Automation in nursing decision support systems: A systematic review of effects on decision making,care delivery,and patient outcomes

ObjectiveThe study sought to summarize research literature on nursing decision support systems (DSSs ); understand which steps of the nursing care process (NCP) are supported by DSSs, and analyze effects of automated information processing on decision making, care delivery, and patient outcomes.Materials and MethodsWe conducted a systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from January 2014 to April 2020 for studies focusing on DSSs used exclusively by nurses and their effects. Information about the stages of automation (information acquisition, information analysis, decision and action selection, and action implementation), NCP, and effects was assessed.ResultsOf 1019 articles retrieved, 28 met the inclusion criteria, each studying a unique DSS. Most DSSs were concerned with two NCP steps: assessment (82%) and intervention (86%). In terms of automation, all included DSSs automated information analysis and decision selection. Five DSSs automated information acquisition and only one automated action implementation. Effects on decision making, care delivery, and patient outcome were mixed. DSSs improved compliance with recommendations and reduced decision time, but impacts were not always sustainable. There were improvements in evidence-based practice, but impact on patient outcomes was mixed.ConclusionsCurrent nursing DSSs do not adequately support the NCP and have limited automation. There remain many opportunities to enhance automation, especially at the stage of information acquisition. Further research is needed to understand how automation within the NCP can improve nurses’ decision making, care delivery, and patient outcomes.     

Clinical decision support system,using expert consensus-derived logic and natural language processing,decreased sedation-type order errors for patients undergoing endoscopy

ObjectiveDetermination of appropriate endoscopy sedation strategy is an important preprocedural consideration. To address manual workflow gaps that lead to sedation-type order errors at our institution, we designed and implemented a clinical decision support system (CDSS) to review orders for patients undergoing outpatient endoscopy.Materials and MethodsThe CDSS was developed and implemented by an expert panel using an agile approach. The CDSS queried patient-specific historical endoscopy records and applied expert consensus-derived logic and natural language processing to identify possible sedation order errors for human review. A retrospective analysis was conducted to evaluate impact, comparing 4-month pre-pilot and 12-month pilot periods.Results22 755 endoscopy cases were included (pre-pilot 6434 cases, pilot 16 321 cases). The CDSS decreased the sedation-type order error rate on day of endoscopy (pre-pilot 0.39%, pilot 0.037%, Odds Ratio = 0.094, P-value < 1e-8). There was no difference in background prevalence of erroneous orders (pre-pilot 0.39%, pilot 0.34%, P = .54).DiscussionAt our institution, low prevalence and high volume of cases prevented routine manual review to verify sedation order appropriateness. Using a cohort-enrichment strategy, a CDSS was able to reduce number of chart reviews needed per sedation-order error from 296.7 to 3.5, allowing for integration into the existing workflow to intercept rare but important ordering errors.ConclusionA workflow-integrated CDSS with expert consensus-derived logic rules and natural language processing significantly reduced endoscopy sedation-type order errors on day of endoscopy at our institution.     

Clinical decision support with automated text processing for cervical cancer screening

Objective

To develop a computerized clinical decision support system (CDSS) for cervical cancer screening that can interpret free-text Papanicolaou (Pap) reports.

Materials and Methods

The CDSS was constituted by two rulebases: the free-text rulebase for interpreting Pap reports and a guideline rulebase. The free-text rulebase was developed by analyzing a corpus of 49 293 Pap reports. The guideline rulebase was constructed using national cervical cancer screening guidelines. The CDSS accesses the electronic medical record (EMR) system to generate patient-specific recommendations. For evaluation, the screening recommendations made by the CDSS for 74 patients were reviewed by a physician.

Results and Discussion

Evaluation revealed that the CDSS outputs the optimal screening recommendations for 73 out of 74 test patients and it identified two cases for gynecology referral that were missed by the physician. The CDSS aided the physician to amend recommendations in six cases. The failure case was because human papillomavirus (HPV) testing was sometimes performed separately from the Pap test and these results were reported by a laboratory system that was not queried by the CDSS. Subsequently, the CDSS was upgraded to look up the HPV results missed earlier and it generated the optimal recommendations for all 74 test cases.

