Genus Ilex L.: Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology, and Pharmacology

The genus Ilex L. has been used as remedies in traditional Chinese medicine in Aquifoliaceae and beverages for thousands of years due to abundant pharmaceutical bioactivities. There are 600 species in genus Ilex L. containing various compounds such as terpenoids, saponins, glycosides, etc. Three species, I. cornuta, I. chinensis, and I. rotunda have been admitted in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 to treat dyspepsia, stomatitis, and hyperactivity cough and protect the liver and kidney. Recent studies showed that several species have been daily drunk to promote human health and prevent cardiovascular diseases in the folk. Here we reviewed the genus Ilex L. in phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, and pharmacology.     

Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Structure-Cytotoxicity Relationship of Paridis Rhizome Saponin

The rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis and P. polyphylla var. chinensis are used as traditional herbal medicines in many parts of China. The Paridis Rhizome saponin (PRS),as the active ingredient,has played an important role in hemostasis,antibacterial action,and inflammation counteraction,bearing some analogy to Gongxuening and Yunnanbaiyao in efficacy. Modern pharmacological experiments have proved that PRS possesses two main sapogenins: diosgenin and pennogenin,which could provide a lot of clinical treatment effects (anti-oxidation,anti-inflammation,anti-apoptosis,anti-metastasis,and immunostimulant,etc.). In the past,several main steroid saponins have been studied in a number of randomized controlled trials for their effects and mechanisms mainly on antitumor performance. The extensive results have demonstrated that PRS was an effective group of active components to antitumor clinical trials. In this article,we reviewed the reported phytochemical,pharmacological,and toxicological properties of PRS and compared the structure-cytotoxicity relationship of PRS in antitumor effects.     

南北柴胡HPLC-ELSD指纹图谱的研究

目的:采用HPLC-ELSD法分别建立南、北柴胡的指纹图谱,并进行真伪鉴别。方法:样品的甲醇提取液采用TOSOH TSKgel ODS-100V C18(4.6mm×15cm,5μm)色谱柱分析,乙腈-水梯度洗脱,流速:1.0 mL/min柱温:25℃,检测器为蒸发光散射检测器(ELSD)。并对结果进行相似度评价和主成分分析。结果:建立了含有11个共有峰的北柴胡HPLC-ELSD指纹图谱和含有14个共有峰的南柴胡HPLC-ELSD指纹图谱。伪品的相似度低,可以通过指纹图谱进行真伪鉴别。结论:该方法能快速可靠的鉴别和区分南、北柴胡,可以用于柴胡的质量控制。     

Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology of Epimedium L. Species

Epimedii Folium, a famous Chinese materia medica, is botanically originated from Epimedium L. species. Here Epimedium L. species were reviewed in phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), and processing. They have been proven to possess the efficacy on anti-osteoporosis, antitumor, and treating sexual dysfunction in traditional Chinese medicines. More than 270 compounds have been isolated from the plants of Epimedium L., some of which could be metabolized into a series of metabolites after oral absorption by the active enzymes and intestinal microflora leading to various bioactivities. Polyglucosides (epimendins A-C) and the coresponding oligoglycosides (icariin and baohuoside I) play important roles in clinical application.     

Analysis of codon usage patterns in Bupleurum falcatum chloroplast genomeOA

Objective: In order to distinguish the traditional Chinese medicine Bupleurum falcatum and its adulterants effectively and develop a better understanding of the factors affecting synonymous codon usage, codon usage patterns of chloroplast genome, we determine the complete chloroplast(cp) genome of B. falcatum and clarify the main factors that influence codon usage patterns of 78 genes in B. falcatum chloroplast genome.Methods: The total genomic DNA of fresh leaves from a single individual of B. ...     

