Proton beam therapy and iris neovascularisation in uveal melanoma

PURPOSE: Local treatment of uveal melanoma by radiotherapy involves the use of brachytherapy with radioactive plaques attached to the sclera, or proton irradiation. Both treatments induce growth arrest within the tumour and its slow involution over several years. Although ocular retention rates are excellent, regrowth of tumours due to resistance and neovascular glaucoma leads to enucleation of up to 10% of affected eyes. Proton irradiation involves part of the iris in most cases and we noticed that neovascularisation only occurred in the part of the iris that was not irradiated. We therefore conducted this study to determine the relationship between the development of iris neovascularisation and iris irradiation. METHODS: A total of 21 enucleation specimens from patients who had previously had proton irradiation were collected from the files of the Department of Pathology, Moorfields Eye Hospital during the 5-year period from 1994 to 1999. Sections of these eyes were assessed for VEGF-A, bFGF, and von Willebrand Factor (vWF) by immunohistochemistry. Ophthalmic notes and radiotherapy records were reviewed to assess the extent of iris irradiation. RESULTS: In all, 11 cases showed clinical evidence of iris neovascularisation and were selected for further study. Three of these eyes also showed clinical evidence of regrowth of the tumour. Histological evidence of iris neovascularization was noted in all 11 of the eyes examined, and was only present in the nonirradiated side of the iris in 8/11 eyes. NVI was present on both sides of the iris in three cases, but was less severe in the irradiated part. Expression of VEGF-A was at most weak within the tumour, but was present in the detached retina and in the epithelium of both ciliary body and iris. Some bFGF staining was noted around vessels in the iris stroma. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that irradiation leads to iris atrophy, and that atrophic, irradiated iris is resistant to the development of neovascularisation.     

眼内液中PEDF、VEGF含量变化对糖尿病视网膜病变的意义

目的:测定增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)患者房水、玻璃体及血清中色素上皮源性因子(PEDF)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的浓度变化,并探讨其变化的来源及临床意义.方法:以41只糖尿病视网膜病变患眼为研究对象,其中16只继发虹膜新生血管(NVI),21只特发性黄斑裂孔(MH)患眼作为对照.应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),分别测定3组患眼房水、玻璃体、血清中PEDF、VEGF的质量浓度.采用单因素方差分析比较3组房水、玻璃体、血清中PEDF及VEGF的水平,采用Pearson相关性检验分析房水中PEDF、VEGF水平与血清、玻璃体中的关系,并分别分析3种眼内液中PEDF与VEGF的关系.结果:房水中PEDF浓度在对照组、PDR无继发NVI组、PDR继发NVI组依次降低,VEGF浓度依次升高,玻璃体中PEDF、VEGF浓度具有类似的变化趋势.房水PEDF、VEGF水平与血清的无明显相关性,与玻璃体的呈一定正相关性.眼内液中PEDF浓度与VEGF浓度呈负相关.结论:眼内液PEDF水平降低、VEGF水平升高可能对PDR的发生、发展起到重要作用.PDR发展过程中,房水中这两种因子的浓度变化可能主要受眼局部病变影响.PEDF、VEGF分别作为血管抑制因子和血管刺激因子的代表,其眼内分布失衡可能是促成NVI及视网膜新生血管发生的重要因素.     

Alteration of intraocular pigment epithelium-derived factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with diabetic retinopathy

AIM:b To determine the aqueous, vitreous, serum levels of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and to speculate on the source of the change in concentration and to discuss its clinical significance. METHODS:b Forty-one eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were included in the study, 16 of which were complicated by neovascularization of iris (NVI). Twenty-one eyes with idiopathic macular hole (MH) were as controls. The aqueous,vitreous, serum levels of PEDF and VEGF of all the groups were determined with ELISA. PEDF, VEGF and the levels in the three groups were compared with analysis of variance(ANOVA). The PEDF, VEGF concentrations in aqueous,vitreous and serum were analyzed with Pearson correlation test, and the correlation of PEDF and VEGF levels was also analyzed with Pearson correlation test. RESULTS:b The aqueous levels of PEDF decreased significantly in sequence in groups of control, PDR without NVI,PDR with NVI. VEGF levels increased coordinately. The similar findings existed in vitreous samples. The PEDF, VEGF levels in aqueous were not correlated significantly with those in serum, but correlated positively with those in vitreous. The intraocular levels of PEDF had a negative correlation to those of VEGF. CONCLUSION:b The reduction of intraocular PEDF level and elevation of intraocular VEGF level may play an important role in the occurrence and progression of PDR. In the development of PDR, the PEDF,VEGF levels in aqueous may be mainly effected by local pathological changes, as anti-angiogenic and pro-angiogenic factors, their unbalanced intraocular distribution may promote the angiogenesis of the iris and retina.     

