黑龙江省抚远口岸2019—2021年蜱类及其携带病原体调查

目的 分析抚远口岸蜱类监测数据,掌握口岸蜱类种属构成、季节消长及携带病原体情况,为抚远口岸蜱类防制及蜱传疾病的有效防控提供依据。方法 2019—2021年4-9月,采用人工小时布旗法采集蜱,种类鉴定后检测7种病原体核酸。结果 共采获蜱类351只,计1科3属4种,分别是日本血蜱、嗜群血蜱、全沟硬蜱、森林革蜱。检出3种病原体,其中斑点热群立克次体阳性率最高,为16.81%;日本血蜱的斑点热群立克次体感染率最高（66.67%）,嗜群血蜱的伯氏疏螺旋体（11.22%）和巴尔通体感染率最高（4.08%）。结论 黑龙江省抚远口岸蜱类携带立克次体、伯氏疏螺旋体等多种病原体,应加强对该地区蜱类和蜱传疾病的监测。     

吉林省重要媒介蜱与莱姆病关系的研究

目的探讨重要媒介蜱类与莱姆病的关系。方法根据多年收集的蜱类标本鉴定,结合血清流行病学调查结果,探讨两者关系。结果吉林省有蜱类2科5属15种。结论全沟硬蜱是吉林省莱姆病的主要媒介。     

西藏蜱的种类及其地理分布

蜱类刺吸人、畜、禽及野生动物的血液，传播多种疾病，是一类重要的医学媒介节肢动物。为了解西藏地区蜱的种类及地理分布，笔者根据多年来采自西藏并保存在昆虫动物标本室的蜱类标本和收集的相关文献资料，对西藏蜱类的地理分布及寄生宿主进行了研究整理。迄今为止，已知西藏自治区的蜱类有2科9属41种，其中，软蜱科仅有1属1种；硬蜱科有8属40种。     

宁夏蜱类种群及分布

目的：调查宁夏蜱类种群及分布情况。方法：用布旗法在自然生境采集，以牛、羊体表直接查捉，并鉴定种群。结果：已知蜱类隶属２种６属１８种，其中１属４种（扇头蜱属的血红扇头蜱、卵圆硬蜱、全沟硬蜱、嗜群血蜱）为宁夏首次发现。本次共采集鉴定１４１只蜱，全沟硬蜱占６８８％，为优势种群。按宁夏昆虫地理划分及区系分布，蜱类分布于３个昆虫区（Ⅰ～Ⅲ）和３个昆虫亚区（Ⅲ１～Ⅲ３），且各有其分布特点。结论：全沟硬蜱是当地莱姆病的生物媒介     

黑龙江省中俄边境七个口岸蜱类调查

目的 摸清边境口岸蜱的种类，为预防蜱传疾病由国境传入传出提供科学依据。方法 采用人工小时布旗法，对7个口岸不同生境的蜱进行调查。结果 经180人工小时的调查，获蜱6554只，隶属1科3属4种。不同生境4种蜱均有分布，但优势种不同。     

福建省印支革蜱亚属Subgenus Indocentor的分类研究

目的明确福建省印支革蜱亚属Indocentor的种类。方法在Olympus SZX9体视显微镜下观察并鉴定标本,用Olympus DP71显微相机为标本摄像。结果经重新鉴定,福建省现存的印支革蜱亚属标本有台湾革蜱Dermacentor taiwanensis及丽板革蜱D.bellulus。结论文献中报道的福建省金泽革蜱D.auratus是台湾革蜱的误定,福建省印支革蜱亚属种类应订正为台湾革蜱与丽板革蜱两种。     

