流量波形触发技术在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并撤机困难患者中的应用研究

目的 观察不同流量触发机制对撤机困难的呼吸衰竭患者在压力支持通气(PSV)时通气参数的影响.方法 呼吸衰竭患者23例,其中男性16例,女性7例,年龄(68±6)岁.基础疾病均为慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD).所有患者均为接受有创人工气道(气管插管/汽管造口)及机械通气支持1周以上者,在治疗过程中病情稳定准备进行自主呼吸试验(spontaneous breathing trial,SBT).分别在标准流量触发(2L/min)和流量波形触发机制下通气支持30min(PS10cmH2),监测患者的呼吸力学参数[包括潮气量(VT)、呼吸频率(RR)、分钟通气量(MV)、气道闭合压(Pα1)、浅快呼吸指数(RSBI)和压力时间乘积(PTPt)等]及动脉血气分析,并观察流量波形触发技术对撤机的影响.结果 2例患者因生理学参数不稳定而终止SBT试验.其余21例在采用流量波形触发PSV支持30 min后,RR、MV和RSBI均出现显著增加(P＜0.05),但VT、Pα1却无明显变化.继续通气支持24h后,RR、MV和RSBI与采用流量波形触发PSV支持30 min时相比无显著改变,PTPt和Pα1却呈显著降低,动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)也逐渐降低.采用流量波形触发PSV支持3～7 d后,21例患者成功撤机.结论 流量波形触发技术能显著减少COPD呼吸衰竭患者的自主吸气做功,改善人机同步性,提高撤机成功率.     

超声下膈肌收缩指数与腹部大手术后脱机成功率相关性分析

目的研究超声下膈肌收缩指数与腹部大手术后脱机成功率的相关性。方法选择北京大学深圳医院2015年11月至2017年11月收治的腹部大手术患者130例,其中男性59例,女性71例;年龄40～71岁,平均年龄57.54岁;通气时间3～7 d,平均通气时间5.23 d。根据患者是否脱机成功分为2组(成功组、失败组),均65例。对比两组患者膈肌收缩指数,分析与脱机成功的相关性。结果两组患者在自主呼吸试验(SBT)0 min、10 min之间的膈肌移动度(DMM)(左侧、右侧)参数差异均无统计学意义(t=-0.112、0.480、0.753、1.036,P=0.911、0.632、0.453、0.302 0.05),但成功组SBT 30 min参数明显低于失败组,差异有显著统计学意义(t=3.692、3.341,P=0.000、0.001 0.01)。在SBT 0 min时两组患者浅快呼吸指数比较,差异无统计学意义(t=0.595,P=0.553 0.05);而在SBT 10 min、30 min时成功组低于失败组,差异有显著统计学意义(t=3.700、5.896,P=0.000、0.000 0.01)。SBT前,两组患者氧合指数差异无统计学意义(P 0.05);SBT后,成功组氧合指数在各个时间段均高于失败组,差异有显著统计学意义(t=-3.506、-4.138、-8.291,P=0.001、0.000、0.000 0.01);而两组患者左右侧的平静呼气末膈肌厚度比较,差异均无统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论通过对腹部大手术患者实施超声下膈肌检测,DMM能够明确指导患者脱机结果,图像质量较高,值得应用。     

LMA supremeTM喉罩与气管插管静脉全麻在腹腔镜直肠癌切除手术中的应用

目的:探讨LMA supreme^TM喉罩和气管插管静脉全麻两种方法用于腹腔镜直肠癌切除手术时对患者血流动力学、呼吸参数变化及术中术后不良反应发生率的影响,评估LMA supreme^TM喉罩在腹腔镜直肠癌切除术中应用的安全性及优越性。方法:选择腹腔镜直肠癌切除手术患者40例, ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,随机分成2组,即LMA supreme^TM喉罩组(S组)和气管插管组(T组),每组20例。麻醉诱导后分别插入LMA supreme^TM喉罩和气管插管,记录并比较两组在麻醉诱导前、喉罩和气管导管插入前即刻及插入后即刻、1 min和5 min时收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)。记录建立二氧化碳(CO₂)气腹前、后和体位改变后气道平台压(P_plat)、气道峰压(P_peak);观察手术过程中返流误吸、术后声嘶、咽痛、呛咳不良反应。 结果:与T组比较,S组血流动力学平稳(P＜0.05),呼吸参数稳定变化小(P＜0.05),术中发生返流误吸无统计学差异,术后声嘶、咽痛、呛咳显著减少(P＜0.05)。结论:LMA supreme^TM喉罩在腹腔镜直肠癌切除术中应用能达到与气管导管同样的通气效果,对麻醉过程中血流动力学、呼吸参数影响更小,术中术后不良反应显著减少,且操作简单、易学,与气管插管方法相比在临床应用有更好的安全性及优越性。     

