脊柱并肌肉包虫1例

患者女．38岁。腰骶部及双下肢疼痛1年，加重1个月。查体：患者强迫坐位。腰4～5、腰5骶1椎间隙压痛明显。左侧椎旁叩击痛，双侧髂后上棘压痛明显。双侧膝腱反射、跟腱反射减弱。实验室检查：血沉46mm／h，其余各项常规检查未见异常。有犬羊接触史。X线示腰椎未见异常。CT：右侧腰大肌内见囊性低密度病灶。病灶内见稍高密度分隔，部分分隔可见钙化；腰大肌病变向右侧压迫椎弓致右侧椎弓变薄，部分层面可见骨质破坏。椎管扩大．椎管内可见低密度影；腰3椎体可见多发细小囊状骨质破坏（图1）。诊断：脊柱并肌肉包虫。     

神经根囊肿1例

患者女,25岁,反复发作右下肢疼痛不适10年,逐渐加重,以劳累后明显.查体:脊柱生理弯曲存在,活动好,腰4至骶1棘突、棘间及椎旁右侧压痛,向右下肢放射,右小腿前外侧、足外侧皮肤感觉减退.腰椎X线平片检查未见明显异常,CT:椎间盘未见异常,可见腰椎椎管内不均匀密度影,约0.5 cm×0.5 cm×3 cm大小(见图).MRI:于腰5至骶1层面可见右侧神经根囊性肿物.诊断:神经根囊肿.     

左侧腰大肌横纹肌肉瘤影像诊断1例

患者 ,女 ,76岁 ,因左下肢疼痛 1月余 ,加重且活动受限 3ｄ来诊。查体 :痛苦面容 ,心肺听诊未见异常 ,腹软 ,肝脾未触及 ,左下腹部饱满 ,有压痛 ,脊柱Ｌ4 ～Ｓ1左侧压痛并向左下肢放射 ,左腿抬高 30°阳性 ,生理反射存在 ,病理反射未引出。ＣＴ检查示腰椎退行性骨关节病并Ｌ4 椎体滑脱 ,椎小关节病 ,Ｌ5/Ｓ1椎间盘退行性病变。ＭＲＩ检查示 :①Ｌ5、Ｓ1椎旁异常信号腰大肌肿瘤 ,神经源性肿瘤累及腰大肌左椎间孔 ;②Ｌ4 椎体轻度滑脱 ,Ｌ4 、Ｌ5椎间盘轻度突出。超声检查示 :于左下腹部紧靠脊柱左侧及前方相当于腰大肌处测及一约 11.0ｃｍ× …     

脊髓蛛网膜炎误诊2例报告

1　临床资料【例1】　男,44岁。因腰及右下肢痛并双下肢麻木10个月,有明显间歇性跛行及大小便费力。查体:脊柱生理弯曲正常,活动略受限,腰5骶1棘突右侧压痛,无放射痛,直腿抬高试验阴性,双侧大腿后侧、小腿外侧皮肤感觉迟钝,鞍区皮肤感觉消失,膝、跟腱反射正常,肛门括约肌反射消失。Ｘ线平片见椎体前缘轻度增生,ＣＴ片示腰5骶1椎间盘后突,硬膜囊受压。临床诊断腰5骶1椎间盘突出,并椎管狭窄。在硬膜外麻醉下行手术治疗,术中做腰5椎板切除术,探查椎管容积可,硬膜无明显压迹,硬脊膜膨隆可,椎间盘无明显突出,双侧神经根松弛,触硬膜下有局限性韧物…     

腰椎间盘吸收综合征的X线及CT诊断

目的讨论X线平片及CT诊断腰椎间盘吸收综合征（IDR）的临床价值。方法对20例患者行腰3／4、4／5及腰5／骶1椎间盘平面CT扫描，层厚3．75mm，对腰椎正侧位片及横断面CT图像进行综合分析。结果20例患者诊断为腰椎间盘吸收综合征，其中腰4／5椎间盘3例，腰5／骶1椎间盘17例，腰椎正侧位片均可见孤立性腰椎间隙狭窄、邻近椎体终板硬化、椎体骨质增生，CT表现为椎间盘膨出及突出6例，硬膜囊受压17例，侧隐窝及椎间孔狭窄14例，椎间盘真空现象17例，小关节硬化13例。结论腰椎间盘吸收综合征的诊断主要依靠影像学检查，X线及CT扫描可以显示此征全部细节，对临床诊断及治疗具有重要价值。     