塔里木盆地蜱类群落组成和分布

目的 掌握塔里木盆地蜱类群落的组成和分布规律。方法 按照地理区划和生境类型选择调查点进行蜱类种类和数量调查，采用群落生态学技术方法，计算不同生态环境条件下的蜱类群落组成。结果 在塔里木盆地共采获蜱类5属9种，以亚东璃眼蜱（Hyalomma asiaticum kozlovi）和亚洲璃眼蜱指名亚种（Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum）为优势种类，分别占35．8％和33．6％。但在不同地区和生态环境的蜱类群落组成有所不同。叶尔羌河流域及北部塔里木河中上游地区蜱类种类丰富，共采获5属8种，占捕获总种数的88．9％。游离蜱指数较塔里木东部和南部低，分别为30．47、84．30和85．31，寄生蜱指数高，分别为15．19、10．10和10.85。璃眼蜱属蜱类以亚东璃眼蜱为主，占92．0％，亚洲璃眼蜱占有很少比例，为5．8％，寄生蜱以图兰扇头蜱（Rhipicephalus turanicus）为主，但较塔里木东部和南部低，分别为55．8％、65．8％和74．7％，血红扇头蜱（Rhipicephalus sanguineus）仅占很小的比例，占0．2％；塔里木盆地东部和南部蜱类群落组成基本一致，均为2属5种，较西北部少。游离蜱指数明显较西北部高，寄生蜱指数低。游离蜱中亚洲璃眼蜱指名亚种在南部地区占主要地位，为72．6％，而在东部地区以亚东璃眼蜱为主，为66．9％，存在25％左右的交叉，寄生蜱中以图兰扇头蜱为主，并较西北部的比例偏高，血红扇头蜱的比例达10％左右，与银盾革蜱（Dermacentor niveus）基本一致，较西北部高出20倍左右。结论 塔里木盆地蜱类动物地理区划在宏观上是基本一致的，但在不同地理景观和生态环境中蜱类的群落结构却存在极大的差异。     

江苏省蜱及其携带莱姆病螺旋体初步调查

目的：了解我省莱姆病主要传播媒介蜱的种类、分布、消长及其携带莱姆病螺旋体情况。方法：在山区、林区用布旗法及动物体外捕捉法收集蜱，并进行病原体分离。结果：我省长江南北均有蜱存在，隶属１科２属４种；蜱密度有明显季节性，４月初出现，５～６月为高峰，８月逐渐下降，至１０月下旬消失；蜱研磨培养２５组５０管，３个月定期镜检，未发现莱姆病螺旋体。结论：我省蜱的莱姆病传播媒介和贮存宿主作用尚不能定论     

青海省蜱的种类与地理分布

目的调查青海省蜱的种类与地理分布。方法采用布旗法和动物体表采集法采获蜱标本。结果青海省有27种蜱，北部山地有9种蜱，柴达木盆地有8种蜱，青南高原有19种蜱。结论草原革蜱、波斯锐缘蜱、翘缘锐缘蜱在3个地理区划中均有分布，其他蜱的分布有明显的地理特征，发现蜱类新记录15种。     

陕西省蜱的种类与自然地理分布

目的调查陕西省蜱的种类与自然地理分布。方法采用布旗法和动物体表采集法采获蜱类标本。结果陕西省有26种蜱，长角血蜱、波斯锐缘蜱、翘缘锐缘蜱在陕西省6个自然地理区划内均有分布，其他蜱的分布有一定的地理特征。结论发现陕西省蜱类新记录12种。     

宁波市动物染蜱情况调查结果分析

目的:初步了解宁波市动物染蜱现状,为进一步建立蜱媒传染病综合监测系统。方法:采用现状调查方法,摸清宁波市家养和野外动物染蜱情况。结果:家养动物蜱感染率为29.94%,以狗染蜱最高;野外动物染蜱阳性率为6.67%;动物染蜱部位以肩背、耳廓和颈部等前半身最常见。结论:宁波市动物染蜱情况不容乐观,应引起公共卫生部门的重视。     

Detection of tick-borne pathogens in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and dogs from different districts of Portugal

Dogs are highly exposed to pathogens transmitted by ectoparasites. The Mediterranean climate of Southern Europe, together with the presence of stray and/or neglected pets in close proximity with humans, contribute for tick expansion and stand for increased risk to infections in humans due to the zoonotic potential of many of these agents.The aim of this study was to perform a molecular survey in dogs (suspected of tick-borne disease and/or infested with ticks), as well as in ticks collected from those animals, from 12 districts of Portugal to investigate the occurrence of Rickettsia spp. and other tick-borne pathogens (Babesia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma and Hepatozoon). Additionally, a serological survey of spotted fever group Rickettsia in Portuguese dogs was performed using an in-house immunofluorescence assay (IFA).A total of 200 whole-blood samples and 221 Rhipicephalus sanguineus s. l. ticks were collected from dogs.A total of 14 (7 %) blood samples and 10 (4.5 %) ticks yielded presumptively positive 420-bp amplicons using the Rickettsia spp. partial ompB nested PCR. Screening of the ompB-positive samples using the gltA gene showed 8 positive ticks. All Rickettsia ompB and gltA sequences had the highest identity with R. massiliae. The Rickettsia-positive dogs were further tested for other tick-borne pathogens and were found to be infected with Babesia spp. (n = 5), but not with Ehrlichia, Anaplasma or Hepatozoon.Of the 149 dog serum specimens tested in the serological assay, 103 (69 %) were positive for IgG antibodies against spotted fever group Rickettsia. Antibodies were found in dogs from all the studied districts, in 55 (53 %) of the stray and in 48 (47 %) of the owned dogs.Our study detected and characterized for the first time R. massiliae in dogs from Portugal, broadening the geographical range of this canine pathogen and adding knowledge to the impact of this disease in dogs.     

