急诊17例肺动脉栓塞临床分析

目的：提高急诊医师对肺栓塞的认识、早期诊断及治疗。方法：回顾性分析急诊17例肺动脉栓塞患者的临床资料。结果：女性患者居多；基础疾病有下肢静脉血栓、肿瘤、脑梗塞等；其临床表现不典型，多表现为呼吸困难、胸痛、咳嗽、咯血等；对其明确诊断首选放射性核素肺灌注显像；及时进行溶栓和抗凝治疗，效果好，预后佳。结论：在急诊临床工作中应提高对肺栓塞的发病警惕，早期诊断，及时治疗是改善患者预后的关键。     

CT肺动脉造影对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值

目的探讨CT肺动脉造影对肺动脉栓塞（PE）的诊断价值。方法20例PE患者均行CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）检查。结果Ⅰ型12例,其中4例位于左肺动脉,3例位于右肺动脉,5例左、右肺动脉及肺叶肺动脉皆有;Ⅱ型2例,其中右下叶肺动脉1例,左上叶肺动脉1例;Ⅲ型3例,其中右下叶肺动脉1例,左上叶肺动脉1例,2个以上肺叶肺动脉1例;Ⅳ型3例,均位于双下肺肺段、亚段肺动脉。左、右肺动脉、叶肺动脉、段肺动脉、亚段肺动脉栓塞率分别为77．78％、66．67％、60．00％、12．50％。结论CTPA对肺动脉栓塞有重要的诊断价值。     

Use of the d-dimer for Detecting Pulmonary Embolism in the Emergency Department

Background

Assessment for pulmonary embolism (PE) in the emergency department (ED) remains complex, involving clinical decision tools, blood tests, and imaging.

Prospective Evaluation of Two-dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography in Emergency Department Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively examine the diagnostic accuracy of two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2-D echo) in emergency department (ED) patients being evaluated for acute pulmonary embolism (PE). METHODS: This was a 14-month prospective observational trial of a convenience sample of ED patients undergoing evaluation for suspected PE at a suburban teaching hospital. The 2-D echo was defined as positive if any two of the following were noted: right ventricular dilation, abnormal septal motion, loss of right ventricular contractility, elevated pulmonary artery or right ventricular pressures, moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation, or visualization of a clot seen in the right ventricle or pulmonary artery. The patient was considered to have a PE if one of the following was positive: a pulmonary angiogram, contrast helical computed tomography, a magnetic resonance angiogram, a high-probability ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan without contradictory evidence, or an intermediate-probability V/Q scan with ultrasonic evidence of deep venous thrombosis. RESULTS: Of 225 cases identified, 39 met the defined criteria for PE (17%). A 2-D echo was performed on 124 patients (55%), of whom 27 (22%) had PE. In 20 patients the 2-D echo had at least two indicators of right ventricular strain; however, only 11 of these patients had confirmed pulmonary embolus. The 2-D echo had a sensitivity of 0.41 (95% CI = 0.32 to 0.49) and a specificity of 0.91 (95% CI = 0.86 to 0.96). The likelihood ratio positive was a moderately strong 4.4, with a weak likelihood ratio negative of 0.6. CONCLUSIONS: Bedside 2-D echo is not a sensitive test for the diagnosis of PE in ED patients. Positive findings moderately increase the suspicion for PE but are not diagnostic.     

Outpatient diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: the MIOPED (Manchester Investigation Of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis) study

Background and objectives     

64层螺旋CT肺动脉造影在肺栓塞诊断中的应用

目的 利用64层螺旋CT肺动脉造影探讨肺动脉栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)的影像表现及其临床应用.方法 对18例Wells评分在2分以上,且临床疑诊为PE的患者,使用64层螺旋CT肺动脉造影检查,进行多平面重建(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)和容积再现(VR)后外理.结果 18例均确诊为PE.PE的直接征象:18例患者均见肺动脉腔内充盈缺损改变.1)中央性充盈缺损,呈双轨征和靶征3例;2)偏侧性充盈缺损9例;3)附壁性充盈缺损3例;4)完全性阻塞3例.部分患者可见PE的间接征象:1)肺梗死4例;2)支气管动脉扩张3例;3)胸腔积液10例;4)右室功能不全1例.结论 64层螺旋CT具有快速、准确、无创伤等优点,能清晰显示PE的直接征象和间接征象,是临床明确PE诊断及评价疗效的首选方法.     

