demonstrated bilateral and symmetrical suboccipital arteries of Salmon (one artery on each side). Four (40%) of the 10 cadavers had an arrangement of two parallel suboccipital arteries of Salmon on one side, and one on the contralateral side. Three (30%) of the 10 cadavers displayed an asymmetrical unilateral arrangement (only one artery). One (10%) of the 10 cadavers displayed the unique arrangement of three arteries of Salmon on one side and one artery on the contralateral side. This study adds to a limited, but growing, body of knowledge by providing photographic evidence of the course and arrangement of these arteries and, therefore, can be of value to surgeons and other clinicians whose procedures focus on the suboccipital region. Clin. Anat. 23:798–802, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

三脑室区肿瘤手术入路及经胼胝体-穹隆间人路的显微解剖

三脑室区肿瘤的手术入路根据病变部位有适用于前部病变的经额叶皮质入路、经胼胝体前部入路、经终板入路，主要适用于中部病变的脉络丛下入路、经脉络裂入路和脉络裂下经中央帆入路，主要适用于后部病变的枕部经小脑幕入路、幕下小脑上入路、经胼胝体后部入路及经侧脑室三角区入路。解剖和临床研究表明经胼胝体穹隆间入路到达三脑室最近、术后并发症少，掌握该入路路径中扣带回、胼周动脉、胼胝体、穹隆、前连合等重要神经结构的显微解剖学知识，有利于术前手术计划的制定和实施手术。     

Hypoplastic occipital condyle and third occipital condyle: Review of their dysembryology

Disruption or embryologic derailment of the normal bony architecture of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) may result in symptoms. As studies of the embryology and pathology of hypoplasia of the occipital condyles and third occipital condyles are lacking in the literature, the present review was performed. Standard search engines were accessed and queried for publications regarding hypoplastic occipital condyles and third occipital condyles. The literature supports the notion that occipital condyle hypoplasia and a third occipital condyle are due to malformation or persistence of the proatlas, respectively. The Pax‐1 gene is most likely involved in this process. Clinically, condylar hypoplasia may narrow the foramen magnum and lead to lateral medullary compression. Additionally, this maldevelopment can result in transient vertebral artery compression secondary to posterior subluxation of the occiput. Third occipital condyles have been associated with cervical canal stenosis, hypoplasia of the dens, transverse ligament laxity, and atlanto‐axial instability causing acute and chronic spinal cord compression. Treatment goals are focused on craniovertebral stability. A better understanding of the embryology and pathology related to CVJ anomalies is useful to the clinician treating patients presenting with these entities. Clin. Anat. 26:928–932, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Transverse process anatomy as a guide to vertebral artery exposure during anterior cervical spine approach

Safe exposure of the vertebral artery (VA) is needed during resection of tumors close to the artery and during repair of lacerations. We defined the anatomy of the anterior root of each transverse process (TP) from C3 to C6 for identification and exposure of the VA during the anterior approach. We examined the anatomy of the TP and assessed two approaches for safe identification of the VA, lateral to medial and medial to lateral dissection of the TP, in 20 cadavers. The safe zone at each level of the cervical spine was defined as an area in which the surgeon can start to dissect at the midline of that level on the TP and safely cross the VA laterally. For the lateral to medial approach the surgical safe zone lies between the mid axis of the TPs and a line 2 mm parallel to and above it. The average TP angle was 11 ± 10.2 degrees. The mean distance of the lateral border of the VA from the TP tip was 3.78–5.28 mm. For the medial to lateral approach, staying at the level of the upper vertebral end plate will lead the surgeon to the tip of the TP. From that point, dissection can be carried out as described above. This study examined the anatomy of the TP and defined the approach to expose the VA safely during anterior cervical spine exposure. Clin. Anat. 30:492–497, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

蝶骨嵴锁孔入路的显微外科解剖

目的:掌握经蝶骨嵴锁孔入路显露鞍周结构的显微外科解剖,探讨该入路治疗颅内病变的可行性.方法:14例(28侧)10%甲醛溶液固定尸体头颅标本模拟蝶骨嵴锁孔入路,借助手术显微镜通过鞍区手术间隙对鞍区重要结构进行显微解剖.结果:对颈内动脉床突上段及其分支、基底动脉顶部、垂体柄等鞍周重要结构进行良好的显露和观测,并获得重要参数.结论:蝶骨嵴锁孔入路适用于显露大部分前循环动脉瘤及前颅底后方、鞍旁、蝶骨嵴、颞极、中颅窝底前部病变.     

枕大孔区脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的:探讨枕大孔区脑膜瘤的临床特点、手术入路选择及显微手术技巧.方法:采用显微手术治疗枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤21例,其中,肿瘤位于背侧4例、腹侧3例、腹外侧14例;背侧者选择后正中入路,腹侧或腹外侧者选择远外侧入路.结果:肿瘤全切17例(81%),次全切除1例(椎动脉上下型)、部分切除3例(2例为椎动脉上下型、1例为椎动脉上型);不全切除4例均为腹侧或腹外侧患者,术后均行γ-刀治疗.无手术死亡.随访1～88个月(平均27个月),期间无肿瘤复发病例;21例中,临床症状改善16例,保持原状3例,加重2例.结论:枕大孔区脑膜瘤的临床症状无特征性,术前的位置分型有助于手术入路的选择,而正确选择手术入路和娴熟的颅脑显微外科手术技巧是安全有效切除肿瘤的关键.