肺癌脊椎转移误诊为腰椎间盘突出症

1病例资料男,68岁。因腰痛4个月,加重伴双下肢疼痛1个月入院。4个月前出现腰部疼痛,站立行走时加重,休息后缓解,未做特殊处理。1个月前腰痛加重并出现双下肢疼痛,在当地医院行腰椎X线检查示腰椎退行性变,腰4椎体轻度楔形变,腰4、5间隙变窄,椎间盘突出待排除。予对症治疗,症状无明显改善,入我院。行腰椎CT扫描示腰3,4、腰4、5椎间盘突出膨大,硬膜囊受压,腰椎退行性改变伴小关节增生。摄X线胸片及查血红细胞沉降率、类风湿因子、抗链球菌溶血素“O”、肝肾功能均正常。诊断为腰椎间盘突出症,腰椎退行性骨关节病。予综合治疗,后症状稍有缓解,…     

超声诊断腰大肌寒性脓肿1例

患者 ,男性 ,2 3岁。广西回族人。主因腹胀满、右腹股沟肿物一个月来我院就诊。既往体健。外科查体 :右髂窝似扪及一包块 ,边界不清。要求超声协助诊断。采用 ASU- 30 0 0彩色超声检查仪 ,探头频率3.5 MHz。腹部超声所见 :腹腔内沿双侧腰大肌内侧可探及左侧 14 .7cm× 5 .3cm (图 1)和右侧 15 .4 cm×5 .9cm(图 2 )囊性透声区 ,边界清晰 ,自腰部一直延图 1　左侧腰大肌脓肿伸至髂窝部 ,其内可见散在点状或斑块状偏强回声。后方回声增强。超声诊断 :腰大肌囊性肿物 ,寒性脓肿 ?后经 X线及 CT检查诊断为腰椎结核合并椎旁脓肿。经手术病理…     

脊索瘤误诊为腰椎间盘突出症1例报告

病例摘要 :患者女 ,62岁 ,主因腰骶部及双腿疼痛 2年 ,于 1998年 10月在我院行腰椎ＣＴ检查示 :Ｌ4、 5椎间盘突出、小关节增生　椎管狭窄。经保守治疗不见好转 ,于2 0 0 0年 5月行椎板减压术 ,术后症状仍不见缓解 ,且腰骶部疼痛逐渐加重不能忍受 ,继之出现小便失禁、大便干燥。于2 0 0 0年 9月再次来我院检查 ,直肠指诊于骶前扪及软组织肿块。经盆腔ＣＴ检查发现 :骶椎膨大呈溶骨性破坏 ,骶前一巨大软组织肿块影 ,边界清楚 ,最大层面为 10 7ｃｍ× 7 5ｃｍ ,内见散在斑片状钙化灶、残留骨碎片及部分囊性变 ,肿块侵及骶骨、部分髂骨及腰 4…     

腰大肌发育不良2例

例1男．43岁，双下肢行走不便29年，加重3年。CT检查：腰椎两侧腰大肌影最示为从L1，向下至，5紧贴腰椎旁的细长条状影（图1A）。L2层面征象：腰椎体两侧腰大肌横断面影像缺如，显示为小条状影，椎板后方骶棘肌及多裂肌群横断面肌束影少、稀疏（图1B）。L5下缘层面征象：左侧无腰大肌横断面肌影像，右侧仅见少许稀疏软组织影，椎板后方骶棘肌及多裂肌横断面肌束影也显示稀疏。     

CT诊断骶尾部脊索瘤1例

患者男 ,5 8岁 ,腰腿痛伴间歇跛行一年余。曾在外院以“腰椎骨质退行性变”治疗 ,效果不佳 ,随入我院就诊。查体 :Ｌ4～ 5及Ｌ5～Ｓ1椎间隙左侧压痛 ( ) ,双下肢直腿抬高试验 ( )左小腿外侧及足背部感觉减退。且患者不能站立。行腰椎ＣＴ扫描 :Ｌ3～ 4及Ｌ4～ 5椎间隙均未见明显异常 ,Ｌ5椎体左侧及左侧椎板 ,整个骶椎及左侧髂骨骨质呈膨胀性破坏 ,其内为软组织肿块充填 ,且可见斑片状钙化影及残留的碎骨块影。骶髂关节形态不整 ,图 ( 1、 2 )。ＣＴ诊断为 :骶尾部脊索瘤侵及左侧髂骨。病理报告为 :骶尾部脊索瘤。　　讨论 :脊索瘤 (Ｃ…     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.