Percutaneous Thrombectomy in Emergency Department Patients with Pulmonary Embolism: The FLARE ED Sub-study

BackgroundThe FlowTriever Pulmonary Embolectomy Clinical Study (FLARE) was a multicenter, single-arm trial that demonstrated effectiveness of the FlowTriever percutaneous pulmonary embolectomy system in reducing right ventricular/left ventricular (RV/LV) diameter ratio in patients with acute intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism (PE). Patients diagnosed in emergency departments (EDs) with acute PE may have a different presentation from those diagnosed in an in-hospital setting.ObjectivesThe goal of this sub-study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of mechanical embolectomy in ED patients with acute intermediate-risk PE.MethodsED patients with acute PE and RV/LV ratio ≥ 0.9 enrolled in the FLARE study were core laboratory analyzed. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change in RV/LV ratio from baseline to 48 h post procedure. The change in RV/LV ratio of patients with nonelevated cardiac troponin (cTn) and zero simplified PE Severity Index (sPESI) score (normal cTn-sPESI: intermediate-low risk) was also examined. Major adverse events (MAEs) included major bleeding, device-related death or clinical deterioration, and vascular or cardiac injury.ResultsSeventy-six ED patients were included. Thirty-nine had a sPESI score of ≥ 1 and 32 had elevated cTn. The median preprocedure RV/LV ratio for all ED patients was 1.50 (0.88–2.52), with a change by −0.37 postprocedure (p < 0.001.) Three patients experienced MAEs. Seventeen patients (22.4%) presented with normal cTn-sPESI and had an RV/LV ratio reduced by 0.27 (p < 0.001) after embolectomy.ConclusionED patients with intermediate-risk PE had significant improvement in their RV/LV ratio and low complication rates when treated with mechanical embolectomy, irrespective of their baseline cTn-sPESI risk score.     

Risk Factors Associated with Delayed Diagnosis of Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Background

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is essential to reduce mortality. Risk factors for PE are well known, but factors associated with delayed diagnosis are less clear.

Objective

Our objective was to identify clinical factors associated with delayed diagnosis of patients with acute PE presenting to a tertiary-care emergency department (ED).

Methods

We studied 400 consecutive adults who presented to our ED with acute, symptomatic PE. All patients were diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) angiography. Early diagnosis was defined as CT diagnosis < 12 h from ED arrival, and delayed diagnosis as CT diagnosis > 12 h. Univariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with delayed diagnosis. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals are reported.

Results

The median time from arrival to diagnosis was 2.4 h (interquartile range 1.4–7.6), and 73 (18.3%) patients had delayed diagnosis. Patients aged > 65 years and those with coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure had longer times from ED arrival to CT diagnosis, whereas patients with recent immobility had shorter times. Patients diagnosed > 12 h were older and had higher rates of morbid obesity and coronary artery disease, whereas patients diagnosed < 12 h had higher rates of tachycardia. In multiple regression modeling, tachycardia and recent immobility remained associated with early diagnosis, whereas morbid obesity remained associated with delayed diagnosis.

Conclusions

Older patients with cardiovascular comorbidities had longer times from ED arrival to CT diagnosis. Our data suggest that these patients represent more of a diagnostic challenge than those presenting with traditional risk factors for PE, such as tachycardia and recent immobilization. Physicians should consider these factors to diagnosis acute PE promptly in the ED.     

