高龄与中低龄老年短暂性脑缺血发作/轻型卒中临床特点比较

目的对比高龄及中低龄老年短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)/轻型卒中患者的临床特点及预后。方法收集2009年4月至2016年12月在江苏省人民医院老年神经科收治的老年TIA/轻型卒中患者232例,其中高龄(≥80岁以上)患者103例,中低龄老年(≥60岁且80岁)患者129例。比较高龄组和中低龄老年组以及预后良好组与预后不良组患者间临床特点差异,采用多因素Logistics回归分析影响高龄与中低龄老年TIA/轻型卒中患者预后的影响因素。结果与中低龄老年组相比,高龄组的卒中史、冠心病、房颤、痴呆、卒中后肺炎的比例以及预后不良的发生率明显较高(P0.05)。多因素分析显示,年龄≥80岁是TIA/轻型卒中预后不良的独立危险因素(OR=2.829,P=0.005)。NIHSS评分、卒中后肺炎、冠心病是高龄患者预后不良的独立危险因素(OR=1.607,P=0.007;OR=7.190,P=0.001;OR=3.153,P=0.026),NIHSS评分、卒中后肺炎、神经功能进展是中低龄老年患者预后不良的独立危险因素(OR=2.262,P=0.000;OR=4.341,P=0.023;OR=3.192,P=0.033)。结论高龄TIA/轻型卒中患者更易合并心脑血管基础病及痴呆,临床预后更差,有部分患者将面临致残的结局。     

急性缺血性卒中后肺炎的危险因素及远期预后分析

目的探讨急性缺血性卒中后肺炎发生的危险因素及远期预后。方法收集544例急性缺血性卒中患者的临床资料,分析发生卒中后肺炎的相关危险因素并评估其对远期预后的影响。结果卒中后肺炎组年龄≥80岁、高血压、心房纤颤、既往卒中或TIA史、慢性呼吸系统疾病、合并恶性肿瘤、NIHSS评分≥15分、GCS评分≤8分、卧床时间≥7 d、吞咽障碍、早期鼻饲、早期应用质子泵受体阻滞剂、早期应用糖皮质激素、基线空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L、低蛋白血症、贫血的比率均显著高于无肺炎组;早期康复治疗的比率明显低于无肺炎组(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥80岁、NIHSS评分≥15分、GCS评分≤8分、卧床时间≥7 d、吞咽障碍、基线空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L、低蛋白血症是卒中后肺炎的独立危险因素,早期康复治疗是卒中后肺炎的保护因素。卒中后肺炎组患者预后良好的比率显著低于无肺炎组(P0.05)。结论年龄≥80岁、NIHSS评分≥15分、GCS评分≤8分、卧床时间≥7 d、吞咽障碍、基线空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L、低蛋白血症是卒中后肺炎发生的独立危险因素。卒中后肺炎是导致预后不良的重要影响因素。     

短暂性脑缺血发作及轻型卒中患者认知功能下降的随访研究

目的既往的研究对短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)及轻型卒中后的认知功能障碍的关注较少。我们将对此类患者发生认知功能障碍的危险因素进行探讨。方法我们筛选了2012年7月至12月期间,连续住院的TIA及轻型卒中患者。于发病后第3个月及第18个月各进行一次认知功能评估,截止至2014年3月31日。结果共209例TIA及轻型卒中患者入组。其中,共24例(11.5%)出现了认知功能显著下降。Logistic回归分析,结果显示:受教育年限(比数比OR=0.869,P=0.021),心房纤颤(OR=5.950,P=0.001)、多发性腔隙性脑梗死(OR=5.179,P=0.020)是TIA/轻型卒中患者中远期认知功能下降的独立危险因素。结论对于TIA/轻型卒中的患者有必要对其认知功能进行随访,对于有心房纤颤及颅内多发性腔隙性脑梗死的患者应关注其认知功能变化,加强随访,必要时尽早给予干预治疗措施,以减少其发生认知功能下降的风险。     

