应用彩色多普勒超声检测缺血性脑血管病与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的探讨缺血性脑血管病与颈动脉粥样硬化病变之间的关系。方法对130例缺血性脑血管病患者进行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查，130例患者中56例短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA），74例脑梗死；42例非缺血件脑血管病患者为对照组。检测颈动脉内膜增厚及斑块形成等血管异常发牛率、斑块类型及斑块的分布情况。结果TIA组患者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度（IMT）增厚及颈动脉硬化斑块等异常检出率为73．2％（41／56），脑梗死组异常率为87．8％（65／74），对照组受检者异常率为28．6％（12／42），TIA组及脑梗死组与对照组比较差异有显著意义（P〈0．01）。脑梗死组患者脂质性斑块及混合性斑块的发生率高于TIA组。颈动脉硬化斑块最常见部位为颈总动脉分又处，其次为颈内动脉近段。左右侧差异无显著意义。结论颈动脉硬化与缺血性脑血管病有密切相关性，颈动脉超声有助于预测缺血性脑血管病的发病危险。     

颈动脉粥样硬化对缺血性脑血管病的影响

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化斑块对缺血性脑血管病的影响。方法选择我院神经内科住院的缺血性脑血管病患者68例，分为脑梗死组（CI组）43例和短暂性脑缺血组（TIA组）25例，另选同期门诊及病房非脑血管病患者32例（对照组），采用彩色多普勒血流显像技术对两组患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块进行比较。结果68例缺血性脑血管病患者中，48例（70．6％）有动脉粥样硬化斑块，对照组5例（15．6％）有动脉粥样硬化斑块，两组患者粥样硬化斑块检出率间差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。68例缺血性脑血管病患者无症状侧颈动脉斑块检出率高于症状侧斑块检出率。CI、TIA两组患者无症状侧斑块检出率与症状侧斑块检出率间差异亦均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论颈动脉粥样硬化是脑梗死的重要危险因素。对缺血性脑血管病患者，除常规检查颅脑影像学外，还应重视检查颈部血管。     

颈动脉超声检查在缺血性脑卒中患者中的应用价值

目的：探讨颈动脉超声检查在缺血性脑卒中患者中的应用价值。方法选取2013年6—12月在我院接受颈动脉超声检查的缺血性脑卒中患者83例为观察组,同期在我院体检健康者50例为对照组。两组受试者均接受颈动脉超声检查,观察颈动脉狭窄情况、颈动脉中层内膜厚度及斑块性质等。结果对照组受试者中发现颈动脉狭窄9例（18.0％）,颈动脉内膜增厚2例（4.0％）,未发现易损斑块;观察组患者中发现颈动脉狭窄47例（56.6％）,颈动脉内膜增厚35例（42.2％）,易损斑块31例（37.3％）。观察组颈动脉狭窄、颈动脉内膜增厚及易损斑块检出率均高于对照组（ P＜0.05）。结论颈动脉超声检查对缺血性脑卒中患者颈动脉异常检出率较高,对缺血性脑卒中有一定的早期筛查价值。     

颈动脉超声检查在缺血性脑卒中患者中的应用价值

目的：探讨颈动脉超声检查在缺血性脑卒中患者中的应用价值。方法选取2013年6—12月在我院接受颈动脉超声检查的缺血性脑卒中患者83例为观察组,同期在我院体检健康者50例为对照组。两组受试者均接受颈动脉超声检查,观察颈动脉狭窄情况、颈动脉中层内膜厚度及斑块性质等。结果对照组受试者中发现颈动脉狭窄9例（18.0％）,颈动脉内膜增厚2例（4.0％）,未发现易损斑块;观察组患者中发现颈动脉狭窄47例（56.6％）,颈动脉内膜增厚35例（42.2％）,易损斑块31例（37.3％）。观察组颈动脉狭窄、颈动脉内膜增厚及易损斑块检出率均高于对照组（ P＜0.05）。结论颈动脉超声检查对缺血性脑卒中患者颈动脉异常检出率较高,对缺血性脑卒中有一定的早期筛查价值。     

老年短暂性脑缺血患者磁共振弥散加权成像异常与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的 探讨老年短暂性脑缺血（TIA）患者磁共振弥散加权成像（DWI）异常与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法 96例颈动脉系统TIA患者经DWI检测结果分为DWI异常组及对照组，全部患者行颈部血管彩色多普勒检查，比较二组的颈动脉斑块发生情况和类型以及颈动脉狭窄率。结果 DWI异常组斑块的发生率高于对照组，分别为60．53％、29．31％（P〈0．01）；软斑及溃疡斑的发生率高于对照组（34．78％vs5．88％，26．09％V85．88％，P〈0．05）；颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度（IMT）增厚在DWI异常组高于对照组（71．05％vs31．03％，P〈0．01），且颈动脉中重度狭窄的发生率高于对照组（21．05％vs6．90％，15．79％vs3．45％，P〈0．05）。结论 老年TIA患者DWI异常与颈动脉粥样硬化所致的斑块或动脉狭窄有关。     