Lack of lymphangiogenesis despite coexpression of VEGF-C and its receptor Flt-4 in uveal melanoma

PURPOSE: Because lymphatic vessels are absent from the normal eye and because uveal melanomas are presumed to spread by a hematogenous route in the absence of tumor exposure to conjunctival lymphatics, this study was undertaken to investigate the presence of lymphatic vessels in primary uveal melanomas. METHODS: The presence of lymphatics in 2 control eyes and in 33 primary uveal, 10 primary cutaneous, and 3 metastatic cutaneous melanomas was evaluated by using a double-immunostaining protocol that differentially highlights blood and lymphatic vasculature. In addition, 14 uveal melanomas were immunostained for the lymphatic growth factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C (with anti-VEGF-C polyclonal antibodies [pAbs]), its receptors Flt-4 (with monoclonal antibody [mAb] 9D9) and KDR (with anti-KDR mAb [Clone KDR-2]), and the hemangiogenic factor VEGF-A (with anti-VEGF pAbs). RESULTS: Lymphatics were not detected in normal eyes or in uveal melanoma. As a consequence, signs of lymphangiogenesis were not present. There was coexpression of VEGF-C with Flt-4 and KDR in 6 (43%) of the 14 melanomas. Staining for VEGF-A was completely negative in 25 uveal melanomas analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The strictly hematogenous metastasis of primary uveal melanomas is explained by the absence of lymphatics in and around the tumor. The current data suggest that, in the presence of endothelial Flt-4, VEGF-C expression is not sufficient to induce lymphangiogenesis from preexisting blood vessels in human cancer.     

Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are elevated in the vitreous of patients with subretinal neovascularisation.

BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to play a major role in intraocular neovascularisation in ischaemic retinal diseases. Subretinal neovascularisation is an important cause of central visual loss, but little is known about the role of this growth factor in its pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of VEGF in the development of subretinal neovascularisation. METHODS: Undiluted vitreous samples were obtained from patients undergoing vitrectomy for removal of non-age-related subfoveal neovascular membranes (SFNM). For comparison vitreous from patients undergoing vitrectomy for idiopathic full thickness macular holes (FTMH) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) was used. Indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with an antibody directed against the conserved N-terminal region of human VEGF165, was used to determine vitreous levels of VEGF. The growth factor was also localised in the vitreous of patients with SFNM by western blot analysis. RESULTS: The mean (SE) VEGF concentration in the vitreous of patients with SFNM was 27.78 (2.22) ng/ml (n = 8), FTMH was 16.62 (0.9) ng/ml (n = 18), and PDR was 37.77 (3.28) ng/ml (n = 16). The differences between the PDR group and SFNM group versus the FTMH group were both significant (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0015) as analysed by the Wilcoxon rank sum test). CONCLUSIONS: Vitreous levels of VEGF are significantly elevated in eyes with non-age-related subretinal neovascularisation compared with eyes with FTMH but not as elevated as in PDR. This suggests that VEGF is involved in subretinal angiogenesis.     

REGRESSION OF ANTERIOR SEGMENT NEOVASCULARISATION FOLLOWING CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY IN A PATIENT SUFFERING FROM OCULAR ISCHAEMIC SYNDROME

Purpose: To report a case of bilateral regression of anterior segment neovascularisation after carotid endarterectomy in a patient with bilateral ocular ischaemic syndrome (OIS). Patient and Methods: Case report. A 61 year-old man suffering from bilateral ocular ischaemic syndrome causing iris neovascularisation (NVI) and neovascular glaucoma (NVG), was planned for bilateral panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) and endarterectomy. PRP was technically only possible in his right eye, while endarterectomy was performed in both carotids. Results: Bilateral complete NVI regression was observed a month after surgery. Conclusion: In some OIS uveal ischaemia could be the major responsible for NVI. Carotid endarterectomy benefits patients who have more than 70% stenosis and improves ocular blood flow, so it should be considered in patients suffering OIS with NVI unre- spective of other cerebral ischaemic symptoms.     