Simultaneous differential detection of canine blood parasites: Multiplex high-resolution melting analysis (mHRM)

Recently, the incidence of canine infection by the tick-borne parasites Babesia spp., Hepatozoon canis, Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys has been increasing globally. We have developed a multiplex high-resolution melting analysis (mHRM) technique to reduce the time demands and costs associated with detecting haemoparasites in canine blood, while increasing the degree of reliability of this method of analysis. We have designed primers that are specific for protozoans (B. vogeli and H. canis) and Rickettsia-like bacteria (E. canis and A. platys) based on the 18S or 16S rDNA sequences, respectively. Two primer pairs (Protz18S-C and Bact16S-A) were found to be suitable for detecting these agents since their melting temperatures (T_m) exhibited discernible differences among the four haemoparasites, A. platys, B. vogeli, E. canis and H. canis (83.10 °C, 82.41 °C, 80.37 °C and 78.56 °C, respectively). The sequences acquired from these PCR products were >94 % identical to those of A. platys, B. vogeli, E. canis and H. canis in GenBank. The limit of detection (LOD) for B. vogeli, E. canis and A. platys was 10³ copies/μl, while the LOD for H. canis was 10⁴ copies/μl. Of the 68 dogs tested, 28 (41 %) were infected with these agents. The most commonly occurring infection involved E. canis, followed by B. vogeli, A. platys and H. canis, with infection percentages of 26 %, 13 %, 7 % and 6 %, respectively. These results demonstrate that mHRM can serve as a rapid, economical and reliable tool for the detection of parasitic diseases in canine blood for diagnosis and epidemiology.     

黑龙江省11个边境口岸蜱类调查

〔目的〕调查黑龙江省11个边境口岸蜱的种群组成。〔方法〕采用人工小时布旗法采集蜱。〔结果〕在黑龙江省11个边境口岸采获蜱3926只,计3属4种。林缘的优势种群为森林革蜱(95.9%);针阔混交林为全沟硬蜱(46.1%)和森林革蜱(31.8%)。不同口岸的蜱种组成有所不同。绥芬河口岸蜱密度指数最高(93.1%只/人工小时)。不同生境蜱密度指数有所不同。4种蜱的雌雄比:日本血蜱2.7:1,森林革蜱1.7:1,嗜群血蜱1.3:1,全沟硬蜱1.1:1。〔结论〕本次调查为黑龙江省边境口岸地区的蜱种群组成研究提供了依据。     

北京东灵山地区鼠类体外寄生蜱类群落的研究

目的：研究北京东灵山地区鼠类体外寄生蜱类群落结构。方法：1998年6月－1999年5月在北京东灵山地区的3类生境中一年共采集到鼠类体外蜱类3种416只,用群落生态学方法计算群落结构、多样性和相似性指数。结果：农田和灌丛中各寄生蜱群落优势种明显,在森林却不明显。蜱类群落中,全沟硬蜱为不同鼠种体外蜱类群落的优势种。结论：3类生境主要鼠种体外寄生蜱类群落结构简单,生物多样性指数较低。     

Vector competence studies with hard ticks and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes: A review

