中药协同治疗小儿肺炎合并全身炎症反应综合征的机制研究

目的:探讨中药协同治疗小儿肺炎合并全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)的机制.方法:64例肺炎患儿被随机分为3组,51例合并SIRS,26例在常规治疗基础上加中药辨证施治(治疗组),25例未加中药治疗(对照Ⅰ组);另13例未合并SIRS者作为对照Ⅱ组,予常规治疗.监测各组治疗前后血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和IL-8的动态变化;同步测定血中C-反应蛋白(CRP)和白细胞(WBC)总数.对肺炎合并SIRS患儿于治疗5 d后进行临床症状、体征评分.结果:治疗组和对照Ⅰ组患儿治疗前血清TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8均明显高于对照Ⅱ组(P均＜0.01),而治疗组与对照Ⅰ组间各指标差异均无显著性.治疗后各组血清TNF-α水平比较差异均无显著性;而治疗组IL-6则显著低于对照Ⅰ组,IL-8显著低于对照Ⅰ组和对照Ⅱ组.治疗前治疗组与对照Ⅰ组血CRP水平均高于对照Ⅱ组,治疗后治疗组则低于对照Ⅰ组和对照Ⅱ组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).WBC总数在各组间差异均无显著性.两组患儿发热和咳嗽咯痰情况差异有显著性(P均＜0.05).结论:在小儿肺炎合并SIRS中,中药协同治疗可下调机体炎性细胞因子水平,阻断疾病的进一步发展,促进临床症状的恢复.     

乌司他丁对有机磷农药中毒的免疫保护研究

目的 探讨乌司他丁(Ulinastatin,UTI)对急性有机磷农药中毒(AOPP)的免疫保护作用.方法 45例重症AOPP患者随机分为Ⅰ组(UTI治疗组,n＝23)和Ⅱ组(非UTI治疗组,n＝22).在急性期治疗前后分别测定肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、血清细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)的水平变化,并以20例健康人为对照.结果Ⅰ组TNF-α和ICAM-1治疗前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),Ⅱ组治疗前后比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组治疗后比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01). 结论 UTI对AOPP患者在免疫领域中起治疗作用,其最主要机制可能是通过抑制两种关键性的免疫细胞因子TNF-α、ICAM-1对炎性介质的级联"瀑布"效应,终止它们对重要器官的进一步损害.     

乌司他丁治疗全身炎症反应综合征的临床研究

目的研究乌司他丁(UTI)治疗全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)的临床疗效以及对炎性介质的影响,了解UTI对SIRS的治疗价值。方法选择符合SIRS诊断标准的48例患者,随机分为UTI治疗组(A组)和常规治疗组(B组)。观察两组患者的临床效果并检测治疗前后血清IL-6、TNFα、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、IL-10水平变化。结果治疗后A组患者临床症状改善较B组明显,MODS发生率下降,炎性介质CRP、IL-6、TNFα、IL-10水平在A组改变较B组明显。结论乌司他丁能改善SIRS的临床症状,对炎性介质起免疫调理作用。     

乌司他丁对重度急性有机磷农药中毒患者细胞因子影响的研究

目的探讨乌司他丁干预对重度急性有机磷农药中毒（AOPP）引发多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）患者血清TNFα、IL-6及IL-10水平动态变化的影响。方法重度AOPP引发MODS患者46例，临床随机分为常规治疗组（n=24）、乌司他丁干预组（n=22），同步检测两组患者血清中上述细胞因子的动态变化，并与健康对照组（n=20）进行对比分析。结果常规治疗组与乌司他丁干预组患者血清中TNF-α、IL-6及IL-10水平均高于健康对照组（P〈0．01）；两组治疗前后比较，血清TNF—α、IL-6及IL-10水平均有明显降低（P〈0．01），但乌司他丁干预组血清TNF-α、IL-6的降低水平较常规治疗组更明显（P〈0．01），而治疗后血清IL-10水平两组比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。乌司他丁干预组的病死率明显低于常规治疗组（P〈0．05），痊愈患者的住院时间也明显缩短（P〈0．01）。结论TNF-α、IL-6及IL-10等细胞因子参与重度AOPP引发MODS患者的病理过程；乌司他丁干预能明显降低重度AOPP患者血清TNF-α、IL-6水平，从而降低并发MODS的重度AOPP患者的病死率。     

乌司他丁治疗重症颅脑伤合并多脏器功能障碍临床观察

目的:探讨乌司他丁治疗重症颅脑伤合并多脏器功能障碍中的临床疗效。方法:62例重症颅脑伤患者随机分为2组,对照组30例常规治疗,治疗组32例在常规治疗基础上入院起即辅以乌司他丁治疗,观察部分炎症介质变化和SIRS、MODS发生率和28d病死率。结果:2组在伤后入院第1天TNF-ɑ、IL-1、IL-6和CRP明显增高,差异无统计学意义。治疗组第3天起TNF-ɑ、IL-1、IL-6和CRP下降,而对照组第7天起下降,2组同期比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组SIRS发生率均较高,2组比较差异无统计学意义;MODS发生率和28d病死率比较,治疗组较对照组低,分别为37.5%、53.3%和28.1%、63.3%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:重度颅脑损伤患者早期使用乌司他丁可减轻重症颅脑伤的MODS发生率,减少MODS累及器官数,从而降低重症颅脑伤的病死率。     

危重病全身炎症反应综合征患者血清降钙素原的动态变化及其意义

目的探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)在全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)和多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)发生发展中的意义及其与SIRS/MODS严重程度的相关性.方法选择重症监护室(ICU)危重病患者66例,在入院第1、3、5天分别测定其外周血PCT、白介素-6(IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α).结果血清PCT、IL-6及TNF-α在SIRS组、MODS组及死亡组均较非SIRS组、非MODS组及非死亡组明显升高,且SIRS组、MODS组及死亡组PCT、IL-6及TNF-α始终维持在较高水平.组内比较,第1、3、5天血清PCT和IL-6有逐步升高趋势,提示PCT和IL-6与MODS和死亡组比TNF-α更具有密切的相关关系.结论血清PCT是一个新的较为敏感的反映SIRS/MODS严重程度的指标,并能指导临床早期诊断和早期治疗.     