新生血管性青光眼血管内皮生长因子和血小板衍生生长因子含量及其相关影响因素

目的 观察新生血管性青光眼（NVG）患者眼内血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和血小板衍生生长因子（PDGF）含量,并分析其相关影响因素.方法 实验研究.NVG患者54 例（54眼）,其中视网膜中央静脉阻塞（CRVO）17眼,糖尿病性视网膜病变（DR）22眼,视网膜血管炎（Eales病）4眼,视网膜脱离（RD）术后4眼,未知原因7眼.虹膜新生血管Ⅰ级17眼,Ⅱ级12眼,Ⅲ级13眼,Ⅳ级12眼.36眼曾行视网膜光凝和（或）冷凝治疗.10只新鲜健康角膜供体眼作为正常对照组.抽取两组的房水和玻璃体液样本,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测其中VEGF和PDGF含量.对NVG组和正常对照组VEGF和PDGF含量的比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验,不同原发病、不同等级虹膜新生血管、视网膜光凝和（或）冷凝治疗组与未治疗组之间VEGF和PDGF含量的比较分别采用方差分析、LsD-t检验和独立样本t检验,并对各组VEGF和PDGF含量进行Pearson相关分析.结果 NVG组房水中VEGF和PDGF含量分别为（926.3±223.5）ng/L和（226.2±81.5）ng/L,玻璃体液中分别为（1096.1±235.9）ng/L和（375.3±141.5）ng/L,均高于正常对照组（Z 房水VECG=-4.993,Z房水PDGF=-4.891,Z玻璃体VEGF=-4.991,Z玻璃体PDGF＝-4.992,P均=0.000）.不同原发病组比较：CRVO组房水和玻璃体液中VEGF含量均高于不明原凶组（t房水=1.746,P房水＝0.033;t玻璃体=1.917,P玻璃体=0.027）,其他各组之间VEGF含量差异均无统计学意义;DR组房水和玻璃体液中PDGF含量高于Eales病组（t房水=1.697,P房水：0.043;t玻璃体=1.762,P玻璃体=0.038）,其他各组间PDGF含量差异均无统计学意义.不同虹膜新牛血管分级组比较：各组房水和玻璃体液中VEGF含量差异均无统计学意义：虹膜新生血管Ⅳ级组玻璃体液中PDGF含量高于Ⅲ级组（t=1.740,P=0.049）.视网膜光凝和（或）冷凝治疗后,房水及玻璃体液中VEGF和PDGF的含量均低于未治疗组（Z房水VEGF＝2.945,P房水VEGF=0.003;t房水PDGF＝3.199,P房水PDGF＝0.002;Z玻璃体VEGF=3.165,P玻璃体VEGF＝002;t玻璃体PDGF＝2.984,P玻璃体PDGF＝0.004）.相关分析显示：NVG组房水中VEGF和PDGF含量呈正相关（r=0.305,P=0.025）,玻璃体液中VEGF和PDGF含量也呈正相关（r=0.303,P＝0.026）;CRVO组玻璃体液中VEGF和PDGF含量呈正相关（r=0.503,P＝0.040）;DR组房水中VEGF和PDGF含量呈正相关（r=0.462,P=0.030）.结论 NVG中VEGF和PDGF含量的变化与其原发病、虹膜新生血管严重程度有关,视网膜光凝和（或）冷凝治疗可抑制VEGF和PDGF的产生.     