可视喉镜在解剖结构异常的困难气道脑动脉瘤栓塞术患者的应用

目的　评价UE可视喉镜在解剖结构异常的困难气道脑动脉瘤栓塞术患者气管插管的临床应用价值。 方法　20例脑动脉瘤栓塞术的患者, ASAII～III级,Mallampati气道分级Ⅲ～IV级,随机分为UE可视喉镜组（A组）和Macintosh直视喉镜组（B组）,每组10例。记录两组患者插管时间,插管成功率,气管插管前(T0)、置入气管导管时min(T1)、置入气管导管后1min（T2）、3min（T3）和5min（T4）的Sp02、HR、SBP及DBP,以及气管插管不良反应的发生情况。 结果　T1、T2和T3时B组的HR、SBP及DBP高于A组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;T4时B组患者HR、SBP及DBP高于A组,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。A组患者插管时间显著低于B组患者,总的不良反应发生率A组显著低于B组。 结论　UE可视喉镜可减轻解剖结构异常的困难气道脑动脉瘤栓塞术患者气管插管时的应激反应,能有效保障患者围麻醉期的安全。     

高流量湿化氧疗与无创正压通气治疗Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭效果比较

目的:比较高流量湿化氧疗(HFNC)与无创正压通气(NPPV)治疗Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者的临床效果。方法:选取2016年4月至2018年6月在中南大学湘雅二医院接受治疗的160例Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者,按照随机数字法分为NPPV组与HFNC组,每组80例。分析两组患者在住院期间不带呼吸机的时间、28 d内行气管插管例数、30 d死亡率、总住院时间,同时监测患者0～48 h呼吸频率、氧合指数变化,以及疼痛、腹胀、吞咽功能、营养支持途径情况。结果:HFNC组患者吞咽功能洼田饮水实验分级明显优于NPPV组(P0.05)。HFNC组28 d内行气管插管例数与30 d死亡率明显低于NPPV组(P0.05),总住院时间明显短于NPPV组(P0.05),而两组不带呼吸机的时间比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。HFNC组与NPPV组在营养支持途径(完全经口进食、可经口进食、肠内/外营养、完全肠外营养)情况比较,无统计学意义(P0.05),HFNC组腹胀发生率为5.50%,明显低于NPPV组的22.50%(P0.05)。两组患者呼吸频率随着治疗时间延长逐渐减低,在不同时间点(6、24、48 h)的呼吸频率明显小于治疗0 h(P0.05);氧合指数随着治疗时间延长逐渐上升,在不同时间点(6、24、48 h)的氧合指数明显大于治疗0 h(P0.05);同时HFNC组在不同时间点(6、24 h)的呼吸频率明显低于NPPV组(P0.05),而两组在不同时间点(6、24、48 h)的氧合指数比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:HFNC治疗Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者较NPPV具有更低的腹胀发生率,且对吞咽功能影响更小,28 d内行气管插管例数更少,30 d死亡率更低,同时呼吸频率与氧合指数均明显改善,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

