多发性肌炎/皮肌炎合并肺间质病变21例临床分析

目的研究多发性肌炎和皮肌炎（PM/DM）合并肺间质病变（ILD）的临床特点。方法回顾性分析89例PM/DM患者的临床表现、影像学和实验室检查,并对上述资料做对比分析。结果（1）87例DM患者中有21例合并ILD,发病率为23.6%。合并ILD组发热、关节痛和抗Jo-1抗体阳性的发生率高,差异有显著性;而肌酸激酶（CK）、谷草转氨酶（AST）显著低于无ILD组。结论PM/DM合并ILD的发生率高。其发生与发热、关节痛和抗Jo-1抗体、CK、AST有相关性。     

肌炎特异性抗体亚型在多肌炎/皮肌炎患者临床特征及预后中的价值

目的探讨不同肌炎特异性抗体（MSAs）亚型与多肌炎（PM）/皮肌炎（DM）患者临床特征的相关性,及对患者预后的影响。方法收集2017年1月至2020年1月宁波市第一医院住院的PM/DM患者临床资料,包括11种MSAs亚型,与临床特征进行相关性分析,进一步logistic回归分析MSAs亚型是否为临床特征的独立影响因素,同时分析不同MSAs亚型PM/DM患者的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,多因素Cox回归分析影响PM/DM患者预后的因素。结果137例PM/DM患者,DM131例,PM6例,MSAs总体阳性率77.37%,以抗组氨酰tRNA酶（Jo-1）抗体、抗黑色素分化相关基因5（MDA5）抗体、抗转录中介因子1-γ（TIF1-γ）抗体最多见,阳性率分别为19.71%、13.87%、15.33%,不同MSAs与PM/DM患者不同临床特征密切相关,抗TIF1-γ、抗NXP抗体阳性者易出现吞咽障碍（字2=24.847,P＜0.001;P=0.005）,抗ARS、抗Jo-1抗体阳性者易出现肌痛（字2=4.314、7.146,均P＜0.05）,抗Jo-1、抗MDA5抗体阳性者易出现肌无力（字2=6.245、8.865,均P＜0.05）,抗MDA5抗体阳性者易出现向阳疹、Gottron疹、溃疡性皮疹（字2=37.198、14.724、104.492,均P＜0.05）,抗ARS、抗Jo-1、抗EJ、抗MDA5抗体阳性者较易出现技工手（字2=35.298、27.779、20.012、8.006,均P＜0.05）,抗ARS、抗Jo-1、抗MDA5、抗Mi-2抗体阳性者易出现发热（字2=11.745、25.291、20.078、6.255,均P＜0.05）。抗氨基酰tRNA合成酶抗体（ARS）抗体是PM/DM发生肺间质病变（ILD）的独立危险因素（OR=4.348,95%CI：1.653~11.436,P=0.003）,抗TIF1-γ抗体是PM/DM合并肿瘤的独立危险因素（OR=5.483,95%CI：1.427~21.065,P=0.013）。所有PM/DM患者随访1~37个月,死亡8例,累计生存率84.2％,不同MSAs患者预后差异无统计学意义,多因素回归分析并未显示MSAs是影响PM/DM患者生存的独立危险因素。结论PM/DM患者血清中MSAs阳性率高,不同MSAs与不同临床特征相关,密切关注抗ARS抗体PM/DM患者的ILD,积极筛查肿瘤尤其是存在抗TIF1-γ抗体的PM/DM患者,MSAs并不直接影响PM/DM患者的短期预后。     

多发性肌炎／皮肌炎合并肺间质病变39例临床分析

目的研究多发性肌炎和皮肌炎（PM／DM）合并肺间质病变（ILD）的临床特点。方法回顾性分析122例PM／DM患者的临床表现和实验室检查,根据有无合并ILD分组,并对两组临床表现和实验室检查进行比较。结果122例PM／DM患者中有39例合并ILD,发病率为31．97％。ILD组免疫球蛋白G升高、关节痛和抗Jo-1抗体阳性的发生率高于无ILD组（均P〈0．05）;ILD组Gottron丘疹阳性率低于无ILD组（P〈0．05）。结论PM／DM合并ILD的发生与免疫球蛋白G、关节痛和抗Jo—1抗体呈正相关,与Gottron丘疹发生呈负相关。     

