18F-FDG PET/CT对Tg阳性且131I-WBS阴性的DTC复发患者的诊断效能:Meta分析

目的 系统评价18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）PET/CT对甲状腺球蛋白（Tg）表达阳性（简称Tg阳性）且131I全身显像（WBS）结果阴性（简称131I-WBS阴性）的分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）复发患者的诊断效能。 方法 检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library和万方数据知识服务平台、中国知网、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库中关于18F-FDG PET/CT对DTC复发患者诊断的相关研究,检索时间从建库至2020年12月。根据纳入和排除标准筛选文献,提取研究的基本特征和诊断参数,采用Spearman相关系数分析文献是否存在阈值效应,对纳入文献进行异质性Q检验,采用Deeks线性回归分析法评价文献的发表偏倚。绘制综合受试者工作特征（SROC）曲线,计算曲线下面积（AUC）,采用Z检验分析行诊断性全身显像（Dx-WBS）与治疗性全身显像（Rx-WBS）的患者18F-FDG PET/CT诊断效能的差异,并分析在促甲状腺激素（TSH）刺激状态与抑制状态下18F-FDG PET/CT诊断效能的差异。 结果 最终纳入16篇文献,共1 036例DTC复发患者,纳入研究的异质性较低（I2=47.5%,P=0.018）,异质性可能源于病例数（r=1.462,P=0.021）,存在较小的发表偏倚（P=0.070）。18F-FDG PET/CT诊断Tg阳性且131I-WBS阴性的DTC复发患者的合并灵敏度为0.87（95%CI:0.82~0.91）、特异度为0.79（95%CI:0.68~0.86）、阳性似然比为3.76（95%CI:2.32~6.09）、阴性似然比为0.20（95%CI:0.14~0.27）、诊断优势比为23.89（95%CI:13.23~43.12）、SROC的AUC=0.91（标准误0.02）、Q指数为0.837（标准误0.023）。行Dx-WBS与Rx-WBS的DTC复发患者18F-FDG PET/CT诊断效能的差异无统计学意义（Z=0.041,P>0.05）。在TSH刺激状态与抑制状态下,行Dx-WBS与Rx-WBS的DTC复发患者18F-FDG PET/CT诊断效能的差异均无统计学意义（Z=1.864、0.525,均P>0.05）。 结论 18F-FDG PET/CT对Tg阳性且131I-WBS阴性的DTC复发患者具有较高的诊断效能,行Dx-WBS与Rx-WBS、在TSH刺激状态与抑制状态下患者18F-FDG PET/CT的诊断效能均相当。     

分化型甲状腺癌∧18F—FDG PET显像的临床应用

低分化型甲状腺癌细胞摄取碘能力的下降或丧失导致∧131I WBS（全身显像）假阴性（约20%）,高水平的血清Tg（甲状腺球蛋白）只能说明有分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）的复发或转移,不能确定DTC复发或转移的具体位置,而低分化型甲状腺癌正是DTC病人死亡的主要类型。本文主要探讨∧18F-FDG（∧18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖）PET显像在∧131I的WBS阴性而血清Tg水平增高的DTC病人中鉴别复发和转移的应用以及评价DTC病人预后的价值,当嗜∧18F-FDG肿瘤显示的体积大于125mL及FDG标准摄取值大于10g/mL时,病人的预后不良。     