Use of emerging technology allowing for identification of genetic material from pathogens and endosymbionts in ticks collected from humans, domestic animals, wildlife, or the environment has resulted in an avalanche of new data on tick-microorganism associations. This rapidly growing stream of new information is a tremendous resource but also presents challenges, including how detection of pathogen genetic material in ticks should best be interpreted. There is a tendency in the more recent published literature to incorrectly use the term “vector” based on detection of pathogen genetic material from tick species not experimentally confirmed to serve as vectors of the pathogen in question. To serve as a vector of a horizontally maintained pathogen, such as a Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) Lyme borreliosis spirochete, the tick species in question must be capable of acquiring the pathogen while feeding in the larval or nymphal stage on an infectious host, maintaining it transstadially through the molt, and then transmitting the pathogen to a naïve host while feeding in the subsequent nymphal or adult stage. This review examines the experimental evidence for and against species of hard (ixodid) ticks from different genera to serve as vectors of B. burgdorferi s.l. spirochetes. Of the 18 Ixodes species ticks evaluated to date, 13 were experimentally confirmed as vectors of B. burgdorferi s.l. spirochetes. These studies focused primarily on the three major Lyme borreliosis agents: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii. In striking contrast, none of 8 tick species from other genera (1 Amblyomma species, 5 Dermacentor species, and 2 Haemaphysalis species) evaluated to date were unequivocally experimentally confirmed as vectors of B. burgdorferi s.l. spirochetes. The strength of the evidence for or against each tick species to serve as a vector of B. burgdorferi s.l. spirochetes is discussed together with key knowledge gaps and research challenges.     

Reptile-associated Borrelia spp. In Amblyomma ticks,Thailand

A total of 127 Amblyomma ticks (A. helvolum, A. varanense and A. geoemydae) were collected from reptiles: water monitors (Varanus salvator), Bengal monitors (Varanus bengalensis), Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus), yellow-spotted keelbacks (Xenochrophis flavipunctatus), keeled rat snakes (Ptyas carinata) and elongated tortoises (Indotestudo elongata) from nine provinces in Thailand. The presence of Borrelia spp. of the 16S rRNA, flaB, glpQ, groEL and gyrB genes was examined by conventional, semi-nested and nested PCR. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood method of housekeeping genes showed that most sequences of Borrelia spp. in these Amblyomma ticks belonged to the clade of reptile-associated (REP) borreliae. Interestingly, one Borrelia sp. in an A. geoemydae tick collected from an elongated tortoise clustered in the same clade as a Borrelia sp. detected from an A. geoemydae-infested turtle in Japan (it may belong to the same species given the identical sequences of their 16S rRNA, flaB and glpQ genes) and formed the same group with tick-borne relapsing fever (RF) borreliae of B. miyamotoi and B. theileri. Our findings are the first report on the presence of Borrelia spp. in A. helvolum and A. geoemydae ticks from reptiles in Thailand adding to the geographic distribution of Borrelia spp. in Asia.     

浙江发现2例疑似蜱传埃立克体病

目的 对金华市金东区2例疑似蜱传埃立克体病进行病原学诊断。方法 采用临床分析，流行病学调查及血清检测菲埃立克体lgG荧光抗体。结果 2例临床表现符合HME及HGA的临床特征，流行病学调查证明该地区鼠类存在埃立克体感染，血清菲埃立克体lgG荧光抗体试验结果为1：128阳性（阳性结果判断标准为≥1：64）。结论 金华市金东区发现2例疑似蜱传埃立克体病。     

蜱中贝氏考克次体流行状况调查

目的:了解法国新喀里多尼亚地区蜱中贝氏考克次体的流行状况。方法:以贝氏考克次体的16SrRNA为靶基因,病原体的RNA自蜱中提取,使用荧光定量PCR技术,检测法国新喀里多尼亚地区三种蜱共456株中贝氏考克次体的流行率。结果:以30为CT值,共检测出阳性334株,阳性率73.2%。按蜱种分类:硬蜱虫2株皆为阴性;血红扇头蜱阳性163株,阳性率69.9%;边缘革蜱阳性171株,阳性率77.4%。结论:法国蜱中贝氏考克次体的流行率很高,不同种蜱阳性率不同。     

湖南省郴州地区莱姆病调查

调查郴州地区莱姆病分布情况。方法：采用间接免疫荧光抗体法，于1991年在地处湘粤交界的南岭山区宜章县莽山林场设点凋查。结果：共查林区人群257人，血清抗莱姆病螺旋体抗体（IgG）阳性者16人，阳性率为6．23％。对16例个案调查，有明确蜱叮咬史者6例，占37．5％；并发现典型游走性红斑病例3例。结论：南岭山区可能是莱姆病疫区，人群中有莱姆病的发生和流行。