马兜铃属植物的生物活性和药理作用研究进展

对马兜铃属植物的生物活性和药理作用研究进行了较全面的综述。马兜铃属植物主要具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗炎、镇痛、抗生育以及对心血管等的药理作用,另外值得注意的是该属植物中某些品种有较强的肾毒性及致突变性和致癌性。因此,应用时要引起高度注意。     

Leonurus cardiaca L. (Motherwort): A Review of its Phytochemistry and Pharmacology

Leonurus cardiaca is a perennial plant indigenous to central Europe and Scandinavia, but it is also found in the area spanning temperate Russia to central Asia. It has been introduced to North America and has become established locally in the wild. Motherwort (Leonuri cardiacae herba) consists of aerial parts of Leonurus cardiaca gathered during the flowering period, dried at 35 °C and, according to European Pharmacopoeia 7th edition, should contain a minimum of 0.2% flavonoids, expressed as hyperoside. Compounds belonging to the group of monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, nitrogen‐ containing compounds, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and phenolic acids, as well as volatile oils, sterols and tannins, have been identified in motherwort. Traditionally, extracts of the herb have been used internally, mainly for nervous heart conditions and digestive disorders. However, they have also been used for bronchial asthma, climacteric symptoms and amenorrhoea, as well as externally in wounds and skin inflammations. Mild negative chronotropic, hypotonic and sedative effects can be attributed to the herb and preparations thereof. Pharmacological studies have confirmed its antibacterial, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and analgesic activity, as well as its effects on the heart and the circulatory system. Sedative and hypotensive activity has been demonstrated in clinical trials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pharmacology and Clinical Application of Plants in Epimedium L.

Herba Epimedii is widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine for “strengthening the kidney” and “reinforcing bone” for a long time in China and other Asian countries. In this study, based on the large number of domestic and international references and research results, the authors reviewed pharmacological effects and the clinical application of species in genus Epimedium L. Meanwhile, chemical conversion and biotransformation of the major active compounds during the processing of the plants in Epimedium L. and their metabolism in vivo were summarized. This provides a guidance for the application and development in clinical therapy in the future.     

红花药材质量现状分析

目的对河北省红花药材进行评价抽验,分析市场上红花质量现状,保证临床用药安全。方法抽检河北省红花药材,采用药典方法及文献方法,对红花药材作了有效成分含量、灰分、染色情况检查,统计市场上红花药材的质量现状。结果 2013年,药材市场红花药材质量不容乐观。结论应加强技术监督检验检测能力,完善中药材质量监督管理制度。     

氮、磷、钾预防柴胡根腐病初步研究

在本试验条件下,施用氮、钾肥都显著降低了柴胡对根腐病的抗性。施中低量磷肥时,柴胡对根腐病的抗性降低,但大量施用磷肥可降低柴胡根腐病的病情指数。柴胡得到较佳的产量时,其施肥措施并未增强柴胡对根腐病的抗性。从预防柴胡根腐病的角度,在第二年拔节前应多施磷肥,适量施用氮钾肥。     

凤仙花化学、药理及临床应用分析

凤仙花具有抗菌、抗炎镇痛、抗过敏、促透皮、抗癌、抗氧化等多方面的药理作用,临床中以外用常见,也用于治疗妇科疾病及风湿等症。凤仙花外用作为透皮剂或在外用制剂的应用、改善脑缺血方面研究将是未来重点。     

Pharmacological and chemical features of Nepeta L. genus: Its importance as a therapeutic agent

Medicinal plants have always had great value for the human population due to their valuable constituents and potential bioactivities. The objective of this review is to present an updated overview of an important medicinal plant genus Nepeta L., from the family Lamiaceae, revealing its traditional utilization, biological activity, phytoconstituents, and mechanisms of action. For this purpose, a literature survey was carried out by using SciFinder, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science followed by a revision of the bibliographies of the related articles. We have described and analyzed the role of plants in drug discovery and the importance of Nepeta species. Information on the utilization purposes of Nepeta species in folk medicine has been emphasized, and scientific studies on the biological effects and secondary metabolites are addressed. Nepeta species are characterized by terpenoid‐type compounds and phenolic constituents, which exert several activities such as an antimicrobial, repellent against major pathogen vector mosquitoes, insecticide, larvicide against Anopheles stephensi, cytotoxic anticarcinogen, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, analgesic, anti‐inflammatory agent, and antidepressant, revealing its importance in medicinal and agricultural fields. On the basis of numerous studies, the Nepeta genus demonstrates remarkable therapeutic effects against various diseases. However, clinical studies are warranted to confirm preclinical findings.     