既往卒中病史对缺血性脑血管病患者卒中结局的影响研究

目的 探讨中国人群中首发和复发缺血性脑血管病患者的临床特征和卒中结局差异。 方法 本研究基于全国多中心前瞻性中国国家卒中登记研究Ⅲ（the third China national stroke regi stry,CNSR-Ⅲ）,连续纳入2015年8月-2018年3月急性缺血性卒中或TIA患者,收集人口学信息、血 管危险因素、既往用药史及病因分型系统（causative classification system,CCS）等临床资料,记录随 访3个月和1年时卒中结局。卒中结局包括卒中复发（缺血性卒中或出血性卒中）、联合血管事件（卒中、 心肌梗死及血管性死亡事件）、脑血管病源性死亡及不良功能结局（mRS＞2分）。依据患者既往是否 有卒中病史分为有卒中病史组和无卒中病史组,比较两组的临床特征及卒中结局差异,并分析卒中病 史与卒中结局间的关系。 结果 最终纳入15 166例患者,平均年龄62.2±11.3岁,其中女性4802例（31.7%）;有卒中病史患者 3355例,无卒中病史患者11 811例。有卒中病史组患者年龄,冠心病、高血压、脂代谢紊乱、糖尿病、心 房颤动比例,既往用药史比例、入院NIHSS评分、住院期间降糖和降压治疗比例均高于无卒中病史组, 目前吸烟和重度饮酒比例、入院时LDL-C水平及住院期间抗血小板治疗比例低于无卒中病史组,差 异均有统计学意义。两组CCS分型的分布差异有统计学意义,其中有卒中病史组大动脉粥样硬化型和 心源性栓塞型卒中比例高于无卒中病史组。多因素分析结果显示,卒中病史是随访3个月不良功能结 局（校正OR 1.25,95%CI 1.09～1.44,P =0.002）,随访1年卒中复发（校正HR 1.44,95%CI 1.25～1.67, P＜0.001）、联合血管事件（校正HR 1.43,95%CI 1.24～1.64,P＜0.001）、脑血管病源性死亡（校正 HR 1.42,95%CI 1.12～1.80,P =0.004）、不良功能结局（校正OR 1.63,95%CI 1.42～1.88,P＜0.001）的 危险因素。 结论 有无卒中病史的缺血性卒中患者的临床特征及随访结局差异较大,尽管患者进行卒中二级 预防治疗,卒中病史仍然是患者1年卒中复发、联合血管事件、脑血管病源性死亡及不良功能结局的 危险因素。     

入院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表联合血清超敏C-反应蛋白对缺血性卒中预后的预测价值

目的 探讨入院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分联合血清超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)对缺血性卒中预后的预测价值。方法 纳入2018年5月至2019年12月河北省唐山市工人医院收治的487例急性缺血性卒中患者,收集性别、年龄、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、既往脑卒中病史、吸烟史和饮酒史等临床资料,测定血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、hs-CRP、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)和空腹血糖(FBG),入院时采用NIHSS量表评估神经功能缺损程度,出院时采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评估预后。单因素和多因素前进法Logistic回归分析筛查缺血性卒中患者预后不良危险因素,并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,比较入院时NIHSS评分与血清hs-CRP单独或者联合应用对预后的预测价值。结果 根据mRS评分分为预后良好组(≤2分)和预后不良组(> 2分),预后不良组男性(χ²=4.729,P=0.030)、既往脑卒中病史(χ²=13.665,P=0.000)和饮酒史(χ²=8.326,P=0.004)比例,入院...     