血清肌炎特异性抗体与肌炎相关性抗体在多发性肌炎中的表达量及临床意义

目的 探讨血清肌炎特异性抗体与肌炎相关性抗体（抗Ro52、Jo-1、Mi-2、PL-7、PL-12抗体）在多发性肌炎（PM）中的表达量及临床意义。方法 选取贵州医科大学附属医院2015年1月—2017年1月接诊的60例PM患者展开回顾性研究,将其设为观察组,另选取同期本院门诊体检中心接诊的60例健康体检者设为对照组。检测、比较两组血清抗Ro52、Jo-1、Mi-2、PL-7、PL-12抗体阳性率,比较PM患者中是否合并肺间质疾病（ILD）、心脏损害的血清抗Ro52、Jo-1、Mi-2、PL-7、PL-12抗体阳性率,对60例PM患者进行为期5年的随访,采用Kaplan-Meire法进行生存分析,以Graph Pad Prism8.0绘制生存曲线,绘制受试者工作曲线（ROC）计算曲线下面积（AUC）,分析抗Ro52、Jo-1、Mi-2、PL-7、PL-12抗体对PM患者预后预测价值。结果 观察组血清抗Ro52、Jo-1、Mi-2、PL-7、PL-12抗体阳性率均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。合并ILD组血清抗Ro52、Jo-1、Mi-2、PL-7、PL-12抗体阳性率均高于无ILD组（P＜0.05）。合并心脏损害组血清抗Ro52、Jo-1、Mi-2、PL-7、PL-12抗体阳性率均高于无心脏损害组（P＜0.05）。60例PM患者中位生存时间48.14个月,5年生存率为85.00%,抗Ro52、Jo-1、Mi-2、PL-7、PL-12抗体阴性、阳性组生存曲线无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。抗Ro52、Jo-1、Mi-2、PL-7、PL-12抗体联合检测预测PM患者预后的AUC是0.795（95%CI：0.711～0.963）,联合检测的灵敏度（90.34%）及特异度（88.14%）均高于单独检测（P＜0.05）。结论 PM患者抗Ro52、Jo-1、Mi-2、PL-7、PL-12抗体阳性率较高,以上抗体联合检测可提高对PM患者预后预测效能,具有重要的指导价值     

多发性肌炎/皮肌炎的肺部病变特点分析

目的:探讨多发性肌炎和皮肌炎(PM/DM)患者的肺部病变特点,以利于临床诊断、指导治疗。方法:回顾性分析71例PM/DM的肺部影像学、肺功能测定、超声心动图资料及相关因素,并对上述资料进行比较分析。结果:PM/DM的肺部病变发生率为54.9%,其中肺间质病变(ILD)最多见,其次为胸膜炎和肺动脉高压,肺功能异常以小气道损害为主。合并ILD组发热、关节炎和抗Jo-1抗体阳性的发生率高,而肌酸激酶(CK)、谷草转氨酶(AST)显著低于无ILD组。DM组易伴发肿瘤。结论:PM/DM患者肺部病变发生率高,以ILD多见,其发生与发热、关节炎、CK、AST、抗Jo-1抗体有相关性。小气道是PM/DM的肺部病变的主要部位。     

抗Jo-1抗体阳性多发肌炎/皮肌炎患者肺部受累影像特点分析

目的提高临床医生对抗Jo-1抗体阳性多发性肌炎（PM）或皮肌炎（DM）患者肺部受累影像学的认识,提高诊断水平,准确评估预后。方法对四川大学华西医院2007年12月至2013年7月21例抗Jo-1抗体阳性PM/DM患者的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学结果进行回顾性分析。结果抗Jo-1抗体阳性PM/DM患者绝大多数（80.95%）具备典型肺间质性病变表现,胸部影像学主要为磨玻璃影以及网格影;比较抗Jo-1抗体阴性PM/DM患者而言,抗Jo-1抗体阳性患者出现肺间质性病变的几率更高（P〈0.05）;伴有继发性间质性肺病是PM/DM预后不良的主要危险因素;个别抗Jo-1抗体阳性PM/DM患者会以肺部表现为首发症状,表现形式类似肺炎。结论抗Jo-1抗体阳性PM/DM患者常常并发继发性肺间质病变,多数患者影像学上表现符合间质性肺炎特征,个别表现类似肺炎。提高临床医生对此类疾病的认识,提高诊断水平,有助于判断预后。     

我国川东北地区多发性肌炎/皮肌炎合并间质性肺疾病患者的临床特征及其影响因素研究

背景　多发性肌炎（PM）/皮肌炎（DM）患者合并间质性肺疾病（ILD）是PM/DM主要致死因素,致死率在50%以上。目前国内对PM/DM合并ILD（PM/DM-ILD）临床特征及其影响因素的研究较少,且研究结果各不相同,尚缺乏有效证据证实哪些因素与PM/DM-ILD的发生有关。目的　探讨PM/DM-ILD患者的临床特征及其影响因素。方法　选取2014-01-01至2018-06-30于川北医学院附属医院诊治的119例PM/DM患者为研究对象,将其分为ILD组与非间质性肺疾病（NILD）组。比较两组一般情况、临床表现、实验室指标、肺部高分辨率CT（HRCT）结果及预后情况。采用逐步Logistic回归分析PM/DM-ILD的影响因素。结果　ILD组患者年龄,关节炎首发、呼吸道症状首发、技工手、雷诺现象、干咳、咳痰、活动后气促、发热、关节炎发生率,红细胞沉降率（ESR）、球蛋白（GLOB）水平,抗Jo-1抗体阳性率高于NILD组,肌无力首发、肌酸激酶（CK）、CK/天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、清蛋白（ALB）水平低于NILD组（P<0.05）。ILD组中60例患者肺部HRCT以条索影（68.3%,41/60）、斑片影（68.3%,41/60）、网格状影（45.0%,27/60）、磨玻璃样（31.7%,19/60）、云絮状影（15.0%,9/60）、蜂窝状影（10.0%,6/60）等表现多见,可单独或同时出现;NILD组25.4%（15/59）的肺部HRCT也会出现少量条索影、斑片影、磨玻璃影等,但其病变部位、分布范围和病变程度均不满足ILD的影像学诊断标准,多属既往疾病的陈旧性改变。逐步Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、干咳、活动后气促、关节炎、GLOB、抗Jo-1抗体水平是PM/DM-ILD的影响因素（P<0.05）。ILD组患者重复住院率（χ2=5.275,P=0.022）、肺部感染致重复住院率（P=0.010）高于NILD组。两组治疗效果比较,差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.192,P=0.909）。结论　年龄大,干咳、关节炎、活动后气促症状,血清抗Jo-1抗体阳性,GLOB水平升高是PM/DM-ILD发生的危险因素,对表现上述症状及血清学结果的高龄患者需密切检测其肺功能及肺部HRCT的改变。     