龙葵药理学研究进展

龙葵作为传统的中药材常用于治疗疔疮,痈肿,丹毒,跌打扭伤。来研究发现,龙葵具有抗肿瘤、抗感染、解热镇痛等多种疗效,越来越受到人们的重视。本文综述了国内外文献,从其化学成分、药理研究等方面阐述近年来龙葵的研究成果,发现其有效成分龙葵碱、龙葵多糖等通过多途径发挥抗肿瘤作用,同时也合理分析了龙葵抗感染、降脂、护肝等其他方面的药用价值。     

菱属植物化学成分与生物活性的研究进展

中国菱属植物资源较为丰富,菱角食药用历史悠久。菱属植物中主要的化学成分为萜类、甾醇、酚酸类及黄酮类等化合物,目前对其生物活性的研究比较深入,有降血糖、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗菌和免疫调节等活性,已有初步研究的生物活性包括降低血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）表达、抑制H₂O₂诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞损伤、诱导HeLa细胞凋亡、镇痛、保肝、抗动脉粥样硬化和驱虫。本文对菱属植物的化学成分及生物活性进行了综述,以期对菱属植物的开发利用提供依据。     

朱砂毒性、质量控制与合理使用

朱砂作为传统中药,至今应用十分广泛。随着临床实践不断发展,对朱砂的认识也逐渐加深,经历了从"无毒"到"有毒"的过程。目前对朱砂和含朱砂制剂的质量和疗效评价主要以总汞含量为指标,但这会导致其毒性被放大,临床应用的安全性遭到质疑,不良反应案例增多,严重影响到临床的使用。为此,本文就朱砂的临床药效、毒性认识及质量控制等进行综述,为朱砂在中成药中的药用价值评价提供参考。     

Isolation and partial characterization of biologically active polysaccharides from Plantago major L.

Polysaccharide fractions were isolated from Plantago Major L. leaves by extraction with cold water, hot water and with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). Each of the three crude extracts obtained was further separated by ionexchange chromatography. Only the two acidic fractions from the 50°C crude extract were biologically active, demonstrated by in vitro testing of activation of the complement system and induction of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production from human monocytes. One of the fractions, PM I₅₀, contains polysaccharide material comprising arabinose, galactose and xylose with smaller proportions of galacturonic acid, glucose, mannose and rhamnose. This fraction was further fractionated by size exclusion chromatography to give three fractions PM I_a, PM I_b and PM I_c. PM I_a is probably an arabinogalactan and PM I_b is mainly a 1,4-linked xylan. The other biologically active fraction, PM II₅₀ is composed of 75% galacturonic acid, 3% rhamnose, 6% arabinose and 8% galactose. Structure analysis indicates that PM II₅₀ is a pectin type polysaccharide.     

青蒿叶药材质量标准研究

 目的 制定青蒿叶药材的质量标准,为该药用植物资源的开发利用提供科学依据。方法 采用了显微鉴别法、薄层色谱法、HPLC、水分测定法、灰分测定法及浸出物测定法。结果 根据10个不同产地青蒿叶测定结果,确定青蒿素含量不低于0.1%,东莨菪内酯含量不低于0.1%,含水分不高于11%,总灰分不高于11%,酸不溶性灰分不高于2%,95%乙醇冷浸出物不低于7%。结论 建立了青蒿叶的质量标准。
     

中药十八反药理毒理研究进展

综述了近十年中药十八反在药理学和毒理学上的研究进展并提出了研究中存在的问题，对十八反今后的研究进行了展望。     

Review of Rhubarbs: Chemistry and Pharmacology

Rhubarb is a perennial herb belonging to the genus Rheum L. (Polygonaceae). Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (rhubarb roots and rhizomes) is one of the most popular Chinese materia medica and has been widely used for strong laxative function. About 200 compounds with six different types of skeletons (anthraquinone, anthrone, stilbene, flavonoids, acylglucoside, and pyrone) have so far been isolated from eighteen species of the genus Rheum L. These constituents showed extensive pharmacological activities including cathartic, diuretic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects, as well as toxicological effects. Chemical fingerprint, LC-MS, and other analytical techniques have been used for the quality control of rhubarb. This comprehensive review summarizes the researches into the isolation, pharmacological activities, and phytochemical analysis reported since investigations began in the late 1940s. In addition, pharmacokinetic studies and clinical application of rhubarb are also discussed in present paper.