乌司他丁对急危重症患者多器官功能障碍的阻断作用研究

目的研究乌司他丁对急危重症患者治疗和转归的整体作用,探讨其对全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)和多脏器功能障碍综合征(MODS)可能作用机制。方法114例急危重症患者APACHEⅡ评分≥13分,随机分为用乌司他汀治疗组(54例)和对照组(60例),观察第1、3、7、10天肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6),血常规,肝、肾功能及APACHEⅡ分值,ICU住院天数、病死率、发生MODS例数,并进行比较分析。结果治疗组第3、7天的IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α水平较对照组明显降低(P<0.05),第7天丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)较对照组降低(P<0.05),第3、7天总胆红素(Tbil)低于对照组(P<0.05),第3、7天白蛋白(ALB)高于对照组(P<0.05),第3、7天肌酐(Cr)低于对照组,治疗组有效率明显优于对照组(P<0.01),器官衰竭率、病死率、住ICU天数及第7、10天APACHEⅡ分值均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论乌司他丁具有抑制TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6等炎性细胞因子过度释放,保护肝、肾等脏器功能,改善微循环和组织灌注等作用,因此能阻断SIRS发展和MODS形成。     

乌司他丁对老年多脏器功能障碍综合征患者多脏器功能的保护作用

目的探讨乌司他丁(UTI)对老年多脏器功能障碍综合征(MODS)多脏器功能保护的机制和疗效。方法将60例老年MODS患者随机分为UTI组和对照组。UTI组加用UTI20万单位,每日3次静脉注射,其余治疗两组相同。于治疗前和治疗后第8天测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)等炎性介质及血浆生化指标。结果两组患者治疗后TNF-α和IL-6均较治疗前下降,而UTI组均较对照组下降更显著(P均<0.05)。两组血浆丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、肌酐(Cr)和尿素氮(BUN)均较治疗前明显降低(P均<0.01),且UTI组前三项指标较对照组下降明显;两组血浆乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)及其同工酶(CK-MB)均较治疗前明显降低(P均<0.01),而UTI组均较对照组下降更显著(P均<0.05)。结论UTI对老年MODS的肝、肾、心脏功能有较好的保护作用。     

乌司他丁对颅脑创伤合并多发伤患者的治疗作用

目的 观察乌司他丁(UTI)对颅脑创伤合并多发伤患者的疗效.方法 将60例颅脑创伤合并多发伤患者按随机数字表法分为两组,对照组(28例)仅给予西医常规治疗;UTI组(32例)在对照组基础上于入院当日起静脉滴注UT1200 kU,8h 1次.两组分别在治疗前及治疗10d后测定颅内压(ICP),取血测定白细胞计数(WBC)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、肌酐(Cr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL-2、IL-6)含量.结果 UTI组治疗后ICP有下降趋势,但与对照组比较无差异;两组肝肾功能及炎症因子水平明显降低,且UTI组WBC(×109/L)、CRP(mg/L)、PCT (μg/L)、ALT(U/L)、AST(U/L) 、Cr(μmol/L)、BUN(mmol/L) 、TNF-α(μg/L)、IL-2(μg)、IL-6(μg/L)均较对照组明显下降(WRC:12.3±4.5比15.9±6.3,CRP:46.12±11.47比64.24±18.31,PCT:4.51±1.27比10.51±4.27,ALT:47.26±8.23比60.94 ± 8.39,AST:42.67±7.63比68.51±10.17,Cr:79.62±15.36比102.36±16.82,BUN:6.35±2.36比8.39±1.67,TNF-α:93.6±31.5比195.8±23.9,IL-2:12.3 ±4.5比15.9±6.3,IL-6:52.36±12.46比69.34±26.13,均P＜0.05);全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)及多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的发生率明显低于对照组(21.88％比46.43％,9.38％比28.57％,均P＜0.05).结论 UTI通过抑制炎症介质的释放,减轻机体对创伤侵袭的反应,从而较好地保护颅脑创伤合并多发伤患者的脑、肝、肾等重要器官功能,减少SIRS及MODS的发生.     

乌司他丁对重症脓毒症患者炎性反应的影响及疗效评价

目的 研究乌司他T(ulinastatin,UTI)对重症脓毒症患者炎性反应的影响和疗效评价.方法 重症脓毒症患者63例,随机分成对照组(I组,n=21),UTI 1万U·kg-1·d-1组(Ⅱ组,n=21),UTI 2万U·kg-1,d-1组(Ⅲ组,n=21).治疗前及治疗后120 h分别采外周血检测TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10、MDA和SOD水平并进行APACHEⅡ评分.记录28 d病死率.结果 治疗前三组患者外周血上述指标水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).治疗后120 h,与对照组比较,乌司他丁Ⅱ、Ⅲ组外周血TNF-α、MDA水平、APACHE Ⅱ评分和28 d病死率下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),乌司他丁Ⅱ、Ⅲ组外周血IL-10、SOD水平上升,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组外周血TNF-α、MDA水平下降有统计学意义(P<0.05),Ⅲ组外周血IL-10水平上升,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 乌司他丁能减轻重症脓毒症患者的炎症反应,降低28d病死率.其中UTI 2万U·kg-1d-1组抑制炎性反应的效果优于UTI 1万U·kg-1·d-1组.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.