非心源性缺血性卒中复发危险因素分析

目的 分析非心源性缺血性卒中患者1年复发的危险因素。 方法 连续入选1978例发病7 d内的非心源性缺血性卒中患者。收集患者的人口学信息、血管病危险 因素和发病时的主要症状及体征,评价患者的头颅磁共振成像结果,包括梗死灶的部位、数量、急 性梗死灶的分布特征及责任动脉、责任动脉有无严重狭窄、缺血性卒中的病因分型。随访患者1年内 有无缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）的复发,通过多元Cox回归分析缺 血性卒中患者复发的危险因素。 结果 95例(4.8%)患者1年内缺血性卒中或TIA复发。冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病病史、缺血性卒中病 史、缺血性卒中发病前3个月内反复TIA、责任脑动脉狭窄程度≥70%和后循环缺血性卒中是1年内复发 的危险因素。 结论 后循环梗死、有责任脑动脉严重狭窄及缺血性心脑血管病病史的非心源性缺血性卒中患者复 发的风险较高。     

尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作的院内死亡率及相关影响因素的多中心分析

目的 探讨尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中/TIA患者的院内死亡率及其影响因素。 方法 回顾性分析2013年1月-2016年5月河南省11家市级、县级医院神经内科连续收治的发病6 h内 接受尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗的急性缺血性卒中和TIA患者的临床资料,统计院内全因死亡率,采用多因 素Logistic回归分析院内死亡的相关影响因素。 结果 共入组444例患者,平均年龄60.19±11.61岁,男性296例（66.7%）,院内死亡25例（5.6%）。多 因素Logistic回归分析显示,发病至溶栓时间3～6 h（OR 3.006,95%CI 1.120～8.071,P =0.029）、溶栓前 NI HSS评分（OR 1.130,95%CI 1.079～1.183,P＜0.001）及心房颤动病史（OR 3.671,95%CI 1.282～10.511, P =0.015）是尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中/TIA患者院内死亡的独立影响因素。 结论 发病至溶栓时间3～6 h、严重神经功能损害、心房颤动病史是尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺 血性卒中/TIA患者住院期间死亡的独立危险因素。     

TIA/轻型缺血性卒中患者认知功能障碍与血清尿酸及Aβ1-42浓度的相关性研究

目的探讨血尿酸、β淀粉样蛋白1-42(Aβ1-42)浓度与TIA/轻型缺血性卒中患者认知功能障碍的关系,为高危人群早期预报、早期干预提供理论依据。方法收集2019-01―12平煤神马医疗集团总医院神经内科收治的TIA/轻型缺血性卒中患者138例及健康志愿者70例。收集2组临床资料,以MoCA评分评估患者认知功能,比较各组血清尿酸、Aβ1-42浓度的差异,分析血清尿酸及Aβ1-42浓度与TIA/轻型缺血性卒中认知障碍的关系。结果 TIA/轻型缺血性卒中认知障碍组血清尿酸浓度较认知功能正常组高(P=0.002),血Aβ1-42浓度低于认知功能正常组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.002)。多因素Logistic回归分析示血尿酸浓度OR=0.983,OR 95%CI=0.973～0.993,P=0.001,血Aβ1-42浓度OR=1.011,OR 95%CI=0.983～1.093,P=0.045。结论 (1)TIA/轻型缺血性卒中认知功能障碍组患者血尿酸浓度较认知功能正常组高,血Aβ1-42浓度较认知功能正常组显著降低。(2)高浓度的血尿酸水平以及低浓度的血Aβ1-42水平是TIA/轻型缺血性卒中后认知障碍的独立危险因素。     

尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作的院内死亡率及相关影响因素的多中心分析

目的 探讨尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中/TIA患者的院内死亡率及其影响因素。
方法 回顾性分析2013年1月-2016年5月河南省11家市级、县级医院神经内科连续收治的发病6 h内
接受尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗的急性缺血性卒中和TIA患者的临床资料，统计院内全因死亡率，采用多因
素Logistic回归分析院内死亡的相关影响因素。
结果 共入组444例患者，平均年龄60.19±11.61岁，男性296例（66.7%），院内死亡25例（5.6%）。多
因素Logistic回归分析显示，发病至溶栓时间3～6 h（OR 3.006，95%CI 1.120～8.071，P =0.029）、溶栓前
NI HSS评分（OR 1.130，95%CI 1.079～1.183，P＜0.001）及心房颤动病史（OR 3.671，95%CI 1.282～10.511，
P =0.015）是尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中/TIA患者院内死亡的独立影响因素。
结论 发病至溶栓时间3～6 h、严重神经功能损害、心房颤动病史是尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺
血性卒中/TIA患者住院期间死亡的独立危险因素。     