Limitations

Single institution and single expert study.

Conclusion

An accurate CDSS system could be constructed for cervical cancer screening given the standardized reporting of Pap tests and the availability of explicit guidelines. Overall, the study demonstrates that free text in the EMR can be effectively utilized through natural language processing to develop clinical decision support tools.     

Development of a tool within the electronic medical record to facilitate medication reconciliation after hospital discharge

Serious medication errors occur commonly in the period after hospital discharge. Medication reconciliation in the postdischarge ambulatory setting may be one way to reduce the frequency of these errors. The authors describe the design and implementation of a novel tool built into an ambulatory electronic medical record (EMR) to facilitate postdischarge medication reconciliation. The tool compares the preadmission medication list within the ambulatory EMR to the hospital discharge medication list, highlights all changes, and allows the EMR medication list to be easily updated. As might be expected for a novel tool intended for use in a minority of visits, use of the tool was low at first: 20% of applicable patient visits within 30 days of discharge. Clinician outreach, education, and a pop-up reminder succeeded in increasing use to 41% of applicable visits. Review of feedback identified several usability issues that will inform subsequent versions of the tool and provide generalizable lessons for how best to design medication reconciliation tools for this setting.     

67例急诊患者投诉的原因及对策

目的:分析急诊患者投诉原因,提出对策,为构建和谐的医疗环境出一份力。方法:对某大型综合医院急诊科发生的67起投诉进行原因分析,提出相关对策。结果:67起投诉中,因候诊时间过长等管理安排方面的投诉最多,其次是服务态度、医疗质量方面的投诉。结论:急诊投诉必须引起医院的高度重视。在加大医疗资源投入的同时,要改善就诊流程,优化分诊制度,加强在服务意识方面的培训,加强专业技术训练,改善就医环境。才能从根本上提升患者对医疗服务的满意度。     

基于数据仓库和数据挖掘的医院决策支持系统设计

医院信息系统(HIS)的研究与开发是实现数字化医院的根本途径。基于数据仓库和数据挖掘技术的决策支持系统是对HIS数据的高层次开发。首先介绍了数据仓库、数据挖掘以及决策支持系统的技术特点,在此基础上,提出了基于数据仓库和数据挖掘技术的医院决策支持系统体系结构,并研究和分析了这种体系结构的优越性。     

Retinal image registration and comparison for clinical decision support

Background

For eye diseases, such as glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), involved in long-term degeneration procedure, longitudinal comparison of retinal images is a common step for reliable diagnosis of these kinds of diseases.

Aims

To provide a retinal image registration approach for longitudinal retinal image alignment and comparison.

Method

Two image registration solutions were proposed for facing different image qualities of retinal images to make the registration methods more robust and feasible in a clinical application system.

Results

Thirty pairs of longitudinal retinal images were used for the registration test. The experiments showed both solutions provided good performance for the accurate image registrations with efficiency.

Conclusion

We proposed a set of retinal image registration solutions for longitudinal retinal image observation and comparison targeting a clinical application environment.     

电子病历的临床决策支持

目前电子病历正向智能化和知识化发展,其核心价值是满足临床诊疗现场的信息需求及能够有效地改善医生的临床决策支持.电子病历的开放式结构化数据录入使临床描述信息结构化,并使临床医疗和科研活动充分利用这些数据成为可能.     

高龄胃癌患者术后早期营养支持方案的对比研究

目的探讨高龄胃癌患者术后早期实施营养支持的合理方案.方法在胃癌切除术后第1天将60例高龄进展期胃癌患者随机分为全肠内营养(TEN组,n=18)、肠内 肠外营养(EN PN组,n=23)、全肠外营养(TPN组,n=19)3组,分别予以相应的营养支持治疗,并在营养支持前、后测定营养指标与血清胃泌素水平,观察其胃肠道功能恢复情况及各种不良反应并作比较.结果3组病例在研究期间无严重并发症,血浆白蛋白、前白蛋白和转铁蛋白水平营养支持后均明显升高(P＜0.05).临床观察TEN组、EN PN组肛门恢复排气时间较TPN组明显缩短,胃泌素水平明显升高(P＜0.05),EN PN组胃肠道相关并发症少于TEN组(P＜0.05).结论高龄胃癌患者术后仍应首选EN,但不应刻意追求TEN,联合应用EN与PN并适时调整,可减少胃肠道相关并发症.     