~(18)F-FDG PET/CT在甲状腺乳头状癌术后~(131)I显像阴性中的价值

目的探讨18F-FDG PET/CT在甲状腺乳头状癌全切术后131I治疗后、131I全身显像阴中的价值。方法回顾性分析2007年~2015年14例甲状腺乳头状癌术后、131I治疗后、131I全身显像阴性伴或不伴甲状腺球蛋白,怀疑复发或转移的患者PET/CT检查资料,根据摄取程度分为良性或恶性,所有病变最终有病理确认或经随访证实。结果 14例甲状腺乳头状癌中,发生在左叶4例,右叶8例,双叶2例。18F-FDG PET/CT显像提示术区及全身阴性5例,术区和/或淋巴结异常摄取9例,其中真阳性7例。转移部位分别为:双侧颌下、右颈部、右锁骨上1例;右颌下、左颈部、双肺1例;右锁骨上、右口咽旁1例;左颈部、气管左旁、胸1~4椎体1例;气管右旁1例;右颌下、左颈部、左鼻咽旁1例;左颈部、左锁骨上、右锁骨上1例;1例局部复发并远处转移。SUVmax最大值39.6,SUVmax最小值3.1,平均SUVmax 11.12±8.57。Tg升高患者8例,其中Tg最大值为1398.0ug/L,TG最小值为117.0ug/L,平均值为(377.31±488.89)ug/L,1例Tg Ab升高大于500IU/L,TG为1.38 ug/L。SUVmax与Tg之间线性相关性分析,相关系数R2=0.495,自变量系数为0.012。结论当131I全身显像阴性、血清甲状腺球蛋白增高大于32.7ug/L时,18F-FDG PET/CT显像则能发现转移或复发灶,优于131I全身显像。而131I全身显像阴性时、血清Tg小于3.9ug/L时,18F-FDG PET/CT显像并不能提供更多的诊断价值。     

131I全身扫描及18F-FDGPET/CT对分化型甲状腺癌术后转移诊治价值的比较

目的 探讨131I全身扫描(131I-WBS)及18F-FDG PET/CT在分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)术后转移诊治中的临床价值。资料与方法 27例DTC术后需行131I初治或复治的患者,检测其131I治疗前1 d的血清甲状腺球蛋白(Tg),在131I治疗后3~5 d进行131I-WBS。根据Tg与131I-WBS阴性或阳性的情况,将患者分成4种类型:Ⅰ型:Tg(+),131I-WBS(-);Ⅱ型:Tg(+),131I-WBS(+);Ⅲ型:Tg(-),131I-WBS(+);Ⅳ型:Tg(-),131I-WBS(-)。在131I-WBS后1周内行18F-FDG PET/CT。以术后组织病理学或至少6个月的临床和影像学随访结果为诊断病灶性质标准。分析131I-WBS及18F-FDG PET/CT对DTC术后患者转移的检出情况。结果 检查后发现有22例52处病灶发生了转移。131I-WBS检出其中的8例(36.4%)24处(46.2%)转移灶,与18F-FDG PET/CT检出的15例(68.2%)35处(67.3%)转移灶比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=4.46、4.74,P<0.05)。Ⅰ型13例(100.0%)、Ⅱ型5例(100.0%)、Ⅲ型3例(100.0%)、Ⅳ型1例(16.7%)发生了转移。Ⅰ型18F-FDG PET/CT的转移检出率(100.0%)与Ⅱ型(20.0%)、Ⅲ型(0%)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),与Ⅳ型(100.0%)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。其中对13例Ⅰ型和1例Ⅳ型转移患者调整了治疗方案。结论 131I-WBS和18F-FDG PET/CT在DTC术后患者转移灶探测及决定下一步的治疗方案方面具有良好的互补性,特别是18F-FDG PET/CT在Tg(+)、131I-WBS(-)患者转移灶检出上更具有优势,有重要的临床指导意义。     

131I全身显像及血清甲状腺球蛋白测定在分化型甲状腺癌治疗随访中的作用

目的 评价131I全身显像联合血清甲状腺球蛋白(Tg)测定在分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)131I治疗随访中的临床应用价值。 方法 153例经手术病理确诊为DTC的患者,均在术后接受了1次以上的131I治疗,每次剂量为1.85~9.25 GBq,131I治疗前测定血清Tg,治疗5 d后进行131I全身显像。 结果 153例行131I治疗的DTC患者共行血清Tg和131I全身显像检查各为262次,其中55.6%(85/153)的患者的血清Tg水平与131I全身显像均异常,13.7%(21/153)的患者两者均为正常,30.7%(47/153)的患者两者结果不一致,不一致的47例患者经其他影像学检查证实19例131I全身显像异常的患者中有13例异常,28例血清Tg异常的患者中有25例异常。血清Tg诊断DTC转移的灵敏度和特异度分别为89%(110/123)和90%(27/30),而131I全身显像的灵敏度和特异度分别为79.6%(98/123)和80%(24/30)。 结论 DTC手术及131I治疗后,常规进行血清Tg测定和131I全身显像检查,对术后判定复发转移灶及制定最佳131I诊疗计划、评价131I疗效具有重要的临床应用价值。     

18F-FDG PET/CT显像诊断甲状腺癌复发和转移的价值

^18F-脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）PET显像对诊断甲状腺癌术后甲状腺球蛋白（Tg）水平升高患者有较大价值.笔者对21例血清Tg水平升高而疑甲状腺癌复发患者行PET/CT显像,并与^131I全身显像比较,现将结果报道如下.     

血清Tg测定和131I显像用于分化型甲状腺癌术后随访

目的 建立血清甲状腺球蛋白（Tg)测定的正常分界值,以预测分化甲状腺癌（DTC）术后有无复发与转移。方法 采用界值特征曲线,分析测定34例DTC未复发者与50例复发者血清Tg值,同时对治疗剂量131I全身显像与血清Tg测定值进行比较,结果 未复发组Tg值明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）,若以血清Tg 8ug/L作为判断界值,则81％（39／48例）的复发与转移患者可被正确预测,其诊断DTC复发与转移的灵敏度与特异性分别为80．4％和100％,结论 采用Tg正常分界值,可明显提高DTC复发与转移的检出率。     

131Ⅰ显像及Tg值监测131Ⅰ治疗分化型甲状腺癌肺转移灶疗效的探讨

目的 探讨131I显像和Tg在监测131I治疗DTC肺转移患者疗效中的价值.方法 回顾性分析2007年6月至2011年8月收治的DTC肺转移患者50例,分别以131I显像、Tg、131I显像+Tg 3种方法监测及评价131I治疗DTC肺转移灶效果.比较131I显像肺转移灶呈弥漫性摄取和局灶性摄取患者治疗有效率的差异,计算有无肺外远处转移患者的治疗有效率.按治疗前及治疗中Tg水平将患者分为3组:＜ 100 μg/L、100 ～ 1000 μg/L和＞1000 μg/L组,比较3组治疗有效率差异.131I治疗前后Tg比较及不同组Tg间的比较采用秩和检验.独立二分类资料比较采用x2检验及Fisher确切概率法.结果 50例治疗前131I显像阴性2例,131I显像阳性48例.48例阳性患者中,治疗后11例显像阴性,24例病灶好转,有效率73％(35/48).肺转移灶呈131I弥漫性摄取与局灶性摄取者的有效率分别为69％(11/16)、75％(24/32),两者差异无统计学意义(x2=0.211,P ＞0.05).DTC肺外远处转移患者的疗效明显低于无肺外远处转移患者(x2 =3.868,P＜0.05),分别为3/10和70％(28/40).治疗后患者中位Tg水平由108.7 μg/L下降为78.3μg/L(Z=-0.698,P＞0.05).Tg升高患者17例,降低33例,按Tg判断治疗有效率66％(33/50).Tg＜ 100 μg/L组的疗效明显优于＞1000 μg/L组[80％ (20/25)与3/10,P=0.015],而100～1000 μg/L组与另外2组疗效间比较差异无统计学意义[67％(10/15),x2 =0.320,P＞0.05;P =0.111].综合131I显像及Tg结果判断,50例患者中6例临床治愈,25例好转,有效率62％ (31/50).结论 131I显像结合Tg是评价DTC肺转移131I治疗疗效的重要标准,Tg异常升高和肺外远处转移是DTC肺转移患者预后不良的因素.     

18F-FDG PET/CT显像在宫颈癌术后复发和转移中的应用价值

目的 探讨18F-FDG PET/CT显像在宫颈癌术后复发和转移中的应用价值.方法 搜集临床可疑宫颈癌术后复发和转移患者65例,年龄23～77岁,平均48.7岁.所有宫颈癌患者均经手术病理确诊并行根治性治疗,其中鳞癌47例,腺癌12例,腺鳞癌4例,透明细胞癌1例,小细胞癌1例.患者均行18F-FDG PET/CT全身显像检查,采用目测法和半定量法判断结果,并与组织病理或临床随访结果比较其诊断的准确性,以及评价其诊断的真实性和可靠性.结果 65例患者经组织病理或临床随访证实50例复发和转移.18F-FDG PET/CT显像诊断肿瘤局部复发18例,肿瘤转移33例,复发和转移病灶的SUVmax 2.91 ～ 16.70,平均SUVmax 9.81,18F-FDG PET/CT显像诊断宫颈癌术后复发和转移的灵敏度为98.00％,特异性为86.67％,准确性为95.38％,阳性预测值为96.08％,阴性预测值为92.86％;18F-FDG PET/CT显像诊断结果与组织病理或临床随访结果比较差异无统计学意义(经x2检验,P＞0.05);二者结果的吻合度有统计学意义且吻合度较强(系数k=0.867,P=0.000).结论 18F-FDG PET/CT显像能够准确、直观地显示宫颈癌术后复发和转移,且真实性和可靠性好;同时18F-FDG PET/CT全身显像检查是肿瘤远处转移探测最有效的方法,可较全面评估患者病情,对协助临床确定个体化治疗方案具有重要价值.     

18F-FDG PET/CT在可疑神经系统副肿瘤综合征中的应用价值

目的 探讨18F-脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）PET/CT显像探测临床可疑神经系统副肿瘤综合征（PNS）患者潜在肿瘤病灶的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析20例可疑PNS患者18F-FDG PET/CT显像资料,对所有患者行随访病理检查或临床最终诊断,并将结果与PET/CT显像和随访结果进行比较.结果 20例中PET/CT显像发现可疑恶性病变或既往肿瘤复发和（或）转移者9例,阴性11例.9例阳性者中3例为假阳性.PET/CT显像对PNS恶性肿瘤检出的灵敏度、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为6/6,78.57%（11/14）,85.00%（17/20）,6/9和100.00%（11/11）.6例真阳性中4例治疗方案得以修正,经抗肿瘤和免疫疗法后神经异常症状得到改善.结论 18F-FDG PET/CT显像在可疑PNS中的应用有积极意义,有助于发现恶性肿瘤,也能对肿瘤分期提供帮助.     

Stress MR imaging for evaluation of popliteal artery entrapment

The popliteal artery entrapment (PAE) syndrome has been recognized as a cause of arterial occlusion in young people. It is the result of an anomaly of the relationship between the popliteal artery and the gastrocnemius muscle. Eight young healthy volunteers (16 legs) and six patients (10 legs) with suspected PAE underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Gradient-echo images were obtained in axial planes with the leg at rest and during active plantar flexion against resistance. Imaging at rest allowed identification of PAE signs in only one leg, which had an anomalous medial course of the popliteal artery. In the other cases, only the stress technique was able to show signal loss in the popliteal artery due to muscular compression (two legs) or the presence of accessory muscle slip around the vessel (two legs), as confirmed at surgery. MR imaging is therefore a useful technique for the diagnosis of PAE because of its capability of combining information obtainable with other modalities.     

MR imaging of muscle and tender points in fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a syndrome manifested by chronic, diffuse muscu-loskeletal aching and soreness, palpable muscle tender points, and other symptoms. Standardized clinical diagnostic criteria have recently been developed. Skeletal muscle has been postulated as the end organ in this disease. Biochemical, histologic, electromyographic, and conventional radiographic studies have demonstrated no definitive abnormality. This study sought to establish whether magnetic resonance (MR) imaging could demonstrate any abnormality in these patients. Eighteen patients were entered in the study, 14 of whom were able to complete their examinations. T1 -weighted, T2-weighted, gradient-echo, and STIR (short-tau inversion-recovery) sequences were performed in all patients, with selected patients examined with T1weighted, gadopentetate dimeglu-mine-enhanced sequences. The trapezius and suboccipital regions were imaged in patients who, clinically, had active fibro-myalgia. No abnormalities could be detected. The authors conclude that the conventional MR imaging used in this study was unable to depict any primary skeletal muscle abnormality in fibromyalgia.     

MR angiography of congenital heart disease: Value of segmented two-dimensional inflow technique and maximum-intensity-projection display

Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography of the cardiovascular system was evaluated in 41 patients with congenital heart disease by using a two-dimensional (2D) inflow technique based on a magnetization-prepared gradient-echo pulse sequence with segmented k-space data acquisition and electrocardiographic gating at 0.5 T. Inversion and saturation prepulses were used to suppress stationary tissue and enhance intravascular signal. Presaturation slabs were applied where certain vascular structures had to be suppressed. Sequence parameters were optimized by evaluating signal intensity and contrast characteristics for various flip angles and inversion and saturation delay times. The heart and intrathoracic vasculature were encompassed with 40–50 overlapping sections. Both 2D angiograms and maximum-intensity-projection images were evaluated. Combining data sets acquired in the sagittal and transverse orientations provided the most satisfactory information about the pulmonary arteries. The highest signal-to-noise ratios were obtained with a flip angle of 65° and short prepulse delay times. Two-dimensional MR angiography can provide useful diagnostic information but requires a thorough understanding of in-plane and hemodynamically induced signal intensity changes.     

MR imaging of disorders of the brachial plexus

The authors evaluated 64 consecutive patients with suspected brachial plexus (BP) abnormalities of diverse cause with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, using the body coil and a standardized protocol. Of the 43 patients for whom follow-up was available, 25 were suspected of having neoplastic involvement of the BP, nine had sustained injuries, and nine presented with BP symptoms of uncertain cause. MR imaging was 63% sensitive, 100% specific, and 77% accurate in demonstrating the abnormality in this diverse patient population. When patients with neoplastic and traumatic disorders were considered separately, sensitivity increased to 81%, accuracy to 88%, and specificity remained unchanged. In the patients with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic or viral plexitis, the MR imaging findings were normal, serving to exclude other structural abnormalities. It is concluded that MR imaging is valuable in the assessment of a wide range of BP disorders.     

MR imaging characteristics of noncancerous lesions of the prostate.

Radical prostatectomy specimens from 53 men with clinical stage A or B prostate cancer were retrospectively reviewed and compared with correlative axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained just before surgery. Non-cancerous lesions were evaluated for signal intensity and location. Focal high-signal-intensity areas (n = 72) were present in 81% of patients. The 26% of lesions seen in the central gland all correlated with cystic atrophy. Of the 53 lesions seen in the peripheral prostate, 47 (89%) were cystic atrophy without associated cancer, four (7.5%) cystic atrophy with cancer, and two (3.8%) focal inflammation. Focal low-signal-intensity areas (n = 42) were present in 60% of patients. Of the 31% of lesions in the central prostate, one-fifth correlated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and four-fifths with fibrous tissue. Of the 69% of peripheral lesions, 83% corresponded to fibrous tissue, 10% to BPH, and 7% to normal tissue. Mixed lesions (n = 42) were present in 64% of patients; 86% of these were located centrally and 14% peripherally. All mixed central lesions were BPH; the peripheral lesions were areas of combined cystic atrophy and fibrosis. BPH of low or mixed signal intensity can extend into the peripheral prostate and mimic cancer. High-intensity cystic atrophy associated with cancer can mimic normal tissue.     