基于中国缺血性卒中亚型分型的轻型缺血性卒中与致残性缺血性卒中的危险因素及病因学分析

目的研究轻型缺血性卒中与致残性缺血性卒中危险因素及病因学分型的差异。方法采用中国缺血性卒中亚型(CISS)分型对133例轻型缺血性卒中患者(轻型卒中组)及155例致残性缺血性卒中患者(致残性卒中组)进行病因分型,比较其危险因素及病因学分布上的差异。结果轻型卒中组与致残性卒中组患者糖尿病、高血压、高同型半胱氨酸血症、吸烟史、高脂血症、心房纤颤(房颤)、高尿酸血症比率差异无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。轻型卒中组大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死(LAA)比率最高(45. 1%),穿支动脉闭塞性脑梗死(PAD)次之(42. 1%),其次依次为不明原因性缺血性卒中(UE)(7. 52%)、心源性脑栓塞(CS)(4. 51%)和其他病因型缺血性卒中(OE)(0. 75%);致残性卒中组LAA比率最高(65. 16%),PAD次之(16. 13%),其次依次为CS(9. 68%)、UE(8. 39%)和OE(0. 65%)。两组间CISS分型比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=25. 02,P 0. 0001)。结论轻型缺血性卒中与致残性缺血性卒中的常见危险因素无显著差异。轻型缺血性卒中与致残性缺血性卒中的最常见病因均为LAA、其次为PAD。轻型缺血性卒中的UE比率高于致残性缺血性卒中,而CS的比率低于致残性缺血性卒中。     

卒中后高血糖与缺血性脑卒中

20～40％的脑卒中患者,无论其此前是否诊断为糖尿病,均可在卒中发生后出现高血糖,称为卒中后高血糖（post stroke hyperglycemia,PSH）。PSH是脑卒中预后的一个重要预测因子,PSH能预测脑卒中患者的死亡风险及神经功能恢复情况。     

From stroke unit care to stroke care unit

In some stroke units continuous monitoring of blood pressure, electrocardiogram, body temperature, and oxygen saturation has become an integral part of the management of acute stroke. In addition, regular measurements of blood glucose are performed. Stroke units equipped with such monitoring facilities should be named 'stroke care units' by analogy with coronary care units. The goal of a stroke care unit is early detection and rapid correction of extracranial factors which may aggravate cerebral damage in ischemic brain, including hypoxia, hyperglycemia, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, and elevated body temperature.     

Long-term prevention of ischaemic stroke and stroke recurrence

Stroke is the third most important cause of mortality, but the leading cause of severe handicap, dependency, and loss of social competence. Because of the high recurrence rate, active secondary prevention is mandatory once a stroke has occurred. Secondary prevention of stroke implies the primary prevention of cardiovascular disorders as well. Among the modifiable risk factors hypertension is worst and should be normalized according to recent WHO criteria, also in the elderly. Smoking is another major risk factor and hard to delete. Diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia are also important risk factors and should be treated consequently by diet and medication. Moderate alcohol intake, normalization of body weight and regular physical activity also contribute considerably to prevention of stroke. Whether hyperhomocysteinaemia should be normalized has not yet been clarified. Cardiovascular disorders are an important source of ischemic strokes, particularly atrial fibrillation. Low dose anticoagulation can dramatically reduce stroke risk. Carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic stenoses is the most expensive means of stroke prevention. In less severe stenoses, or ICA occlusions, antiplatelet agents are the treatment of choice. Composite drugs with ASS and other antiplatelet agents seem to be superior to either compound alone. Dissections of the cervical arteries should not be operated on but may be treated by anticoagulation or antiplatelet agents in the acute and subacute phase. The potency of a consequent and comprehensive stroke prevention in preventing disability and death is much greater than any sophisticated acute stroke treatment.     