Computerized clinical decision support for medication prescribing and utilization in pediatrics

Background and objective

Accurate and informed prescribing is essential to ensure the safe and effective use of medications in pediatric patients. Computerized clinical decision support (CCDS) functionalities have been embedded into computerized physician order entry systems with the aim of ensuring accurate and informed medication prescribing. Owing to a lack of comprehensive analysis of the existing literature, this review was undertaken to analyze the effect of CCDS implementation on medication prescribing and use in pediatrics.

Materials and methods

A literature search was performed using keywords in PubMed to identify research studies with outcomes related to the implementation of medication-related CCDS functionalities.

Results and discussion

Various CCDS functionalities have been implemented in pediatric patients leading to different results. Medication dosing calculators have decreased calculation errors. Alert-based CCDS functionalities, such as duplicate therapy and medication allergy checking, may generate excessive alerts. Medication interaction CCDS has been minimally studied in pediatrics. Medication dosing support has decreased adverse drug events, but has also been associated with high override rates. Use of medication order sets have improved guideline adherence. Guideline-based treatment recommendations generated by CCDS functionalities have had variable influence on appropriate medication use, with few studies available demonstrating improved patient outcomes due to CCDS use.

Conclusion

Although certain medication-related CCDS functionalities have shown benefit in medication prescribing for pediatric patients, others have resulted in high override rates and inconsistent or unknown impact on patient care. Further studies analyzing the effect of individual CCDS functionalities on safe and effective prescribing and medication use are required.     

乳腺癌术后乳房重建患者决策辅助工具的构建及效果评价

 目的 构建乳腺癌重建患者决策辅助工具,并评价其临床应用效果。方法 在渥太华决策支持理论框架指导下,通过文献分析法形成国内首个乳腺癌重建患者决策辅助草案,通过专家会议法,初步修订决策辅助内容,再通过半结构式访谈利益相关人员,形成决策辅助工具最终版。根据纳入标准,选取2019年5—8月接受乳腺癌术后乳房重建手术的52例患者作为对照组,选取2019年9—12月接受乳腺癌术后乳房重建手术的54例患者作为干预组。对照组采用常规护理,干预组在常规护理的基础上使用决策辅助工具。两组患者在术前分别使用决策冲突量表,Breast-Q术前模块和期望模块进行基线调查,并在术后一个月进行决策冲突量表和决策后悔量表调查,在术后的3个月进行决策冲突量表、决策后悔量表和Breast-Q术后模块调查。结果 对照组和干预组中94.5%的乳腺癌患者希望得到更多的乳房重建信息,80.8%的患者希望能够一定程度地参与到乳房重建决策中。干预组和对照组在决策冲突的比较中存在显著的时间效应、分组效应和交互效应（P<0.05）。干预组和对照组的决策后悔得分在术后1个月时差异无统计学意义,但在术后3个月时存在显著差异（P<0.05）,干预组的决策后悔得分显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组Breast-Q术后医护人员满意度模块存在显著差异（P<0.05）,干预组对外科医师及其他工作人员的满意度显著高于对照组。结论 本研究构建的决策辅助工具有科学性、可靠性和可行性,乳腺癌患者对重建期望值较高,同时也希望能够参与到重建决策中;决策辅助工具的临床应用能够减少患者的重建决策冲突和远期决策遗憾,提高患者对医护人员的满意度。     

Development of a “meta-model” to address missing data,predict patient-specific cancer survival and provide a foundation for clinical decision support