光棒与插管型喉罩在辅助气管内插管中的比较

目的 比较光棒与插管型喉罩在盲探气管插管中应用的效果.方法 80例择期全身麻醉手术患者,年龄48 ～ 72岁,美国麻醉医师协会分级(ASA)Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,Mallampatis Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分为光棒组(G组)和插管型喉罩组(H组),每组40例,麻醉诱导用药相同.记录两组插管情况及插管时间,于麻醉诱导前3 min (T0)、插管后1 min (T1)、3 min (T2)、5 min(T3)记录患者的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)变化,记录拔管后患者不良反应发生情况.结果 G组首次插管成功率为80％,二次插管成功率为15％;H组首次插管成功率为85％,二次插管成功率为12％,两组总成功率差异无统计学意义.插管时间G组为(40.2±14)s,明显短于H组(72.4±12)s(P＜0.05).两组插管后1 min、3 min患者的MAP较诱导前升高,HR较诱导前增快[G组(93±18)、(86±13)mm Hg和(70±15)bpm,H组(90±15)、(88±12)mm Hg和(72±9)bpm,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa,(P＜0.05)],组间比较差异无统计学意义.拔管后呛咳、咽痛等不良反应两组亦差异无统计学意义.结论 光棒与插管型喉罩在盲探气管插管中成功率高、并发症少、对血流动力学影响轻微,是安全有效的气管插管器具.     

不同通气方式对髋关节置换高血压患者应激反应的影响

背景：髋关节置换患者全麻时,气管插管可造成咽喉和气管感受器的物理刺激,会引起患者的应激反应增强,尤其是高血压患者。Supreme喉罩能够减轻围术期患者心血管应激反应,降低气道并发症。 目的：观察Supreme喉罩和气管插管对高血压患者髋关节置换应激反应的影响。 方法：取2010年1月至2014年9月于江苏省沭阳仁慈医院行人工髋关节置换的患者45例,采用随机数字表法将患者均分为两组,喉罩组23例,气管插管组22例。两组患者均采用相同的麻醉诱导和维持方法,置换过程中连续监测患者的收缩压、舒张压、心率及血氧饱和度,分别记录两组麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管(喉罩)后即刻(T1)、5 min(T2)、15 min(T3)时收缩压、舒张压、血氧饱和度、心率及血糖、血浆肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、血清皮质醇、血管紧张素Ⅱ及心钠素水平。 结果与结论：喉罩组患者收缩压与舒张压在T1-T3时间点较T0时明显降低(P < 0.05);心率、血氧饱和度在T0-T3各时间点比较平稳,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。气管插管组患者收缩压、舒张压在T1时较T0时显著升高,收缩压在T2、T3时较T0明显降低,舒张压在T3时较T0显著降低(P < 0.05),心率、血氧饱和度在T1时间点显著升高(P < 0.05)。与T组比较,喉罩组患者收缩压与舒张压在T1-T3时间点显著降低(P < 0.05),心率在T1、T2较T组明显减慢(P < 0.05),血氧饱和度在T1显著高于T组(P < 0.05)。与T0时比较,T1-T3时气管插管组血糖、血浆肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素浓度和皮质醇含量明显升高,且显著高于喉罩组(P < 0.05)。T1-T3时气管插管组血管紧张素Ⅱ水平较T0时显著增高,且均高于喉罩组。T1-T3时两组心钠素含量明显升高,气管插管组显著高于喉罩组(P < 0.05)。可见喉罩对于这些与应激相关的生化指标的影响较小,这也是其对患者血流动力学影响较小的生理基础。提示与气管插管比较,喉罩可明显减轻高血压患者全麻状态下髋关节置换时的应激反应。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

两种导管塑形方法在双腔气管导管插管中的比较分析

目的:双腔气管导管(DLT)插管中应用两种导管塑型方法的效果.方法:该研究共纳入对象60例,纳入时间2017年6月～2021年6月.均为DLT插管患者,随机数字表法分为2组,对照组双腔气管导管塑成小J型,观察组双腔气管导管塑成大J型,比较两组效果,以及检查后炎性指标情况及麻醉诱导前(T1),插管前即刻(T2),暴露声门时(T3),插管后1 rain(T4)、3rain(T5)、5min(T6)的平均动脉压(mean arterialpressure,MAP)和心率(heart rate,HR).结果:观察组插管操作时间更少,插管阻力评分更低,纤维支气管镜定位时间更短,导管对准声门契合率更高,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),两组一次插管成功率、支气管插管错位率、口唇损伤率、牙齿损伤率、声音嘶哑率、咽喉疼痛率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);检查后炎性指标比较,观察组血清降钙素原(PCT)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)更低,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);两组患者的T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6的MAP和HR间无差异(P>0.05).结论:大J型双腔气管导管塑形,导管与声门契合率更高,可减少插管时间,减轻插管阻力,且能减轻插管后炎性反应,但在其他指标上二者无明显差异.     