造影剂强化后磁共振肺灌注成像诊断周围型肺栓塞的研究

目的 探讨造影剂强化磁共振肺灌注成像（CE－MRPP）对周围型肺栓塞的诊断价值，提高对肺栓塞于CE－MRPP表现的认识。方法 8只犬于DSA下经导管将直径2－4mm，长1cm左右的明胶海绵条注入单侧肺动脉后制成周围型肺栓塞动物模型，然后进行CE－MRPP检查，以DSA发现为标准，分析栓塞低灌注区于CE－MRPP的表现形式和CE－MRPP的诊断敏感性及栓塞低灌注区与正常灌注区的时间－信号强度曲线特点。结果 DSA共发现了26支肺段有以下水平的栓塞肺动脉，CE－MRPP共发现了15个低灌注区，界限清楚，诊断敏感性为57．7％，特异性为100％。栓塞低灌注区的时间－信号强度曲线平直而不规则，无明显峰值出现，正常肺实质则明显强化，于注入造影剂后6.8s达峰值，时间－信号强度曲线规则。结论 CE－MRPP是诊断周围型肺栓塞的可靠方法，可以通过显示栓塞低灌注区的存在对肺栓塞作出间接诊断。     

Direct Comparison of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Fifty Protein Biological Markers of Pulmonary Embolism for Use in the Emergency Department

Objectives: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is associated with abnormal concentrations of many proteins involved in inflammation, hemostasis, and vascular injury. The authors quantified the diagnostic accuracy of a battery of protein biological markers for the detection of PE in emergency department (ED) patients. Methods: A random and a consecutive sample of ED patients evaluated for PE were prospectively enrolled at two academic EDs between August 2005 and April 2006. A plasma sample was obtained at enrollment, and all patients were followed by telephone and medical record review at 90 days for the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE) defined as PE or deep venous thrombosis (DVT), requiring the consensus of two of three blinded physician reviewers. Measurements of potential biological markers were performed by technicians blinded to the study objectives. The diagnostic accuracy of each biological marker was determined by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Fifty potential biological markers were measured in 304 ED patients, including 22 patients (7%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4% to 10%) with VTE. Fourteen biological markers demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) with the lower limit of the 95% CI ≥ 0.5. Of these, three demonstrated an AUC ≥ 0.7: D‐dimer (0.90), C‐reactive protein (CRP; 0.78), and myeloperoxidase (MPO; 0.78). Conclusions: From 50 candidate biological markers, only D‐dimer, CRP, and MPO demonstrated sufficient diagnostic accuracy to suggest potential utility as biological marker of PE.     

经胸超声心动图诊断急性肺动脉栓塞的价值

目的　探讨经胸超声心动图 (transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)对急性肺动脉栓塞 (acute pulmonary embolism,APE)的诊断价值。方法　分析 16例确诊为 APE患者的 TTE表现 ,与肺动脉造影、肺核素扫描及计算机体层摄影对照。结果　超声直接检出主肺动脉及左、右肺动脉主干近段血栓者 6例 ,均被 CT或肺动脉造影证实 ,其中超声还直接检出右室内血栓 3例、右房内血栓 1例 ;本组资料具有右心负荷过重超声征象者 12例 (其中包括超声直接检出血栓的 6例 ) ,CT或核素肺灌注 /通气扫描提示为双肺多发性大面积栓塞 ;TTE检查大致正常者 4例 ,但核素肺灌注 /通气扫描或者 CT均提示为肺段或亚段栓塞。结论　经胸超声心动图可发现主肺动脉、左右肺动脉干内血栓直接提示肺动脉栓塞 ,或根据右心负荷过重表现并结合临床表现间接提示肺栓塞的可能 ,但对肺段或亚段栓塞者超声不能作出或排除诊断。     

肺栓塞严重指数对急性肺栓塞预后的预测价值

目的:探讨肺栓塞严重指数(PESI)对急性肺栓塞(PE)的预测价值。方法:利用PESI对6家医院2005年01月～2009年12月期间住院PE患者30天内的预后转归进行回顾性分析。结果:共收集PE患者185例,30d死亡率为11.9%,Ⅰ级0%、Ⅱ级2.4%、Ⅲ级6.5%、Ⅳ级15%、Ⅴ级22.5%,随PESI危险级别上升而显著升高(P0.001)。PESI预测死亡率准确度显示敏感性及阴性预测值均高。结论:利用PESI对PE进行危险分层,可较准确地判断PE预后,进而指导临床早期干预,改善预后。     

Pulmonary Embolism Risk Stratification: Pulse Oximetry and Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index

