我国蜱媒传染病与气象因素的相关性及其防治措施的研究进展

蜱虫在吸食动物血液的同时可携带病原体传播多种人兽共患病。经蜱传播的疾病统称为蜱媒传染病。蜱媒传染病与气象因素,尤其是温度、相对湿度、降雨量、相对大气压和风速等存在一定的相关性。本文对蜱媒传染病与气象因素相关性研究及其防治措施的研究进展进行综述,以期建立蜱媒传染病的气象模型和早期的气象预报预警系统,用于预测疾病的发生和监测疾病的发展。     

我国若干蜱媒疾病概况

蜱是传播病原体种类最多的节肢动物。近年来,随着发病率的升高,蜱媒疾病越来越引起世界的关注。本文对我国常见的几种蜱媒疾病如发热伴血小板减少综合征、莱姆病、巴贝虫病及蜱传脑炎的流行特点、临床表现、诊断方法和病原治疗进行综述。     

蜱杀虫剂的研究现状

蜱能传播多种疾病,对畜牧业造成严重损失。现有的蜱杀虫剂和疫苗均存在一定缺陷。本文对蜱杀虫剂,包括化学杀虫剂和非化学杀虫剂（中草药、纳米材料、病毒、真菌、细菌杀虫剂）的研究现状进行综述,分析现有蜱杀虫剂研究中的不足,以期为后续建立更高效、安全的蜱防控方法提供理论参考。     

蜱的化学感觉系统与驱避剂的研究进展

蜱是一种媒介寄生虫，通过吸血可导致宿主营养不良，且能够传播多种病原体，造成经济损失，威胁公共健康。目前蜱的防治主要使用化学药物，而化学杀虫剂的广泛使用引发的环境污染与毒性问题逐年暴露，因此寻找与化学感觉相关的靶点或者天然安全的驱避剂是蜱防控的关键。目前发现蜱的化学感觉系统在蜱寻找宿主过程中起重要作用，可以作为新的研究方向。本文综述了蜱的化学感觉系统及不同驱避剂的利弊，以期为蜱的防控提供依据。     

银盾革蜱与西藏革蜱的地理分布及其鉴别要点

银盾革蜱与西藏革蜱的地理分布及其鉴别要点于心（新疆维吾尔自治区地方病防治研究所乌鲁木齐８３０００２）银盾革蜱ＤｅｒｍａｃｅｎｔｏｒｎｉｖｅｕｓＮｅｕｍａｎｎ，１９８７与西藏革蜱Ｄ．ｅｖｅｒｅｓｉｔｉａｎｕｓＨｉｒｓｔ，１９２６是我国西部省区常见的蜱种...     

长角血蜱、嗜群血蜱经期传播莱姆病螺旋体Borrelia garinii的实验研究

目的　探讨长角血蜱、嗜群血蜱经期传播莱病螺旋体的可能性。方法　通过皮下注射KM鼠建立实验感染动物模型 ,以此阳性感染鼠感染试蜱非感染种群 ,观察试蜱的感染能力以及以莱姆病螺旋体的保持能力。结果　通过剌叮阳性KM鼠 ,长角血蜱、嗜群血蜱幼蜱饱血后分别获得 6 1 3%、75 0 %的阳性感染 ,但所感染的螺旋体在感染后 2d即死亡消解 ,不能重新获得分离 ,PCR扩增阳性也只能持续到饱血后 8d ,幼蜱蜕化为若蜱后 ,所有检测结果均为阴性 ;这两种蜱的若蜱也都可通过吸血获得 70 0 %的检测阳性率 ,感染后长角血蜱、嗜群血蜱可分别在在饱血后 5、10d内保持螺旋体的活性 ,PCR检测阳性率可延迟至饱血后 15d。此后直至蜕化成为成蜱 ,所有血、蜱检测结果均呈阴性 ;长角血蜱、嗜群血蜱的不同种群在感染和保持螺旋体能力上表现一致。结论　长角血蜱、嗜群血蜱的幼蜱和若蜱虽可以感染莱姆病螺旋体但不能经期传播到下一发育阶段 ,不具备经期传播能力 ,作为莱姆病主要媒介的可能性不大。     

我国蜱和人群中TBEV流行情况的Meta分析

目的 通过评价蜱、人群中蜱传脑炎病毒阳性率及血清抗体阳性率的情况,分析蜱传脑炎在我国的流行特点,明确我国现行蜱传脑炎预防控制措施疫苗接种的重要意义,为该病的预防控制提供科学依据。方法 检索PubMed、万方、维普和知网数据库搜集2000-2019年发表的关于蜱中蜱传脑炎病毒阳性率和人血清学调查的文章,通过Meta分析方法利用Stata15软件对选定的11篇和12篇相关文献进行汇总和分析,得到蜱传脑炎在我国蜱和人群中的流行特点。结果 2000-2019年我国TBEV阳性蜱主要分布在吉林、黑龙江和内蒙古。不同蜱种中TBEV阳性率不同,森林革蜱中TBEV阳性率最高为5%(95%CI:2%~10%,P<0.05)。人群特征分析显示:男性抗体阳性率高于女性,林区工人、军人和农民易感染。不同地区人群血清抗体阳性率差异很大,新疆地区的抗体阳性率最高为14%(95%CI:9%~21%,P<0.05)。结论 我国TBEV流行多在东北地区,阳性蜱以森林草蜱为主,感染人群多为林区工人、军人和农民。     

长蝠硬蜱的研究进展

长蝠硬蜱是一种专性蝙蝠寄生蜱，菊头蝠科在内的多种蝙蝠是其自然宿主，人类为其偶然宿主。长蝠硬蜱在全球范围广泛分布，现有证据指出该蜱可携带多种病原体。本文从发现与命名、形态学特征及与近缘蜱种区别、生活史和生态学研究、线粒体基因组、携带病原体等方面，对长蝠硬蜱的研究现状和进展进行综述。     

塔里木盆地三种扇头蜱的鉴别要点

目的 澄清三种扇头蜱的存在,列出3种扇头蜱的鉴别要点.方法 从不同自然景观和家、野生动物体上采集蜱类进行分类鉴定.结果 共获得蜱类18 000余只.经鉴定隶属2科5属10种.结论 其中优势蜱种为璃眼蜱属Hyalomma中的种类.其次是扇头蜱属Rhipicephalus、革蜱属Dermacentor、血蜱属Haemaphysalis和钝缘蜱属Ornithodoros的种类.     

吉林省延边地区自然生境内蜱种类的调查

目的调查吉林省延边地区自然生境内蜱的种类和分布。方法 2014年5—7月在延边地区龙井市、珲春市、延吉市3个市的6个调查位点用布旗法采集游离蜱类样本,显微镜下依据经典蜱类形态学种属鉴定蜱的种类。结果共采集的蜱280只,隶属2属2种,其中长角血蜱占94.64%(265/280)、全沟硬蜱占5.36%(15/280)。龙井市采集的86只蜱中,长角血蜱和全沟硬蜱的比例分别为83.72%(72/86)和16.28%(14/86);珲春市采集的187只蜱中,长角血蜱和全沟硬蜱的比例分别为99.47%(186/187)和0.53%(1/187);延吉市采集的7只蜱全部是长角血蜱。结论延边地区自然生境内主要以长角血蜱和全沟硬蜱为主,长角血蜱是优势蜱。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.