自动导管阻力补偿技术联合压力支持通气对撤机患者呼吸力学参数的影响

目的观察自动导管阻力补偿技术（ATC）联合压力支持通气（PSV）对接受机械通气支持的撤机患者在自主呼吸试验（SBT）时通气参数的影响。方法呼吸衰竭患者16例．其中男性9例,女性7例,年龄（65±6）岁,基础疾病均为慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）．所有入选患者均为接受气管插管（导管直径7．0～8．0mm）并机械通气支持至少24h以上,在治疗过程中病情稳定进入撤机阶段者。患者随机接受不同辅助通气模式（ATC、PSV或ATC＋PSV）进行SBT,持续时间均为60min。预置持续气道正压（CPAP）／呼气末气道正压（PEEP）为0．49kPa（5cmH2O）,ATC时根据气管导管类型与直径将补偿比例设置为100％,PSV的吸气压力支持（PS）水平则为0．78kPa（8cmH2O）,吸气触发灵敏度为2L／min。结果ATC＋PSV时的气道峰压（PIP）明显高于标准PSV时,且出现在吸气早期;吸气峰流速（PIFR）与呼气峰流速（PEFR）也均显著增高,达峰容积比（VPEFR/VTE）则由PSV时的7．9％±0．4％降至3．7％±0．3％（P〈0．05）;但潮气量（VT）、呼吸频率（RR）、分钟通气量（MV）和浅快呼吸指数（RSBI）等参数差异则无统计学意义（P〈0．05）。ATC时患者的PIP最低,VT与ATC＋PSV相比略减小,但差异无统计学意义;RR和RSBI则明显增高。ATC时的PIFR低于PSV和ATC＋PSV时,PEFR则与ATC＋PSV时相近．而较PSV增高。结论ATC技术与PSV一样均通过提供一定的预置压力,以帮助患者在自主呼吸状态克服人工气道所引起的阻力。但与PSV的固定水平压力补偿所不同．ATC时呼吸机所提供的压力补偿是根据实际气流变化而相应改变,且对呼气也有效。     

压力支持通气与压力控制通气应用于小儿腹腔镜短小手术的效果比较

目的探讨压力支持通气（PSv）模式在小儿气管内全麻下腹腔镜短小手术的效果。方法收集本院2011年2月至2012年12月择期拟行腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术患儿60例,年龄3—11岁,体质量14～40妇,美国麻醉师协会（ASA）分级I级,随机分为使用PSV组（s组,n=30）和压力控制通气模式（PCV）组（c组,n=30）。两组患儿静脉注射芬太尼2mg／kg、丙泊酚2mg／kg、琥珀胆碱1．5mg／妇麻醉诱导,插入气管导管。插管成功后,均吸人七氟醚维持麻醉,呼气末七氟醚浓度维持在1．3～1．5MAC（最低肺泡有效浓度）。c组患儿术中以PCV控制呼吸至气管导管拔管期,维持呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）于35—45mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）,患儿出现自主呼吸时以静脉注射顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵（0．1mg／kg）维持肌松。s组患儿以PCV至气管导管拔管期,维持P即c02于35～45mmHg,患儿出现自主呼吸时,使用PSV的通气模式控制呼吸,术中不追加任何肌肉松弛药。两组患儿均在停止气腹时停止吸人七氟醚。分别记录麻醉诱导前（T0）、气管插管完毕（T1）、气腹开始（T2）、气腹5min（T3）、气腹10min（T4）、停止气腹（T5）、术毕（T6）、气管导管拔管时（T7）各时间点时两组患儿平均动脉压（MBP）、心率（HR）的变化。记录手术和气管导管拔管的时间。结果与T0时比较,c组患儿T1～T6时MBP、HR的差异均无统计学意义,T7时HR、MBP明显升高（均P〈0．05）。s组组内比较,患儿T0～T7时MBP、HR的差异均无统计学意义。C组患儿T0-Te时与s组患儿MBP、HR的差异均无统计学意义,T,时c组患儿HR、MBP明显高于S组患儿（均P〈0．05）。C组患儿的气管导管拔管时间比s组患儿长[（23±5）min比（6±2）min,P〈0．05]。结论PSV通气模式无需合用长效肌松药,拔管时间短,拔管时心血管反应轻微,非常适用于小儿腹腔镜短小手术。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.