Preretinal neovascularisation associated with choroidal melanoma

BACKGROUND: The rare occurrence of iris neovascularisation and choroidal (subretinal) neovascularisation in patients with choroidal melanoma has been reported. However, the occurrence of preretinal neovascularisation (NVE) fed from the retinal circulation in eyes with choroidal melanoma is far less frequently reported. METHODS: Three case reports of choroidal melanoma with the very rare finding of overlying NVE. RESULTS: The three patients had choroidal melanomas, localised serous retinal detachment, and NVE. Two cases showed definite retinal capillary non-perfusion, and one of these two cases demonstrated retinal telangiectasis. One patient's melanoma responded quickly to iodine-125 plaque radiotherapy; however, the retinal neovascularisation persisted and caused vitreous haemorrhage. Localised scatter photocoagulation was successful in causing the complete regression of the neovascularisation. The other two patients had their eyes enucleated (one with planned pre-enucleation external beam radiotherapy). Demonstration of preretinal vessels in one of the cases was possible in histological sections. CONCLUSION: Preretinal neovascularisation may occur as a complication of choroidal melanoma. Possible aetiologies include the release of tumour angiogenic factors, inflammation, chronic retinal detachment with secondary retinal ischaemia, retinal vascular occlusion secondary to retinal vessel invasion by the tumour, or following radiation therapy. Optimal management of the neovascularisation is not known at this time. Supplemental localised scatter photocoagulation may be of benefit in some cases.     

Quantitative Study of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Vitreous with Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy

Objective: To quantitatively study basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the vitreous of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in orderto understand the role of bFGF in the development of PVR.Method: High sensitive sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique(ELISA) was used to measure bFGF level in vitreous of normal eyes, the eyes of PVR-C or PVR-D grade, eyes of vitreous hemorrhage and the serum levels of bFGF in PVR-D patients. Results: The levels of bFGF in the vitreous were: median 5. 20ng/L, quartile 15. 47 ng/L in 20 normal eyes; median 3. 12ng/L, quartile 10. 48 ng/L in 35 PVR-C eyes; median 46. 56 ng/L, quartile 113. 96 ng/L in 26 PVR-D eyes; median 1. 40 ng/L, quartile 6. 25 ng/L in 25 vitreous hemorrhage eyes. The vitreous bFGF level in PVR-D group was significantly higher than that in the normal group, PVR-C group and vitreous hemorrhage group ( P < 0. 01). The mean of serum-bFGF level was 18. 33 ± 3. 39 ng/ L. The vitreous bFGF level of PVR-D group was significantly higher than serum-bFGF lev     

Angiogenic profile of uveal melanoma

Uveal melanoma develops in one of the most capillary-rich tissues of the body and is disseminated hematogenously. Knowledge of the nature and the spatiotemporal expression of angiogenic factors in uveal melanoma is essential to the development of new treatment strategies, especially with regard to improving survival. In this study, we measured the angiogenic potential of several angiogenic factors in different uveal melanoma cell lines, in an in vivo model, and in primary tumor material from patients with melanoma. Most uveal melanoma cell lines expressed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A (isoforms 121, 165, 189), VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and basic fibroblastic growth factor (b-FGF) to various extents. The expression of VEGF-A 121 was always higher than that of the other VEGF-A isoforms, suggesting that VEGF-A 121 is the most abundant VEGF-A isoform. All experimentally induced tumors expressed VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and basic fibroblastic growth factor (b-FGF). Similarly, significant amounts of mRNA for VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and b-FGF were detected in uveal melanoma material from patients. In contrast, VEGF-A mRNA (121, 165, 189) was low (9/28) or not detectable in the tumor samples. The synthesis of VEGF-A 165 and b-FGF protein by various cell lines was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Most uveal melanoma cell lines, but not normal melanocytes, strongly synthesized and secreted VEGF-A 165 and b-FGF during cell culture. Our data suggest that the expression of (lymph) angiogenic factors may play a causal role in the angiogenesis and progression of uveal melanoma and distant metastasis.     

Efficacy of (123)N-isopropyl-p-[(123)I]-iodoamphetamine single photon emission computed tomography for the diagnosis of uveal malignant melanoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images with N-isopropyl-p-[(123)I]-iodoamphetamine ([(123)I]-IMP) as a radiopharmaceutical for the diagnosis of uveal melanoma.METHODS: Consecutive interventional case series. Single photon emission computed tomography images were obtained after intravenous injection of [(123)I]-IMP in 20 patients with clinically suspected uveal melanoma (16 eyes of 16 patients) or ocular adnexal melanoma (four adnexal tumors of four patients). Histologic findings in seven eyes enucleated for uveal melanoma were analyzed with the SPECT images semiquantitatively evaluated. RESULTS: Eight of 20 eyes with suspected uveal melanoma showed high accumulation of [(123)I]-IMP in the late phase in the area corresponding to the uveal tumor, and the diagnosis of uveal melanoma was confirmed histologically in seven enucleated eyes. Tumor size and histologic features did not reflect the intensity of scintillation counts of [(123)I]-IMP. Twelve patients with no accumulation on the SPECT images were found to have clinically or histologically iris nevus, choroidal nevus, and other intraocular and adnexal conditions. CONCLUSION: N-isopropyl p-[(123)I]-iodoamphetamine SPECT may serve as a sensitive and specific examination for the diagnosis of uveal melanoma.     