Background: Risk stratification of pulmonary embolism (PE) patients is important to determine appropriate management. Objectives: We evaluated two published risk-stratification tools in emergency department (ED) PE patients: a pulse oximetry cutoff below 92.5% oxygen (at 5280 feet elevation) and the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI). Methods: Electronic medical records of all patients diagnosed with PE were abstracted to identify their triage vital signs, co-morbidities, and adverse short-term outcomes (AO) either requiring interventions (defined as respiratory failure, hypotension requiring pressors, and hemodynamic impairment requiring thrombolytics) or resulting in death. We applied these models to our ED PE patients and assessed their performance. Results: There were 168 PE patients identified, with an overall AO rate of 7.1% (12/168), including a 3.0% mortality rate. A room-air pulse oximetry cutoff of 92.5%, for values measured at 5280 feet, classified 89/136 patients as low risk, 1.1% of which had an AO, and 47/136 patients as high risk, of which 10.6% had AO. This pulse oximetry cutoff had a sensitivity of 83% (95% confidence interval [CI] 36–99%), specificity of 68% (95% CI 58–76%), and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99% (95% CI 93–100%). PESI classified 91/168 patients as low risk (class I or II): 2.2% had AO but none died, and 77/168 were classified as high risk (class III, IV, or V), with an AO rate of 13.0%. A PESI cutoff score of II had a sensitivity of 83% (95% CI 52–98%), specificity of 57% (95% CI 49–65%), and NPV of 98% (95% CI 92–100%). Conclusion: Both PESI and pulse oximetry measurements are moderately accurate identifiers of low-risk patients with PE.     

急性肺栓塞诊断现状分析及改进策略

目的:分析急性肺栓塞的诊断现状,探讨提高诊断水平的方法和途径。方法:对39例急性肺栓塞患者根据其诊断依据进行分类统计。结果:单纯依靠临床症状体征做出诊断的占23％,结合常用实验室检查结果做出诊断的占28.2％,结合影像学结果做出诊断的占38.5％,病理诊断占10.3％。结论:目前临床表现仍是诊断急性肺栓塞的主要依据,选择何种辅助检查常由医生根据个人经验而定,因而误诊、漏诊率仍很高。临床医生只有提高诊断意识、充分了解各种辅助检查的作用,并根据诊断步骤正确选用才能提高急性肺栓塞的诊断水平。     

Investigating pulmonary embolism in the emergency department with lower limb plethysmography: the Manchester Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (MIOPED) study

Objectives

To measure the diagnostic accuracy of computerised strain gauge plethysmography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE).

Methods

Two researchers prospectively recruited 425 patients with pleuritic chest pain presenting to the emergency department (ED). Lower limb computerised strain gauge plethysmography was performed in the ED. All patients underwent an independent reference standard diagnostic algorithm to establish the presence or absence of PE. A low modified Wells'' clinical probability combined with a normal D‐dimer excluded PE. All others required diagnostic imaging with PIOPED interpreted ventilation perfusion scanning and/or computerised tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography. Patients with a nondiagnostic CT had digital subtraction pulmonary angiography. All patients were followed up clinically for 3 months.

Results

The sensitivity of computerised strain gauge plethysmography was 33.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16.3 to 56.2%) and specificity 64.1% (95% CI 59.0 to 68.8%). The negative likelihood ratio was 1.04 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.33) and positive likelihood ratio 0.93 (95% CI 0.45 to 1.60).

Conclusions

Lower limb computerised strain gauge plethysmography does not aid in the diagnosis of PE.     

Prospective Study of the Clinical Features and Outcomes of Emergency Department Patients with Delayed Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism

