我国首例外周动脉超声溶栓在黑龙江获成功

黑龙江省医院周围血管病科与介入中心密切协作，成功地完成了我国首例外周动脉血管内超声溶栓治疗。据了解，患者孙艳，突然发生左上肢寒冷剧痛，随之左手麻木，遂住进省医院周围血管病科。经血管造影确诊为左肱动脉急性血栓形成，左上肢急性缺血，如不及时消除血栓，患肢很快会发生坏死。在陈国俊副院长主持下，周围血管病和介入中心全体医护人员连夜为患者做了左上肢血管内超声溶栓治疗，经过３个小时紧张工作溶解了肱动脉、尺动脉和挠动脉血栓。术后患肢疼痛消失、皮温转暖、色泽变红润，并可触及肱动脉和尺、挠动脉搏动我国首例外周动脉…     

血栓抽吸联合替罗非班对急性下壁心肌梗死的介入治疗作用

目的:观察血栓抽吸导管(ZEEK)抽吸血栓及注入抗栓药物替罗非班对急性下壁心肌梗死介入治疗的效果。方法:需经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的急性下壁心肌梗死患者174例,随机分为两组:ZEEK组(n=75),用ZEEK反复抽吸血栓后,经ZEEK注入替罗非班至梗死相关血管(IRA)后行PCI;对照组(n=99),除不进行血栓抽吸外,其余同ZEEK组。比较两组患者的血流改善情况及预后。结果:与对照组比较,ZEEK组术后ST段回落(STR)70%比例(85.33%vs 58.59%)和远端血流分级(TIMI)3级比例(89.33%vs 60.61%)均高于对照组(P0.05);肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)峰值(71.28±10.92V/L vs 98.63±12.71V/L)、峰值时间(11.67±3.23hvs 14.85±3.75h)和校正的TIMI帧数(CTFC)(25.60±6.10vs33.10±6.20)均显著低于对照组(P0.05);两组术后STR50%比例(97.33%vs 93.94%)无明显差异(P0.05),术后3个月两组均未发生主要不良心脏事件(MACE)。结论:在急性下壁心肌梗死患者行PCI前采用ZEEK抽吸血栓和注入替罗非班可改善心肌再灌注和减少心脏损伤。     

导管血栓抽吸联合药物洗脱支架治疗急性心肌梗死疗效观察

目的 评价经导管冠状动脉内血栓抽吸,并联合雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架置入术治疗急性心肌梗死(AMI)的安全性及疗效.方法 AMI患者急诊冠状动脉造影显示冠状动脉内大量血栓者21例,其中男性19例,女性2例,年龄(59±13)岁,发病时间(8±13)h(3～24h).使用DiverCE抽吸导管进行冠状动脉内血栓抽吸,然后置入雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架治疗.术后冠状动脉造影观察冠状动脉扩张效果及梗死相关血管血流,随访住院及术后9～12个月主要心血管事件.结果 21个梗塞相关动脉经血栓抽吸,所有即刻前向血流较术前均有改善,TIMI血流由抽吸前的0.62±0.80级至抽吸后2.76±0.44级.P＜0.000 1.共21枚雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架(Partner12枚,Firebird 7枚,Excel 2枚)成功置入21个梗塞相关动脉,17例(81%)接受直接支架置入术,4例(19%)行球囊预扩张后置入支架.血流达TIMI 3级19例,支架置入后血流进一步改善者3例,住院期间1例心力衰竭加重,余20例住院及术后3个月无主要心血管事件发生.术后9～12个月随访中无死亡、再发AMI及靶血管血运重建,1例患者因心力衰竭加重再入院治疗.结论 经导管直接血栓抽吸是处理冠状动脉内血栓的一种简单、安全有效的方法.联合置入雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架可进一步提高AMI患者急诊介入治疗的手术即刻、近期疗效及远期疗效.     

经皮腔内血管成形术治疗糖尿病下肢动脉血管病变的临床疗效观察

目的探讨介入治疗经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)治疗糖尿病下肢动脉血管病变的临床疗效,为糖尿病下肢动脉病变选择最佳治疗方案提供参考。方法将60例患者平均分为对照组和介入组,对照组采取传统药物治疗,介入组采取经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)治疗。观察比较2组术后12周、24周踝肱指数(ABI)、足背动脉平均血流速度、搏动指数(PI)、无痛最大行走距离的变化情况。结果介入组在术后12周和24周的踝肱指数(ABI)、足背动脉平均血流速度、搏动指数(PI)、无痛最大行走距离均较对照组有所提高,2组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);分别与本组治疗前比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);但组内24周与12周比较,各项指标变化均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)治疗糖尿病下肢动脉病变优于传统药物治疗,是临床可行的糖尿病下肢动脉病变的治疗方式。     