CFH基因多态性与玻璃体液VEGF对年龄相关性黄斑变性患者抗VEGF疗效影响的交互作用

目的 探讨补体因子H(CFH)基因多态性与玻璃体液血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)对年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)患者抗VEGF疗效影响的交互作用。方法 选取2020年5月～2022年1月广州医科大学附属第三医院眼科149例(149眼)AMD患者为研究对象,根据抗VEGF治疗是否有应答,分为应答组(111例)、无应答组(38例)。比较两组患者CFH基因多态性、玻璃体液VEGF表达水平,比较CFH位点rs1061170不同基因型患者玻璃体液VEGF表达水平,采用Logistic分析抗VEGF疗效的相关影响因素,采用交互作用系数γ分析CFH基因多态性、玻璃体液VEGF的交互作用是否存在及其作用类型。结果 无应答组患者CFH位点rs1061170基因型分布与应答组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。无应答组患者玻璃体液VEGF高于应答组(P<0.05)。在全部AMD患者中,玻璃体液VEGF高水平患者CFH位点rs1061170基因型分布与低水平患者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在全部AMD患者中,玻璃体液VEGF、CFH位点rs1061170 CC基因型均是抗VEG...     

Efficacy of N-isopropyl-p-[I]-iodoamphetamine single photon emission computed tomography for the diagnosis of uveal malignant melanoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images with N-isopropyl-p-[¹²³I]-iodoamphetamine (¹²³I-IMP) as a radiopharmaceutical for the diagnosis of uveal melanoma.METHODS: Consecutive interventional case series. Single photon emission computed tomography images were obtained after intravenous injection of ¹²³I-IMP in 20 patients with clinically suspected uveal melanoma (16 eyes of 16 patients) or ocular adnexal melanoma (four adnexal tumors of four patients). Histologic findings in seven eyes enucleated for uveal melanoma were analyzed with the SPECT images semiquantitavely evaluated.RESULTS: Eight of 20 eyes with suspected uveal melanoma showed high accumulation of ¹²³I-IMP in the late phase in the area corresponding to the uveal tumor, and the diagnosis of uveal melanoma was confirmed histologically in seven enucleated eyes. Tumor size and histologic features did not reflect the intensity of scintillation counts of ¹²³I-IMP. Twelve patients with no accumulation on the SPECT images were found to have clinically or histologically iris nevus, choroidal nevus, and other intraocular and adnexal conditions.CONCLUSION: N-isopropyl p-[¹²³I]-iodoamphetamone SPECT may serve as a sensitive and specific examination for the diagnosis of uveal melanoma.     

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor a, matrix metalloproteinase 9 and extravascular matrix patterns in iris and ciliary body melanomas

PURPOSE: It was the aim of this study to assess the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and extravascular matrix patterns (EMPs) in iris and ciliary body melanomas and their correlations with histopathologic parameters. METHODS: The study was conducted on 3 iris and 15 ciliary body melanomas. All tumors were subjected to immunohistochemical techniques for VEGF-A and MMP-9 expressions, the presence of EMPs was assessed, and routine paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Cell type, tumor localization, degree of pigmentation, necrosis, mitotic index, lymphocytic infiltration and sclera invasion were analyzed using light microscopy. RESULTS: The mean patient age at the time of treatment was 43 years (range 19-69, median 39.5); 10 (55.6%) patients were males and 8 (44.4%) females. Histopathological cell types were spindle cells in 55.6%, mixed cells in 16.7%, and epithelioid cell types in 27.8% of tumors. Positive reaction for VEGF-A and MMP-9 was present in 66.7 and 72.3% of the tumors, respectively. Microvascular loops and/or networks were seen in 33.4% of the tumors, with the remaining 66.7% of tumors displaying one or more of the other patterns. Metastatic disease developed in only 1 patient during follow-up. Tumor cell type, tumor size, mitotic rate, degree of pigmentation and EMPs were not correlated with metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that VEGF-A and MMP-9 were positive in the majority of iris and ciliary body melanomas. No correlation was found between VEGF-A and MMP-9 immunoreactivity and EMPs and occurrence of metastases in cases of anterior uveal melanoma.     