ObjectiveLike most real-world data, electronic health record (EHR)–derived data from oncology patients typically exhibits wide interpatient variability in terms of available data elements. This interpatient variability leads to missing data and can present critical challenges in developing and implementing predictive models to underlie clinical decision support for patient-specific oncology care. Here, we sought to develop a novel ensemble approach to addressing missing data that we term the “meta-model” and apply the meta-model to patient-specific cancer prognosis.Materials and MethodsUsing real-world data, we developed a suite of individual random survival forest models to predict survival in patients with advanced lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. Individual models varied by the predictor data used. We combined models for each cancer type into a meta-model that predicted survival for each patient using a weighted mean of the individual models for which the patient had all requisite predictors.ResultsThe meta-model significantly outperformed many of the individual models and performed similarly to the best performing individual models. Comparisons of the meta-model to a more traditional imputation-based method of addressing missing data supported the meta-model’s utility.ConclusionsWe developed a novel machine learning–based strategy to underlie clinical decision support and predict survival in cancer patients, despite missing data. The meta-model may more generally provide a tool for addressing missing data across a variety of clinical prediction problems. Moreover, the meta-model may address other challenges in clinical predictive modeling including model extensibility and integration of predictive algorithms trained across different institutions and datasets.     

老年高血压危象的急诊抢救及其改进措施研究

目的探讨老年高血压危象的急救抢救方法与改进措施。方法选取2006年1月~2012年2月肇庆市第二人民医院急诊科抢救治疗的老年高血压危象患者130例为研究对象,对其临床资料进行回顾分析。其中2006年1月~2009年11月入院的患者65例为对照组,行常规未改进的急诊抢救;2009年12月~2012年2月入院的患者65例为观察组,行快速平稳降压、吸氧治疗、预防惊厥、防治脑水肿等改进抢救措施。统计改进前后急诊抢救的总有效率,比较改进后患者经抢救治疗前后的心率、血压、血钾、血糖、尿素氮、白细胞计数、谷丙转氨酶含量水平的差异。结果①观察组治疗总有效率为89.23%(58/65),对照组治疗总有效率为73.85%(48/65),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②观察组治疗1 h、停止急诊救治后收缩压与舒张压均明显低于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组治疗1 h、停止急诊救治后心率与治疗前比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。③观察组患者急诊抢救后血钾、血糖、尿素氮、白细胞计数、谷丙转氨酶含量水平与治疗前比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论老年高血压危象患者的急诊抢救应以快速平稳降压为原则,同时依据患者靶器官的损伤程度制定个体化的针对治疗,并积极给予吸氧治疗等改进措施,能显著提高治疗有效率,保障患者生命安全。     

离退休老年病患者期望性支持、获得性支持与生活质量的相关研究

目的 探讨离退休老年病患者期望性支持和获得性支持与生活质量的相互关系.方法 采用世界卫生组织生存质量量表(WHOQOL-100)和美国Michigan大学编制的评定期望性支持和获得性支持的条目对324名离退休老年病人进行评定.结果 方差分析显示,期望性支持低分组、中间组、高分组在WHOQOL-100心理领域[(13.26±1.75)分,(14.46±1.60)分,(15.27±1.78)分]、社会关系领域[(13.03±1.89)分,(14.54±1.53)分,(15.75±1.77)分]、环境领域[(12.58±1.41)分,(13.88±2.03)分,(14.86±2.22)分]、精神/宗教信仰[(10.74±3.17)分,(12.83±2.87)分,(13.81±3.28 )分]、总的生活质量及健康状况[(12.38±2.54)分,(13.98±2.08)分,(15.02±2.22)分]等比较,差异有显著性(P＜0.01),期望性支持高分组生活质量高于中间组,中间组高于低分组;在WHOQOL-100生理领域和独立领域3组比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).相关分析显示,WHOQOL-100心理领域、社会关系领域、环境领域、精神/宗教信仰、总的生活质量及健康状况与期望性支持、获得性支持高度相关(P＜0.01 );WHOQOL-100生理领域与期望性支持、获得性支持之间相关不明显(P＞0.05).结论 离退休老年病人期望性支持和获得性支持与生活质量密切相关,获得性支持和期性支持对维护老年病人心理功能、社会功能和总的生活质量及健康状况有益.     