直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗80岁以上急性心肌梗死患者的临床评价

目的 探讨直接经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗80岁以上急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的临床疗效和安全性.方法 94例80岁以上AMI患者,入院后直接PCI.观察手术成功率、并发症、住院病死率和主要心脏不良事件,出院前测定左心室射血分数(LVEF).结果 冠状动脉造影示梗死相关血管(IRA)心肌梗死溶栓治疗(TIMI)m流分级0～1级,除2例心源性休克患者术中因室颤死亡,其余病例均成功开通IRA,操作成功率97.9%.术后76例血流TIMI 3级,16例TIMI 2级.术后6例因左心功能衰竭死亡.26例心功能Killip Ⅲ级以上者使用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)辅助循环,持续反搏时间78～154(98.3±34.5)h.多支病变者除18例3支病变外均在术后3～7 d行非IRA的PCI.住院总病死率8.5%(8/94),Killip Ⅲ级以上者病死率30.8%(8/26).仅3.3%(3/92)发生需输血的出血并发症.住院期间无主要心脏不良事件发生.生存的86例患者出院前测LVEF中位值为43%(26%～62%).存活者术后30 d和180 d主要心脏不良事件发生率分别为1.2%和4.6%.结论 对于80岁以上老年AMI患者行直接PCI安全可行,且成功率较高.     

动脉造影在骨折术后急性下肢动脉血栓的溶栓治疗的应用

目的 目的探讨应用动脉造影在骨折术后下肢动脉急性血栓形成的溶栓方法及治疗的临床意义。方法 10例骨折术后下肢动脉急性血栓形成，均行骨折内固定术，其中1例骨折内固定并血管吻合术后形成,通过造影确定栓塞的程度、范围、部位后，在抗凝的同时用尿激酶溶栓,开通后常规口服抗凝剂3个月。结果 10例急性形成的血栓均溶解,患肢远端血运明显改善或恢复正常，临床症状消失。结论 骨折内固定术后急性形成的血栓通过造影明确栓塞的部位、程度、范围。然后采取急诊溶栓措施可有效地解除动脉闭塞。     

急性椎基底动脉阻塞急诊血管内治疗20例分析

目的：评价血管内重建治疗急性椎基底动脉阻塞的疗效。方法：收集急性椎基底动脉阻塞20例,全脑造影后进行动脉溶栓和支架血管成形术等血管内重建治疗,比较手术前后NIHSS评分、TIMI血流等级及临床表现。结果：完全开通9例（45％）,部分开通9例（45％）,未开通2例（10％）,总开通率为（90％）;继发脑出血1例（5％）,死亡2例（10％）。术前、术后NIHSS评分分别为18．05±6．72、13．24±5．36（P〈0．01）,术后TIMI靶血流可达2～3级,术后18例（90％）临床症状好转。结论：血管内重建是治疗急性椎基底动脉阻塞的有效方法。     

足背、胫前动脉移植—冠状动脉旁路术的应用解剖

目的 :为足背、胫前动脉用于冠状动脉旁路移植术提供解剖学基础。方法 :成人尸体下肢材料44侧 ,对足背动脉和胫前动脉下段进行了解剖观察和测量。结果 :胫前动脉下段和足背动脉上、中、下点的外径分别为 :(2 .5± 0 .6)mm ;(2 .3± 0 .4)mm ;(1.9± 0 .4)mm。胫前动脉下段至足背动脉末端的长度为(18.10± 0 .6)cm。结论 :胫前动脉下段和足背动脉位置浅表 ,联合截取有足够的长度和较适宜的管径 ,可作为冠状动脉旁路移植术的供体材料。     

彩色多普勒超声在下肢静脉血栓诊断中的价值

目的 探究二维及彩色多普勒超声检查对下肢静脉血栓的诊断价值.方法应用二维及彩色多普勒超声对30例下肢静脉血栓患者进行检查,观察血管内径、血栓范围、血栓回声特性及血流情况.结果 急性下肢静脉血栓形成后血管内径增宽,血栓表现为均质低回声或无回声,慢性血栓血管内径增宽或正常,血栓回声增高、不均匀.血栓部位管腔无血流表现或血流充盈缺损,并可继发深静脉瓣功能不全.结论 二维及彩色多普勒超声检查不仅可诊断下肢静脉血栓,同时可以动态观察其演变情况,是诊断下肢静脉血栓的首选手段.     

正常成人膈下动脉的超声观测

目的：观察膈下动脉的超声解剖及血流参数。方法：应用二维及多普勒超声观测100例正常成人的膈下动脉的起源、直径、血流参数（包括收缩期峰值速度、阻力指数、搏动指数）,并提出正常值范围。结果：超声能够显示起始于腹腔动脉干和腹主动脉的膈下动脉,右侧膈下动脉显示率（83％）较左侧（62％）高。正常成人膈下动脉直径左侧为（2．03±0．28）mm,右侧（2．07±0．30）mm,95％可信度上限值左侧2．58mm,右侧2．66mm;最大流速左侧为（45．95±12．65）cm／s,右侧（42．85±10．31）cm／s,95％可信区间左侧21．16～70．74cm／s,右侧22．64～63．16cm/s;阻力指数左侧为（0．78±0．04）cm/s,右侧（0．77±0．04）,95％可信区间：左侧0．70～0．86,右侧0．69～0．85。结论：超声能在一定程度上显示膈下动脉,评价膈下动脉起源及其血流参数.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.