抗氨基酰tRNA合成酶抗体阳性的多发性肌炎/皮肌炎患者的临床特征

目的探讨抗氨基酰tRNA合成酶(ARS)抗体阳性的多发性肌炎/皮肌炎(PM/DM)的临床特征。方法回顾性分析2014年9月至2017年11月我科诊断的PM/DM患者的临床资料,包括临床表现、实验室检查、影像学结果等。结果共诊断39例PM/DM患者,其中抗ARS抗体阳性者24例(包括抗Jo-1抗体阳性者14例,非抗Jo-1抗体阳性者10例),抗ARS抗体阴性者15例。抗ARS抗体阳性者更容易合并肺间质病变(P0.05),肌无力、技工手表现更常见于抗Jo-1抗体阳性的患者(P0.05),非抗Jo-1抗体阳性患者多表现为无肌病的DM病程(P0.05)。结论非抗Jo-1抗体阳性的抗ARS抗体阳性患者与抗Jo-1抗体阳性患者的临床症状相似,非特异性间质性肺炎重叠机化性肺炎(NSIP/OP)在抗Jo-1抗体阳性的PM/DM患者中较为常见。当临床表现为无肌病的DM病程且抗Jo-1抗体阴性时,需警惕非Jo-1抗体综合征。     

多发性肌炎与皮肌炎并发肺间质病变与抗Jo-1抗体的关系

目的通过研究多发性肌炎(PM)和皮肌炎(DM)合并肺间质病变(ILD)患者的临床特点及其与抗Jo-1抗体的关系,探讨如何减少误诊和漏诊。方法回顾性对比分析抗Jo-1抗体阳性36例和阴性118例PM/DM患者,比较两组首发症状、临床及免疫学特征。结果抗Jo-1抗体阳性组以呼吸道症状首发者明显高于阴性组(52.8%vs 3.4%,P<0.05),伴发肺部感染、多关节炎、发热等症状多,RF阳性率较高,与抗R0-52、抗SSA/SSB相关性较强,检出率较高,易误诊或漏诊。部分PM/DM合并ILD患者仅有呼吸困难症状易误诊为心衰、特发性肺间质纤维化、肺部感染等疾病,而部分患者却因无相关呼吸系统症状而漏诊ILD。结论 PM/DM或肺间质性病变患者,均需积极完善包括抗Jo-1抗体的抗核抗体谱、肌酶谱的检测及高分辨螺旋CT、肺功能等检查,以减少误诊和漏诊。     

多发性肌炎／皮肌炎合并间质性肺疾病的临床分析

目的探讨多发性肌炎／皮肌炎（PM／DM）合并间质性肺疾病（ILD）患者的临床表现、实验室检查、胸部影像学及肺功能的变化及意义。方法对住院的PM／DM并ILD患者7例（男性5例,女性2例,平均年龄55．7岁;5例为DM,2例为PM）均进行血清酶学和自身抗体测定、高分辨率CT（HRCT）及肺功能检查和皮肤肌肉活检。结果6例患者出现酶学增高,以肌酸激酶（CK）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）增高明显;4例患者抗核抗体（ANA）（＋）,2例抗Jo-1抗体（＋）;皮肤肌肉活检病理诊断符合肌炎、皮肌炎改变。HRCT提示4例肺出现网点影及斑片阴影,3例出现双肺磨玻璃样病变和实变阴影。7例患者均出现限制性通气功能障碍,一氧化碳弥散量（DLCO）明显降低。6例患者使用糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂治疗。5例患者治疗后病情稳定,1例患者死亡。结论HRCT可以及早发现PM／DM肺部病变。CK明显增高和抗Jo-1抗体阳性是诊断DM／PM并ILD的重要指标。患者可出现严重的弥散功能低下,应用激素合并免疫抑制剂治疗可取得较好疗效。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.