Objectives: The authors hypothesized that emergency department (ED) patients with a delayed diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) will have a higher frequency of altered mental status, older age, comorbidity, and worsened outcomes compared with patients who have PE diagnosed by tests ordered in the ED.
Methods: For 144 weeks, all patients with PE diagnosed by computed tomographic angiography were prospectively screened to identify ED diagnosis (testing ordered from the ED) versus delayed diagnosis (less than 48 hours postadmission). Serum troponin I level, right ventricular hypokinesis on echocardiography, and percentage pulmonary vascular occlusion were measured at diagnosis; patients were prospectively followed up for adverse events (death, intubation, or circulatory shock).
Results: Among 161 patients with PE, 141 (88%) were ED diagnosed and 20 (12%) had a delayed diagnosis. Patients with a delayed diagnosis were older than ED-diagnosed patients (61 [±15] vs. 51 [±17] years; p < 0.001), had a longer median time to heparin administration (33 vs. 8 hours; p < 0.001), and had a higher frequency of altered mental status (30% vs. 8%; p = 0.01) but did not have a higher frequency of prior cardiopulmonary disease (25% vs. 23%). Patients with a delayed diagnosis had equal or worse measures of PE severity (right ventricular hypokinesis on echocardiography, 60% vs. 58%; abnormal troponin I level, 55% vs. 24%); on computed tomographic angiography, ten of 20 patients with a delayed diagnosis had PE in lobar or larger arteries and >50% vascular obstruction. Patients with a delayed diagnosis had a higher rate of in-hospital adverse events (9% vs. 30%; p = 0.01).
Conclusions: In this single-center study, the diagnosis of PE was frequently delayed and outcomes of patients with delayed diagnosis were worse than those of patients with PE diagnosed in the ED.     

心脏生物标志物联合肺栓塞严重程度指数对急性肺栓塞症诊断及危险分层的研究

目的检测急性肺栓塞（APE）患者血浆中B型钠尿肽（BNP）和肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）的浓度,研究肺栓塞严重程度指数（PESI）、cTnI、BNP对APE诊断及预后的预测价值。方法选取2010年1月-2013年1月确诊的共96例APE患者,同时选取同期非APE对照者50例。对入选者进行肺栓塞严重指数（PESI）评分,据分值大小分为低危组、中危组、高危组;根据cTnI与BNP结果分组为阳性组及阴性组。分析PESI、cTnI和BNP在APE患者诊断与危险分层的预测价值。结果 APE患者中低危、中危与高危各组大面积、次大面积APE构成比随组别增高而升高（P〈0.01）;cTnI阳性组大面积、次大面积APE占82.9%,cTnI阴性组非大面积APE占81.9%;BNP阳性组大面积、次大面积APE占73.3%,BNP阴性组非大面积APE占86.3%。cTnI、BNP阳性组右心功能不全、心源性休克及死亡的发生率明显高于阴性组（P〈0.01）。结论联合检测cTnI、BNP结合PESI评分在APE的诊断和危险分层中具有重要意义。     

Prospective Evaluation of Real‐time Use of the Pulmonary Embolism Rule‐out Criteria in an Academic Emergency Department

Objectives: The pulmonary embolism rule‐out criteria (PERC rule) is a nine‐component decision rule derived to exclude pulmonary embolism (PE) without the use of formal diagnostic testing (D‐dimer, computed tomography pulmonary angiography, ventilation–perfusion lung scanning, or venous ultrasonography) when all nine components are negative (“PERC negative”). This study examined whether clinicians who document PERC negative also document results of all nine components of the PERC rule. Methods: This was a pilot study at a single‐center, urban teaching emergency department (ED) with a residency program in emergency medicine. Patients were over 17 years of age with at least one of nine predefined chief complaints. Clinicians were asked three questions regarding suspicion for PE, intent to use the PERC rule, and the result. Charts were independently reviewed by two authors for fidelity of the nine PERC components. Patients were followed for PE outcome at 14 days. Results: The study examined 526 patients cared for by 82 clinicians, who indicated suspicion for PE in 183 of 526 (35%) and intent to use the PERC rule in 115 of 526 (22%) cases, of whom 65 of 115 were documented as PERC negative. No formal test for PE was ordered in 49 of 65 (75%), and 46 of 49 had incomplete documentation to support PERC negative. The most common deficiency was omission of two risk factors for PE in the rule (prior venous thromboembolism or recent surgery). Six patients had PE diagnosed within 14 days, but none of these had been deemed PERC negative. Conclusions: Clinicians seldom document all nine data elements of the PERC rule in patients they deem PERC negative. These data suggest the need for paper or electronic aids to support use of the PERC rule. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1016–1019 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine