卡马西平中残留溶剂的研究

目的:用气相色谱的顶空进样法建立卡马西平中的残留溶剂氯苯、甲醇和乙醇的测定方法.方法:使用配置顶空进样器的气相色谱仪,采用HP-INNOWAX(交联聚乙二醇),30m×0.32mm×0.25μm色谱拄,以氮气为载气,FID检测器,顶空进样.通过外标法计算残留溶剂的含量.结果:卡马西平中有残留溶剂甲醇、乙醇检出.标准曲线的线性范围:氯苯为0.07～3.62μg·mL-1(r=0.9992),甲醇为0.60～30.1μg·mL-1(r=0.9978),乙醇为1.00～50.08μg·mL-1(r=0.9986),定量限氯苯为0.1μg·mL-1,甲醇为0.7μg·mL-1,乙醇为0.4μg·mL-1;平均回收率氯苯为99.12%(RSD=2.52%,n=6),甲醇为97.51%(RSD=4.31%,n=6),乙醇为98.52%(RSD=3.12%,n=6).结论:本方法简便,灵敏度高,重复性好,结果准确.     

GC法同时测定明目上清片中4个成分的含量

目的:建立同时分析测定明目上清片中4个活性成分(柠檬烯、薄荷酮、薄荷脑和胡薄荷酮)的方法。方法:采用GC法,色谱柱为DB-1701毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.3 mm,0.25μm),柱温采用程序升温(80℃保持1 min,5℃.min-1上升至120℃,保持1 min,再以50℃.min-1的速率升温至220℃,保持2 min);进样口温度:180℃;检测器:FID;检测器温度:250℃。结果:柠檬烯、薄荷酮、薄荷脑和胡薄荷酮线性范围分别为0.0103～0.507 mg·mL-1(r=0.9997)、0.0105～0.501 mg·mL-1(r=0.9999)、0.0082～0.412 mg·mL-1(r=0.9991)、0.0085～0.404 mg·mL-1(r=0.9998);平均加样回收率(n=6)分别为99.1%、97.6%、98.7%、98.3%,RSD分别为1.2%、1.8%、1.4%、1.5%。结论:该方法可用于明目上清片的质量检测。     

HPLC法测定L-抗坏血酸-2-磷酸酯镁的含量

目的 测定L-抗坏血酸-2-磷酸酯镁的含量.方法采用Waters Symmetry C18柱,以醋酸钠盐溶液为流动相,检测波长为254nm,流速为0.8mL· min -1,柱温为30℃,测定L-抗坏血酸-2-磷酸酯镁含量.结果 L-抗坏血酸-2-磷酸酯镁在0.6mg·mL-1～3.0mg·mL-1进样量范围内线性关系...     

盐酸头孢吡肟中残留溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的检测方法

目的 建立顶空气相色谱法测定盐酸头孢吡肟中残留溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的含量的方法.方法 色谱柱为DB-624毛细管柱(30m×0.53m,3μm),柱温:程序升温,90℃维持18min,以每分钟20℃升温至200℃,维持5min;检测器温度为250℃;进样口温度为200℃,分流比1:1.顶空进样,项空瓶平衡温度为90℃,平衡时间为40min,进样体积为1.0mL.结果 N,N-二甲基甲酰胺在0.0290mg·mL-1～0.2 07mg·mL-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r值为0.99975),平均回收率为101.1%(RSD为1.7%).结论 该方法准确灵敏,可用于盐酸头孢吡肟中二甲基甲酰胺的检测.     

顶空气相色谱法测定利福霉素钠原料中残留溶剂

目的 建立利福霉素钠原料中残留溶剂的检测方法.方法 采用气相色谱顶空进样法,DB-FFAP毛细管柱（30 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm）,柱温采用程序升温,初始温度为40℃,保持5 min;然后以10℃·min-1的升温速率升至50℃,保持1 min;最后以50℃·min-1的升温速率升至200℃,保持5 min;进样口温度为200℃,FID检测器温度为250℃,分流比为20∶1,N2流速为0.7 mL· min-1.结果 异丙醇和乙酸丁酯分离度良好,顶空进样检测的色谱峰面积与浓度线性关系良好,线性范围分别为0.0100～4.0128 mg,mL-1（r＝1.0000）、0.0099～3.9766 mg· mL-1（r=1.0000）;最低检测限分别为0.9910 μg·mL-1、1.3996 μg·mL-1;3种浓度的平均加样回收率为95.9％～101.9％（n=3,RSD为0.84％～2.34％）;重复性RSD为0.31％～1.72％（n=3）.结论 该方法选择性强、重复性好、灵敏度高、操作方便,可以作为利福霉素钠原料中残留溶剂的质控方法.     