颈动脉内中膜厚度与脑梗死的相关性研究

目的 探讨颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)以及粥样硬化斑块的发生情况与脑梗死的相关性.方法 采用彩色多普勒超声仪对102例脑梗死患者及98例非脑血管病患者行颈动脉超声检查,测量IMT以及观察粥样硬化斑块的发生情况,并作对比分析.结果 脑梗死组IMT,左侧为1.39 mm±0.13 mm,右侧为1.27 mm±0.14 mm;非脑血管病组IMT,左侧为0.79 mm±0.18 mm,右侧为0.62 mm±0.05 mm.脑梗死组左右两侧颈动脉IMT明显高于非脑血管病组(P<0.01).脑梗死组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率为71.8%(73/102),其中软斑检出率63.1%,硬斑检出率为21.7%,混合斑检出率为15.2%;非脑血管病组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率为35.7%(35/98),其中软斑检出率34.3%,硬斑检出率为65.7%,未检出混合斑.组间比较,脑梗死组斑块发生率、软斑检出率及混合斑栓出率均高于非脑血管病组,而硬斑检出率则低于非脑血管病组(P<0.01).结论 颈动脉IMT以及粥样硬化斑块,尤其是不稳定斑块的发生与脑梗死密切相关,是脑梗死不可忽视的危险因素.     

彩色多普勒超声对脑梗死患者颈动脉病变的研究

目的探讨老年人脑梗死与颈动脉病变之间是否存在相关关系,并了解与脑梗死有关的颈动脉病变指标。方法采用病例对照研究,对51例脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)和25例非脑梗死患者(对照组)进行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查,检查双侧颈总动脉、颈内动脉的内膜中层厚度(IMT)、斑块情况、动脉狭窄程度和有关血流参数。结果脑梗死组颈总动脉IMT、颈动脉斑块检出率、斑块积分、软斑及复合斑所占比例高于对照组;脑梗死组颈总动脉和颈内动脉舒张期末流速低于对照组。结论脑梗死与颈动脉病变可能存在相关关系。颈动脉IMT增厚、软斑和复合斑发生率高、舒张期血流速度降低对脑梗死的预测和防治可能有所助益。     

老年脑梗死与颈动脉粥样硬化关系的临床研究

目的　探讨老年脑梗死与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法　应用彩色多普勒超声对 1 0 8例老年脑梗死患者及 86例同龄无明显心脑血管病患者进行对照研究 ,观察其颈动脉内膜 -中膜厚度 (IMT)、斑块结构及管腔狭窄情况。结果　脑梗死组颈动脉斑块发生率为 82 .41 % ,显著高于对照组 (48.84% ) (P<0 .0 0 0 1 )。斑块类型中软斑块及溃疡斑所占的比率、颈总动脉 IMT增厚和颈动脉中度 (50 %～ 70 % )及重度 (>70 % )狭窄的发生率脑梗死组高于对照组 ,差异均有显著性意义。结论　老年人颈动脉粥样硬化斑块类型 ,IMT增厚及管腔狭窄程度与脑梗死密切相关。     

急性脑梗死患者颈动脉超声的研究

目的 研究新近发生脑梗死的患者颈动脉粥样硬化的特点。方法 对63例新近发生脑梗死的患者作颈动脉超声检查，观察动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT），斑块的结构特点及管腔的狭窄程度，并与45例年龄匹配，伴随疾病相似，无明显缺血性心脑疾病症状，体症的患者进行比较。结果 （1）脑梗死组IMT与对照组IMT比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。（2）脑梗死组软斑和溃疡斑的发生率高于对照组（P＜0．05）。（3）两组间管径狭窄度皆以轻度狭窄（＜50％）为主，但脑梗死组中重度狭窄（50％－75％）及严重狭窄（＞75％）的比率高于对照组。结论 脑梗死组颈动脉粥样硬化的斑块表现与对照组有明显不同，这些特点可能与其发生脑梗死有关。     

缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块和狭窄的超声研究

目的观察缺血性脑血管病患者的颈动脉斑块性质、分布特点及狭窄情况,探讨颈动脉斑块和狭窄的分布规律。方法缺血性脑血管病患者340例,行颈部血管超声检查.其中短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者105例(TIA组),脑梗死患者235例(脑梗死组);又根据年龄分为青年组(54例),中年组(137例)和老年组(149例)。结果随年龄增加,缺血性脑血管病患者危险因素:高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、吸烟、家族史显著增加(P<0.01)。脑梗死组颈动脉内膜中层厚度明显高于TIA组(P<0.01);70%～99%血管狭窄斑块发生率高于50%～69%血管狭窄和<50%血管狭窄(P<0.01);老年组斑块发生率、颈动脉狭窄的发生率高于中年组及青年组(P<0.01)。结论超声检查显示不稳定斑块与缺血性脑血管病的关系更为密切,导致颈动脉狭窄的斑块中,以软斑块和混合性斑块多见。超声检查可以用于颈动脉狭窄患者的诊断及监测。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.