长春地区出入境人员感染丙型肝炎病毒的基因分型研究

目的研究长春地区出入境人员感染丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的基因型分布。方法收集42例丙型肝炎阳性者的血清标本,采用基因测序法进行HCV基因型检测和分析。结果 42份HCV阳性血清基因分型分别为1b、1a、2a,其中基因1型21份(占50%),1b亚型13份(占30.95%),1a亚型8份,2a亚型9份。HCV基因型性别、年龄分布差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论长春地区出入境人员感染的HCV以1b型为主,2a型次之。     

山东地区丙型肝炎病毒的基因型及血清学分型的研究

探索山东地区丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的基因型及血清学分型的分布,了解HCV基因型与感染途径的关系.对96例抗HCV阳性患者的血清进行HCV RNA检测,HCV RNA阳性者,应用限制性片段长度多态性分析(RELP)进行基因分型;同时应用Murex Serotyping HCV 1-6血清学分型试剂进行血清学分型.基因非2(1b)型79例,占83.16%,2(2a)型为16例占16.84%,44份血清标本的血清学分型可分型率为90.91%,与基因分型的符合率为90.00%.不同的感染途径之间,基因型分布没有差异(P=0.15).山东地区丙型肝炎病毒流行株为基因非2(1b)和2(2a)型,非2(1b)型为优势株,基因分型与血清学分型结果基本一致,基因型与丙型肝炎的感染途径无关.     

丙型肝炎病毒非编码区ABC程序酶切分型研究

目的为进一步了解中国是否存在HCV 3b基因及1a、2b和6a基因型感染，建立HCV 5′端非编码区(5′ NCR)不同基因型的基因库。方法分型方法按ABC程序进行，A应用BHH′(BsrBⅠ、HaeⅡ、HinfⅠ)复介内切酶消化5′NCR cDNA，可将不同基因型划分为5组：1a、1b，6a，2a、2b，3a，3b、4a。B应用BstU Ⅰ内切酶鉴别1a、1b。C应用Hae Ⅲ内切酶鉴别2a、2b、3b、4a及6a。电泳检测片段大小。结果(1)la、1b、2a、2b、3a、3b、4a、6a 8种基因型参比品的ABC分型结果表明，该8种基因型获得良好的分型效果。(2)93份HCV RNA阳性患者ABC分型结果表明，1b型感染率占66．67％，2a型18．28％，1b／2b型、3b型及2b型均为3．23％，2a／2b型和1b／2a型各为2．15％，1a型1．08％。结论结果表明应用HCV 5′-NCR ABC分型技术既保证了HCV RNA检测的灵敏度，又能完成1a-6a型中的8种基因型的鉴别。     

乌鲁木齐地区丙型肝炎患者的病毒基因分型研究

为了探讨乌鲁木齐地区HCV感染的基因型，作者用引物特异性PCR法对采自该地区的83例HCVRNA阳性的丙肝患者血清进行检测。结果：59例（71％）为Ⅱ型（1b），16例（19％）为Ⅲ型（2a），8例（10％）为Ⅱ／Ⅲ型HCV混合感染，表明HCVⅢ型是本地区的HCV优势株。     

郴州地区HCV基因型与病毒载量的相关性分析

目的了解本地区丙型肝炎的流行特征和基因型分布,并分析HCV基因1型与非基因1型病毒载量的关系。方法选择来自郴州地区的60例HCV RNA阳性的初治丙型肝炎患者,进行HCV RNA病毒载量及HCV基因分型检测,依据基因检测结果分为基因1型和非基因1型两组,并对两组进行病毒载量的比较。计量资料满足正态分布采用t检验,不满足正态采用秩和检验。结果本地区HCV基因型有1b、3b、6a、3a、2a、2a＋3a、5a型。其中,1b型25例,占41．6％,其次为3b、6a型各11例（18．3％）,3a型6例（10％）,2a型4例（6．6％）,2a＋3a型2例（3．3％）,5a型1例（1．7％）;HCV基因1型患者中,HCV RNA载量≤100IU／ml者1例、10^4～10^5IU／ml者4例、10^5～10^6IU／ml者10例、10^6～10^7IU／ml者10例;非基因1型患者中,HCV RNA载量≤10^4IU／ml者1例、10^4～10^5IU／ml者6例、10^5～10^6IU／ml者18例、10^6～10^7IU／ml者8例、HCVRNA载量≥100IU／ml者2例。两组病毒载量进行比较,差异无统计学意义（Z=-0．302,P=0．763．）。结论郴州地区HCV基因型以1b型为主,其次为3b和6a型,同时还存在3a型、2a型、5a型,以及2a／3a混合型。HCV基因1型与非基因1型病毒载量高低无区别。     