毛细管气相色谱法测定聚桂醇原料中乙二醇、月桂醇、二甘醇的含量

目的:建立聚桂醇原料药中3个有关物质乙二醇、月桂醇和二甘醇的毛细管气相色谱测定方法。方法:采用DB-WAX(30 m×0.32 mm×0.25μm)毛细柱,氢火焰离子检测器(FID),进样口温度230℃,检测器温度250℃,程序升温(起始温度180℃,维持7 min,以15℃.min-1的速率升温至230℃,维持40 min)。结果:在选定的色谱条件下,3个物质分离良好。乙二醇的回归方程为Y=846.8X-1.830(r=0.9993),线性范围为0.004～0.2 mg·mL-1,平均回收率为100.0%(n=9);月桂醇的回归方程为Y=2.694×103X-121.8(r=0.9992),线性范围为0.08～4.0 mg·mL-1,平均回收率为100.7%(n=9);二甘醇的回归方程为Y=1.018×103X-3.010(r=0.9992),线性范围为0.004～0.2 mg·mL-1,平均回收率为99.6%(n=9)。结论:本方法能用于聚桂醇原料的质量检测。     

槐白皮对辐射损伤小鼠免疫调节及骨髓造血细胞的修复作用

目的:探讨槐白皮对急性放射损伤小鼠免疫调节及骨髓造血细胞的修复作用.方法:取50只昆明小鼠,随机分为槐白皮组、照射对照组和正常组.采用MTT法检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞IL-2水平及免疫细胞化学SABC染色法检测骨髓组织中VEGF的表达水平.结果:IL-2水平检测槐白皮0.2 mg·mL-1、0.4 mg·mL-1、0.8 mg·mL-1浓度组与照射对照组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05),与正常组比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05);且槐白皮浓度0.4 mg·mL-1组最强,槐白皮浓度的0.2 mg·mL-1为最弱.槐白皮各浓度组的VEGF表达水平与照射对照组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05),槐白皮浓度为0.4 mg·mL -1浓度组与正常组比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05) .结论:槐白皮可调节免疫功能,增强抗辐射能力,对急性放射损伤小鼠骨髓造血细胞的恢复具有促进作用.     

气相色谱法测定止痒消炎水中薄荷脑、冰片和麝香草酚的含量

目的建立同时测定止痒消炎水中薄荷脑、冰片和麝香草酚含量的气相色谱测定方法。方法采用气相色谱内标法,FID检测器,HP-INNDW AX石英毛细管柱(30m×250μm,0.25μm),应用程序升温(140℃保持4.1min以后20℃.min-1升至240℃),进样口温度200℃,检测器温度250℃;分流进样,分流比10:1。结果薄荷脑在0.32～3.2mg.mL-1,冰片在0.56～5.6mg.mL-1,麝香草酚在0.16～1.6mg.mL-1内呈良好的线性关系,加样回收率,薄荷脑为99.8%,(RSD=1.3%);冰片为99.2%(RSD=1.5%);麝香草酚为99.8%(RSD=0.9%)。结论该方法简单可靠,适合于止痒消炎水中薄荷脑、冰片和麝香草酚的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定飞蛇水中藤黄酸含量及临床应用

目的测定飞蛇水中藤黄酸的含量,控制每毫升≥60mg·mL-1。方法采用HPLC法色谱柱为Phenomenex-Luna C18色谱柱(250cm×4.6mm,5μm);进样量:10μL,流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸(95∶5);流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为360nm。结果飞蛇水检品藤黄酸及其异构体色谱峰重合,无干扰,色谱峰的对称度为1.18、分离度大于1.5,塔板数大于8000。测定3批飞蛇水中含藤黄酸,含量均大于60.0mg·mL-1。结论该方法准确、可靠,可用于飞蛇水中藤黄酸的含量测定。本品用于治疗带状疱疹有效率达91.7%。     

中药体外抑制痤疮丙酸杆菌的活性测定

目的:研究中药在体外对痤疮丙酸杆菌的抑制作用,筛选用于治疗痤疮的中药.方法:采用琼脂平板稀释法,测定14味中药水提液及4个中药单体成分对痤疮丙酸杆菌的抑制作用. 结果:大黄、黄芩、金银花的MIC为12.50 mg·mL-1,黄柏的MIC为25 mg·mL-1,连翘、甘草、苦参的MIC为50 mg·mL-1,栀子的MIC为200 mg·mL-1,白芷、赤芍、当归、丹皮、蒲公英、杏仁6味中药在测试的最高浓度200 mg·mL-1时仍未产生抑菌作用.大黄酸、黄芩苷、小檗碱的MIC分别为25、12.5、3.13 μg·mL-1,绿原酸在测试的的最高浓度50 μg·mL-1时仍未产生抑菌作用. 结论:药材黄芩、大黄、金银花和单体成分小檗碱表现出良好的抑菌效果,在进一步的药物筛选中可进行重点考查.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.