指动脉背侧支皮瓣的解剖学基础及临床应用

目的　探讨指动脉背侧支皮瓣血管解剖学基础及临床应用经验。 方法　5侧成人新鲜上肢标本经动脉红色乳胶灌注并解剖,观察指动脉背侧支的起始处外径,走行距离及吻合支情况。1侧成人新鲜上肢标本经氧化铅灌注,分别于灌注后2、4h行X线片摄影,观察指动脉背侧支走行、分布情况。临床上设计切取以指动脉背侧支为蒂的游离皮瓣修复指腹皮肤软组织缺损共6例6指。 结果　指动脉背侧支发出部位比较恒定,分别在近节指中段、近节中远1/3、中节中段及远指间关节平面,其中以近节中远1/3处的皮支发出最为恒定,起始处外径约为0.2mm。临床设计游离皮瓣6例6块修复指腹软组织缺损,皮瓣全部成活。术后随访6~18月（平均12月）,皮瓣血运、质地、弹性良好,外形美观,感觉恢复S3,对供区损伤小。 结论　指动脉背侧支解剖恒定,供血可靠,以指动脉背侧支为蒂的游离皮瓣修复指腹创面是一种理想的方法,临床上可依具体情况选择来修复。     

以邻指动脉侧方皮瓣重建远端指节血运的临床应用

目的：寻求防止手指中段掌侧软组织缺损继发远端指节坏死的手术方法。方法：将邻指指动脉侧方皮瓣带蒂转位修复创面，以皮瓣血管游离端同患指远端指节的指动脉端端吻合重建患指血运。结果：此术式修复ll例患。其中10例经血管吻合后解除了远端指节血管危象，保留了手指长度和部发功能，1例因未吻合远端血管而出现远端指节坏死而截指。结论：手指中段掌侧严重组织缺损而伤及双侧指动脉，可在皮瓣修复创面的同时予以重建患指血运，以免发生迟发性血运障碍致远端指节坏死。邻指指动脉侧方皮瓣带蒂顺行转位桥接术可满足这些要求。     

大鱼际皮瓣的解剖学基础及临床应用

目的:介绍大鱼际皮瓣的血管解剖学基础,以及临床应用经验。方法:解剖20侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人手标本,观察大鱼际皮肤的血供来源、走行、分支及吻合情况。临床切取3种不同设计的大鱼际皮瓣,修复拇指软组织缺损共计14例。结果:大鱼际皮肤的血供来源主要有4个方面:(1)由掌浅支或其发出的拇指桡侧指动脉发出的皮支;(2)来源于拇主要动脉的拇指桡侧指动脉发出的皮穿支;(3)拇指桡侧指背动脉向大鱼际桡背侧发出的皮支;(4)大鱼际深部血管发出的肌皮穿支。上述这些血管在大鱼际交织成网状,营养整个大鱼际皮肤。临床应用以掌浅支(弓)发出的拇指桡侧指动脉为血管蒂的大鱼际皮瓣4例,拇指桡侧指动脉穿支蒂皮瓣7例,大鱼际桡背侧筋膜血管蒂皮瓣4例,皮瓣全部成活,其中1例指动脉穿支皮瓣远端约4mm坏死,结痂后自行脱落。术后随访半年～2年,平均10个月,皮瓣血运、质地、弹性良好,外形美观。结论:三种皮瓣疗效可靠,是修复拇指软组织缺损的理想方法。临床上可依具体情况选择不同的方法来修复。     

改良指固有动脉背侧支皮瓣游离移植修复指端缺损

目的　报道应用带指固有动脉的指固有动脉背侧支皮瓣游离移植修复指端皮肤缺损的临床效果。 方法　2014年1月至2018年10月,23例23指指端皮肤软组织缺损,均伴有指骨外露,应用带指固有动脉的指固有动脉背侧支皮瓣游离移植修复。术中不用特意寻找指固有动脉背侧皮支,保留指固有动脉近节中远1/3处1cm往背侧的筋膜组织,连同指固有动脉一并切取,切除的指固有动脉予以指背静脉桥接修复,切取皮瓣面积为1.5cm×1.0cm～2.5cm×2.0cm,供区取前臂全厚皮片植皮修复。 结果　23例皮瓣全部成活,术后随访3～18个月,平均10个月,皮瓣质地佳,手指外形及感觉恢复良好,两点辨别觉为 8～14mm。皮瓣供区植皮愈合良好。 结论　运用改良指固有动脉背侧支皮瓣,可降低了切取难度,减少背侧支损伤可能,增加供血动脉吻合口径,降低吻合难度,是修复指端缺损一种较好的方法。     