Depression in stroke patients 7 years following stroke

OBJECTIVE: To study the frequency of depression in stroke patients many years following stroke, most previous studies having concentrated on the first few years. METHOD: Participants of a previous study of post-stroke depression (99 stroke patients and 28 control subjects) were re-examined 7 years later. Depression was diagnosed using research diagnostic criteria. The test battery comprised the Mini Mental State Examination, the Raven Matrices A+B and Word Pair Learning. Subjective experience of changes in memory, concentration, mood, irritability and fatigue during the 7-year period was also examined. RESULTS: Twenty per cent of the stroke patients fulfilled the criteria for major or minor depression compared with 11% of the control subjects. No differences in cognitive function were found between depressed and non-depressed stroke patients. The stroke patients reported experiencing more lability of mood and irritability during the 7-year period following stroke than the control subjects. Depressed stroke patients experienced more impairment of concentration and memory function than non-depressed stroke patients. CONCLUSION: Affective symptoms are common among stroke patients 7 years following stroke.     

Awareness of stroke risk in chagasic stroke patients

BACKGROUND: Reduction in stroke risk may depend on the general population's knowledge of stroke. In South America, chagasic myocardiopathy is independently associated with ischemic stroke. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate awareness of Chagas' disease (CD) as a stroke risk factor and to determine the frequency of stroke patients that are diagnosed as having CD after stroke. METHODS: Eighty CD stroke patients and 140 non-chagasic stroke patients (53.2% males; mean age 60 years), consecutively admitted to the hospital during 2005 were interviewed with a questionnaire. Demographic variables included age, sex, ethnicity, education, previous history of stroke, vascular risk factors, social background information and several questions regarding awareness of CD as a stroke risk factor. A logistic regression model was developed to identify social variables that could predict the risk of CD stroke. RESULTS: The diagnosis of CD was established after stroke in 42.5% of CD stroke patients. Most respondents (95%) were not aware of stroke risk in CD. Chagasic patients had the lowest rate of awareness about stroke risk (2.5 vs 7.1%), although they had the greatest knowledge about the kissing bug vector (83.7 vs 62.1%; p<0.001). The main social variables associated with CD stroke were: having family members with Chagas' disease (p<0.0001; odds ratio 10.1; 95% CI 3.6-16.1) and a past history of living in a mud-brick house during childhood (p<0.001; odds ratio 8.9; 95% CI: 4.1-24.6). CONCLUSION: Awareness about CD as a risk factor of stroke is low. Educational campaigns about risk of stroke in CD patients are encouraged.     

Perioperative stroke

It is increasingly recognized that one can identify a higher risk patient for perioperative stroke. The risk of stroke around the time of operative procedures is fairly substantial and it is recognized that patients initially at risk for vascular events are those most likely to have this risk heightened by invasive procedures. Higher risk patients include those of advanced age and there is a cumulative risk, over time, of coexistent hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, cardiac disease and clotting disorders. There are a number of possible mechanisms associated with the procedure (e.g., preoperative hypercoagulability, holding of antithrombic therapy at the time of the procedure and cardiac arrhythmia) that can promote a thrombo-embolic event. Examples of these include: direct mechanical trauma to extracranial vessels related to operations on the head and neck; and vascular injury as a consequence of vascular and innovative endovascular procedures affecting the cerebral circulation (e.g., carotid endarterectomy, extracranial or intracranial angioplasty with stenting, and use of the MERCI clot retrieval device), as well as various endovascular methods that have been developed to obliterate cerebral aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations as an alternative to surgical clipping and surgical resection, respectively.