增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变虹膜新生血管的多模态临床研究

目的 探讨增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)伴虹膜新生血管患者行虹膜血管造影图像的特征.方法 选取2017年9月至2018年12月就诊于首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院眼科中心及首都医科大学教学医院石景山医院眼科确诊为增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变患者32例(64只眼)的临床资料进行研究.检查并记录患者的年龄、糖尿病病程、眼压及视力...     

贝伐单抗在虹膜新生血管治疗中的应用

虹膜新生血管是眼内新生血管的一种表现,血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)是迄今为止鉴定出来最重要的血管生成因子,与新生血管形成和通透性紧密相关。贝伐单抗是人源化的抗VEGF重组鼠单克隆抗体,可与所有已知VEGF异构体结合,通过抑制其生物学活性来抑制新生血管的生成。临床研究此药治疗虹膜新生血管在短期内取得了良好的疗效、且安全可靠。本文就最近几年国内外有关治疗虹膜新生血管疾病的研究进行综述,评估其在虹膜新生血管治疗方面的应用前景。     

Visual outcome and prognostic factors after vitrectomy for posterior segment foreign bodies

PURPOSE: To identify the prognostic factors that predict final visual outcome in eyes with posterior segment intraocular foreign body (IOFB) injuries managed by primary pars plana vitrectomy. METHODS: Ninety-six consecutive patients with posterior segment IOFB injuries were retrospectively reviewed. Factors analyzed included initial visual acuity (VA), time between injury and presentation, site of entrance wound, uveal prolapse, vitreous prolapse, traumatized iris, endophthalmitis, location and size of IOFB, use of scleral buckling and/or an encircling band, gas tamponade, lensectomy, number of surgical procedures, and development of retinal detachment. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 8.6 months, 63 eyes (65.6%) achieved VA of 20/200 or better, and 9 eyes (9.4%) had total retinal detachment complicated by inoperable proliferative vitreoretinopathy. On univariate analysis, predictors of poor vision (hand movements or less) were poor initial VA, corneoscleral entrance wound, uveal prolapse, vitreous prolapse, traumatized iris, and development of retinal detachment. In contrast, predictors of good visual outcome (20/200 or better) were absence of uveal prolapse, no endophthalmitis, and no retinal detachment. Multivariate analysis identified corneoscleral entrance wound, uveal prolapse, and development of retinal detachment as the only factors significantly associated with poor visual outcome. Absence of uveal prolapse was the only factor significantly associated with good visual outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Final visual outcome is greatly determined by the severity of the primary injury. On multivariate analysis, significant predictive factors of final VA were corneoscleral entrance wound, presence or absence of uveal prolapse, and development of retinal detachment.     

Effect of a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib on bFGF and VEGF concentrations in a rabbit retinal vein occlusion model

AIM: To evaluate whether a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib could inhibit basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) simultaneously for retinal vascular disease in vivo. METHODS: After a laser induced rabbit retinal vein occlusion (RVO) model was made, 0.5 mg of nintedanib was injected intravitreally in the left eye on the third day while the right eye was as a control. Intracameral samples were taken on the day before laser treatment and days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after treatment. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to test the bFGF and VEGF-A concentrations in the aqueous humor. RESULTS: Both bFGF and VEGF-A rose significantly on the third day after laser treatment in both eyes. In the control eye the bFGF concentration peaked on the 14th day while the VEGF-A concentration dropped rapidly soon after the third day. After nintadanib injection in the study eye, both bFGF and VEGF-A showed a significant reduction on the 4th day (7th day after laser treatment) when compared to the control eye, and kept on low level in the following several weeks. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of nintedanib can inhibit the expression of bFGF and VEGF in the process of RVO model to a certain extent, which is expected to become a new method for the treatment of retinal vascular diseases or fibrotic diseases.