肾细胞癌的MRI研究进展

肾细胞癌是最常见的成人肾脏恶性肿瘤。近年来，多种功能MRI成像技术（如扩散加权成像、灌注加权成像等）、多参数MRI联合分析以及影像组学等新兴影像处理技术被证实在肾细胞癌的诊断中具有较大的价值。目前，研究热点多集中于良恶性肿瘤的鉴别、组织学亚型的区分、肿瘤分期、预测核分级及判断预后。就MRI新技术及图像处理技术在肾细胞癌中的研究进展予以综述。     

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging assessment of vascularized free fibular grafts

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may be a noninvasive method for assessing perfusion of vascularized bone grafts placed for treatment of avascular necrosis. One proximal femur of seven beagles was devascularized, with insertion of a vascularized fibular graft. MR imaging at 1 week (seven dogs) and 6 weeks (five dogs) after surgery included pre- and postcontrast spin-echo sequences, unenhanced twodimensional time-of-flight (TOF) vascular imaging, and dynamic gradient-echo imaging during infusion of gadolinium. Relative signal intensity values of selected regions obtained from the dynamic gradientecho images were plotted as percent enhancement versus time. In the operated hip, MR imaging did not show enhancement in six of seven femoral heads and greater trochanters at 1 week after surgery, with similar results after 6 weeks. MR imaging of fibular grafts 6 weeks after surgery showed an initial rapid increase in enhancement and a subsequent slower increase in five of five dogs, although no enhancement was seen in six of seven dogs at 1 week. These findings contrasted with a rapid initial increase in enhancement followed by slow decline in non-operated hips. Two-dimensional TOP imaging did not show the vascular pedicle of the graft in any dog. Findings of radionuclide bone scanning performed 1 week after surgery were consistent with devascularization of the operated femur and fibular graft. However, tetracycline distribution and histologic findings confirmed the viability of five of five grafts within the devascularized femurs 6 weeks after surgery. Thus, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging at 6 weeks after surgery is valuable for assessing vascular bone graft perfusion, while similar imaging at 1 week may suggest otherwise.     

Influence of in vivo copper on MR images of the liver in rats

To investigate the effects of in vivo copper on magnetic resonance (MR) images, the authors studied Long-Evans cinnamon rats, which develop hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma as a result of abnormal copper metabolism. The livers of the rats were imaged before hepatitis developed; the absence of hepatic disease was confirmed histopathologically. The copper that accumulated in the liver of the rats was thought to exist in the form of divalent ions, which were suspected of reducing the T1 and T2 of neighboring protons. However, the signal intensities of the liver on T1- and T2*-weighted images did not change, suggesting that in vivo copper, even when accumulated abnormally, does not influence the signal intensity of MR images.     

Techniques for high-resolution MR imaging of atherosclerotic plaque

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in the United States. Investigation of atherosclerotic plaque morphology and composition is important because the findings may be useful in predicting prognosis or response to therapy. This study presents high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques developed on a 1.5-T whole-body imager with a custom-built surface coil, for characterizing the composition and morphology of plaque removed at carotid endarterectomy. The initial comparison of MR imaging and histologic results showed good correlation. In conjunction with MR angiography, these techniques could be used in in vivo imaging to define the size, location, and contents of atherosclerotic plaque at the carotid bifurcation.     

Dynamic MRI of the gallbladder lesions: Differentiation of benign from malignant

Forty-nine pathologically proven gallbladder lesions were evaluated in 45 patients using dynamic MRI with a spoiled gradient pulse sequence (SPGR), to access the ability of this technique to differentiate benign from malignant gallbladder lesions. The studies were reviewed retrospectively. Signal intensity of the lesions were measured. Twenty-one malignant and 28 benign lesions were classified into three categories: polypoid, diffuse wall thickening, and exophytic. Early and delayed enhancement patterns were evaluated. For the polypoid masses, malignant lesions (n = 9) demonstrated early and prolonged enhancements, whereas benign lesions (n = 14) had early enhancement with subsequent washout (P < .05). For diffuse gallbladder wall thickening, malignant lesions (n = 6) demonstrated early and prolonged enhancement and benign lesions (n = 14) showed relatively slow, prolonged enhancement (P < .05). The exophytic masses (n = 6) all were malignant and demonstrated early and prolonged enhancement. Dynamic MRI can help differentiate benign from malignant gallbladder lesions.