广州管圆线虫及广州管圆线虫病研究概况——对PubMed中相关文献的分析

广州管圆线虫是一种寄生于鼠肺动脉系统的蠕虫,人类是其非正常宿主,因生食含有广州管圆线虫III期幼虫的螺肉而感染。幼虫侵入人体后,进入中枢神经系统可引起嗜酸性粒细胞增高性脑膜炎、嗜酸性粒细胞增高性脑炎或眼部广州管圆线虫病。本综述通过对PubMed中有关广州管圆线虫及广州管圆线虫病的文献进行检索,着重分析了近10年来有关广州管圆线虫及广州管圆线虫病的研究概况,对广州管圆线虫病原学、致病机制、诊断技术、治疗药物及方案、流行病学和预防等方面进行了阐述。     

广州管圆线虫感染致病机制的研究进展

广州管圆线虫病是因感染了广州管圆线虫后其幼虫移行至宿主中枢神经系统,从而引起以嗜酸性粒细胞增多为特征、以脑炎和脑膜脑炎为主要临床表现的一种危害严重的食源性寄生虫病,阐明其致病机制对于广州管圆线虫病防治具有重要意义。本文主要就广州管圆线虫感染引起嗜酸性粒细胞增多性脑炎和脑膜脑炎机制研究进展作一综述。     

大理洱海周边福寿螺感染广州管圆线虫调查

广州管圆线虫成虫寄生于鼠类肺部血管,幼虫侵染人体引起嗜酸性粒细胞增多性脑膜脑炎和脑膜炎。人主要是食用含有广州管圆线虫第Ⅲ期幼虫的中间宿主或转续宿主而受到感染。福寿螺是广州管圆线虫重要的中间宿主,也是引起广州管圆线虫病暴发流行的重要生物因素之一。     

广州管圆线虫病的诊断和药物治疗研究现状

广州管圆线虫病是由广州管圆线虫引起的一种人兽共患病。人是广州管圆线虫的非正常宿主，其幼虫侵入人体后，进入中枢神经系统，可引起嗜酸性粒细胞增多性脑膜炎或脑炎，对人体危害很大。该病主要流行于热带和亚热带地区，东南亚和太平洋诸岛多见。该文总结了广州管圆线虫病的诊断和治疗的研究现状。     

广州管圆线虫病诊疗方案

0引言广州管圆线虫病又称嗜酸粒细胞增多性脑膜脑炎或嗜酸粒细胞增多性脑脊髓膜炎.主要是因进食生的或不熟的含有广州管圆线虫幼虫的螺肉而感染,幼虫寄生在中枢神经系统而致病.主要临床表现为脑膜炎、脊髓膜炎、脑炎或脊髓炎,脑脊液内有大量嗜酸性粒细胞.1病原学成虫虫体呈线状     

广东省阳春市广州管圆线虫流行病学调查

广州管圆线虫是一种人兽共患寄生虫病的病原体，成虫寄生于鼠肺动脉内，幼虫偶可寄生人体内引起嗜酸性粒细胞增多性脑膜炎。近年来我国广州管圆线虫病发病人数有增多的趋势，而且分布范围越来越广。1997年浙江温州和2002年福建长乐等地出现广州管圆线虫病暴发流行后，2006年北京市又出现160例广州管圆线虫病的暴发流行，2007年3月广东省广宁县也报告有1次6人发病。     

中国大陆广州管圆线虫病流行病学调查现状

广州管圆线虫病(Angiostrongyliasis)是一种人畜共患寄生虫病。广州管圆线虫(Angiostrongylus cantontensis)是其致病源，属圆线虫目，后圆线虫科、后圆线虫亚科、管圆线虫属。成虫寄生在肺动脉血管内，幼虫侵入中枢神经系统可致嗜酸粒细胞增多性脑膜脑炎。主要分布在太平洋、印度洋某些岛屿和东南亚国家。现将近年来，中国大陆广州管圆线虫和广州管圆线虫病流行病学的部分研究情况做一综述。     

广州管圆线虫病免疫学研究进展

广州管圆线虫病，亦称嗜酸性粒细胞增多性脑膜炎或嗜酸性粒细胞增多性脑膜脑炎(Eosinophilicmeningitis or Meningoencephalitis，EM)，是一种人兽共患寄生虫病，其病原体广州管圆线虫(Angiostrongylus cantonensis)由我国陈心陶教授于1935年首先在广州黑家鼠和褐家鼠体内发现。人因生食或半生食含有该虫第3期幼虫的螺类、鱼、虾以及被第3期幼虫污染的蔬菜、瓜果、和饮水等而感染。     

广州管圆线虫病与福寿螺的预防控制

广州管圆线虫病是由广州管圆线虫引起的一种寄生虫病,系由进食含有广州管圆线虫第3期幼虫的未煮熟螺肉所致.症状以头痛、颈部僵直、皮肤感觉异常为主,外周血和(或)脑脊液中嗜酸性粒细胞有不同程度升高.广州管圆线虫的终未宿主主要是鼠类(褐家鼠、黄胸鼠等),中间宿主主要足螺类(福寿螺、褐云玛瑙螺等).该病可通过加强饮食和个人卫生教育,不吃未煮熟的螺类食品等来预防.     

长乐市广州管圆线虫集体感染的流行病学研究

目的查明长乐市8名集体发病学生是否系感染广州管圆线虫引起。方法①病人脑脊液病原与嗜酸粒细胞检查。②鼠粪病原检查:现场采集鼠粪,溶解后,镜检广州管圆线虫1期幼虫。③福寿螺病原检查:取头部组织,用绞肉机绞碎,过滤沉淀,取上清液加入20％甲醛,离心,取渣检查广州管圆线虫3期幼虫。④临床表现与体征检查:着重中枢神经系统的临床表现与体征。结果①1例脑脊液中查见广州管圆线虫3期幼虫2条。8例嗜酸粒细胞为47％～83％,平均68％。③鼠粪广州管圆线虫1期幼虫感染率为39.3％(44/112)。③福寿螺广州管圆线虫3期幼虫感染率为40.0％(82/205)。④病人临床表现与体征,以剧烈头痛(8/8)、头晕(8/8)、恶心(8/8)、呕吐(8/8)、嗜睡(7/8)、下肢乏力(7/8)为主要特征。结论证实长乐市8名集体发病学生是因广州管圆线虫重度感染引起,且当地是该虫的严重自然疫源地。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.