HCV基因分型试剂临床应用评价

目的运用直接测序法和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)基因分型试剂盒两种方法,诊断HCV基因型并比对它们的结果,以评价HCV基因分型试剂盒的临床使用效果。方法选取购买的2套商业HCV基因型血清盘和收集的45份HCV核糖核酸(RNA)阳性临床样本,用巢式聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增HCV CORE区、NS5B区,对扩增的序列进行测序以确定基因型别;再通过HCV基因分型试剂盒检测样本以确定基因型,对所得结果进行统计分析。结果 HCV NS5B区、CORE区检测商业HCV基因型血清盘,分别检测出16例(16/19)、15例(15/19);对于HCV基因分型试剂盒检测中国常见的五种型别1b、2a、3a、3b、6a的样本,HCV基因分型试剂盒的准确性为7/7。45份HCV RNA阳性的临床样本中,所检测出的基因型有1a(4份)、1b(6份)、2a(5份)、3a(5份)、3b(14份)、6a(7份)、6n(4份),测序法结果属于五种亚型(1b、2a、3a、3b、6a)的有37份标本,试剂盒检测的结果与测序法一致的有29份,8份标本未检出,一致率为29/37。五种亚型以外的8份标本,测序法与试剂盒检测结果均不一致。结论通过此次对比结果可以看出,所用HCV基因分型试剂盒能够准确检测出国内常见的基因型,并且该方法操作简便,检测时间短,具有较大的临床应用价值。     

广西地区HIV合并HCV感染人群HCV基因型分布特征

目的了解广西地区艾滋病病毒(HIV)和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染人群HCV基因型的分布特征。方法收集广西地区51例HCV RNA阳性HIV感染者的血清,通过对反转录巢式聚合酶链反应(RT nested-PCR)扩增HCV NS5B区段,所得终产物直接测序进行HCV基因分型。结果在51例样本中,HCV基因型以3b和6a型为主,各占23.53%(12/51),其次为1a型,占19.61%(10/51);3a型、1b型、6d型分别占13.73%(7/51)、9.80%(5/51)、1.96%(1/51),2a型、6e型各占3.92%(2/51)。分析表明,HIV合并HCV感染者的HCV基因在性别、年龄、感染途径分布差异没有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论广西地区HIV合并HCV感染者流行的HCV基因亚型至少有1a、1b、2a、3a、3b、6a、6d、6e共8种,3b和6a可能为流行的主要基因亚型,1a型次之。初步说明广西地区HIV合并HCV感染人群流行的HCV基因亚型呈多样性,同时它们与性别、年龄及感染途径无明显相关性。     

上海地区71例慢性丙型病毒性肝炎患者基因型分布研究

目的：观察上海地区慢性丙型肝炎（慢丙肝）患者的丙肝病毒（HCV）基因型分布情况。方法：提取血清HCVRNA，套式PCR扩增方法扩增目的片段，纯化后直接测序。结果：71例血清标本检测示，1b型占87．32％（62／71），2a型占12．68％（9／71），共有22个突变。1b型的突变率为33．87％（21／62），2a型的突变率为11．11％（1／9）。两种基因型突变率比较，具统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论：该研究中HCV基因型为1b和2a两型。1b型占多数，1b型的突变率高于2a型。     

山东地区慢性HCV感染者病毒的基因型分布

目的明确山东地区慢性丙型肝炎及丙肝肝硬化患者感染丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的基因型分布,探讨HCV基因型与肝脏疾病严重程度及感染途径之间的关系。方法根据HCV 5′非编码区(NCR)设计基因芯片,对山东地区慢性HCV感染者(慢性丙型肝炎128例,丙肝肝硬化42例)应用基因芯片法检测HCV基因型,并对其中22份标本进行测序,比较慢性丙型肝炎、肝硬化病人HCV基因型分布以及不同途径感染的病HCV人基因型分布的差别。结果 168例患者标本可以分型,HCV基因型分别为:1b型106例,2a型48例,1a及3b型均为2例,1b+2a混合型9例,1a+1b混合型1例;对22例患者标本测序,1b型12例,2a型9例,3b型1例,与基因芯片法检测结果完全一致;肝硬化和慢性肝炎病人的HCV基因型分布差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.82,P>0.05),有输血史者和无输血史者HCV基因型分布差异无统计学意义(χ2=7.63,P>0.05)。结论山东地区HCV主要流行株是基因1b型,其次为2a型,同时有少量的1a、3b型以及混合感染,HCV基因型与疾病的进展及感染途径无关。     

HCV血清分型方法的建立及其评价

目的建立HCV血清分型方法,评价其在慢性丙型肝炎(丙肝)抗体阳性标本中的分型率及血清型与基因型的相关性。方法克隆表达HCVCore、非结构蛋白(non-structural protein,NS)4两个区段的型别特异性表位嵌合抗原,并应用酶联免疫竞争抑制法建立血清分型方法。分别应用酶联免疫吸附试验和聚合酶链反应法检测200例慢性丙肝患者的血清抗体和HCVRNA,并用建立的方法进行血清分型。同时采用该方法检测90例乙型肝炎患者、11例戊型肝炎患者和16例其他肝病患者的血清,评价其特异性。结果在200例慢性丙肝患者的血清标本中,基因1b型128例,2a型72例,型别特异性抗体阳性157例,分型率为78.50%,与基因型一致率为98.09%。而在另外117例乙型肝炎、戊型肝炎和其他肝病患者的血清中,均未检测出HCV型别特异性抗体。结论建立的HCV血清分型方法具有较高的分型率和特异性,可用于HCV抗体的血清学分型和预测干扰素疗效。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.