早期营养支持对急诊重症脑出血患者临床治疗效果及预后的影响分析

目的分析急诊重症脑出血患者早期营养支持对临床治疗效果及预后的影响。方法选取本院急诊科2016年10月～2018年12月收治的重症脑出血患者862例,其中524例由急诊120出车接诊。按照入院先后顺序将患者分为对照组360例与研究组502例,对照组给予鼻饲补充流质食物,研究组实施早期营养支持,比较两组患者营养指标、并发症、死亡率、神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)、日常生活活动能力(ADL评分)情况。结果研究组ADL评分、各项营养指标水平均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组NIHSS评分、并发症发生率、死亡率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对急诊重症脑出血患者给予早期营养支持能有效提高患者的营养水平,增强患者免疫力,减轻神经功能损伤,降低死亡率及并发症,改善患者的预后,值得临床推广。     

Standards for reporting randomized controlled trials in medical informatics: a systematic review of CONSORT adherence in RCTs on clinical decision support

Introduction

The Consolidated Standards for Reporting Trials (CONSORT) were published to standardize reporting and improve the quality of clinical trials. The objective of this study is to assess CONSORT adherence in randomized clinical trials (RCT) of disease specific clinical decision support (CDS).

Methods

A systematic search was conducted of the Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. RCTs on CDS were assessed against CONSORT guidelines and the Jadad score.

Result

32 of 3784 papers identified in the primary search were included in the final review. 181 702 patients and 7315 physicians participated in the selected trials. Most trials were performed in primary care (22), including 897 general practitioner offices. RCTs assessing CDS for asthma (4), diabetes (4), and hyperlipidemia (3) were the most common. Thirteen CDS systems (40%) were implemented in electronic medical records, and 14 (43%) provided automatic alerts. CONSORT and Jadad scores were generally low; the mean CONSORT score was 30.75 (95% CI 27.0 to 34.5), median score 32, range 21–38. Fourteen trials (43%) did not clearly define the study objective, and 11 studies (34%) did not include a sample size calculation. Outcome measures were adequately identified and defined in 23 (71%) trials; adverse events or side effects were not reported in 20 trials (62%). Thirteen trials (40%) were of superior quality according to the Jadad score (≥3 points). Six trials (18%) reported on long-term implementation of CDS.

Conclusion

The overall quality of reporting RCTs was low. There is a need to develop standards for reporting RCTs in medical informatics.     

Human-centered development of an electronic health record-embedded,interactive information visualization in the emergency department using fast healthcare interoperability resources

ObjectiveDevelop and evaluate an interactive information visualization embedded within the electronic health record (EHR) by following human-centered design (HCD) processes and leveraging modern health information exchange standards.Materials and MethodsWe applied an HCD process to develop a Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) application that displays a patient’s asthma history to clinicians in a pediatric emergency department. We performed a preimplementation comparative system evaluation to measure time on task, number of screens, information retrieval accuracy, cognitive load, user satisfaction, and perceived utility and usefulness. Application usage and system functionality were assessed using application logs and a postimplementation survey of end users.ResultsUsability testing of the Asthma Timeline Application demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in time on task (P < .001), number of screens (P < .001), and cognitive load (P < .001) for clinicians when compared to base EHR functionality. Postimplementation evaluation demonstrated reliable functionality and high user satisfaction.DiscussionFollowing HCD processes to develop an application in the context of clinical operations/quality improvement is feasible. Our work also highlights the potential benefits and challenges associated with using internationally recognized data exchange standards as currently implemented.ConclusionCompared to standard EHR functionality, our visualization increased clinician efficiency when reviewing the charts of pediatric asthma patients. Application development efforts in an operational context should leverage existing health information exchange standards, such as FHIR, and evidence-based mixed methods approaches.