三种术式修复手指动脉合并软组织缺损的临床分析

目的分析3种术式修复指固有动脉、神经及皮肤缺损的临床效果.方法分别应用带蒂腹部随意皮瓣加静脉移植、带蒂邻指皮瓣加静脉移植及游离静脉皮瓣桥接指动脉修复11例11指的指固有动脉及皮肤缺损,同时修复损伤的指固有神经20条.结果皮瓣、手指均成活,2例静脉皮瓣术后出现静脉淤血现象,1例采用带蒂腹部随意皮瓣加静脉移植修复术的患指术后出现动脉危象.随诊4周～3年,静脉皮瓣修复的患指活动功能基本正常,邻指皮瓣修复的患指经功能锻炼后恢复良好,腹部任意皮瓣修复术后患指活动受限较明显,11指的感觉恢复较满意.结论静脉皮瓣桥接的手术方式是治疗手指合并动脉及软组织缺损的理想方法.     

尺神经手背支营养血管皮瓣修复小指指腹创面的解剖及临床

目的:报道尺神经手背支营养血管逆行皮瓣修复小指指腹皮肤缺损的解剖基础及方法。方法:根据尺神经手背支及其营养血管的解剖规律,设计逆行皮瓣,修复小指指腹皮肤缺损。结果:患者7例,术后平均随访5～20个月,皮瓣全部成活,其中优3例,良3例,可1例,疗效优良率86%。结论:尺神经手背支营养血管逆行皮瓣血运丰富,修复小指皮肤缺损,覆盖完全,容易成活,优良率高,手术简单。     

指动脉背侧终末支皮瓣修复手指末端缺损的疗效

目的探讨指动脉背侧终末支皮瓣修复指末节组织缺损的效果。方法选取2014年2月至2018年9月山东省立第三医院收治的采用指动脉背侧终末支皮瓣修复指末端组织缺损的患者35例(48指),依照缺损的面积、形状,于患指的近节或中节指背设计并切取皮瓣,皮瓣切取面积为10 mm×12 mm^23 mm×41 mm。记录皮瓣成活情况、外观、质地、弹性、患指活动度、患者的满意程度、皮瓣区两点分辨觉,依照中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准进行评价。结果本研究48指移植皮瓣全部成活,经1~12个月随访,移植皮瓣供血较好,外观、质地及弹性和受区附近皮肤比较无明显区别,皮瓣两点分辨觉为4~8 mm,各指间关节活动及供区无异常,患者均较满意。结论以指动脉背侧终末支为供血的筋膜蒂岛状逆行皮瓣设计合理,切取方便,不伤及指固有动脉和神经,成活率高,是修复指末端软组织缺损的一种有效方法。     

三种术式修复手指动脉合并软组织缺损的临床分析

目的分析3种术式修复指固有动脉、神经及皮肤缺损的临床效果．方法分别应用带蒂腹部随意皮瓣加静脉移植、带蒂邻指皮瓣加静脉移植及游离静脉皮瓣桥接指动脉修复11例11指的指固有动脉及皮肤缺损，同时修复损伤的指固有神经20条．结果皮瓣、手指均成活，2例静脉皮瓣术后出现静脉淤血现象，1例采用带蒂腹部随意皮瓣加静脉移植修复术的患指术后出现动脉危象．随诊4周-3年，静脉皮瓣修复的患指活动功能基本正常，邻指皮瓣修复的患指经功能锻炼后恢复良好，腹部任意皮瓣修复术后患指活动受限较明显，11指的感觉恢复较满意．结论静脉皮瓣桥接的手术方式是治疗手指合并动脉及软组织缺损的理想方法．     

掌背动脉复合组织瓣的解剖特点及临床应用

目的 采用简单有效、可靠的方法修复手指掌，背侧复合组织缺损。方法 根据掌背动脉的解剖特点。设计以第二、三掌背动脉为蒂的肌腱皮瓣、骨皮瓣，肌腱骨皮瓣逆行移位修复示、中、环指掌，背侧复合组织缺损共21例。结果：19例皮瓣顺利成活，2例出现静脉危象，皮缘部分环死，经拆线，换药后伤口愈合，术后3周开始系统功能练习，15例术后随访3个月-2年6个月，皮瓣柔软，细腻有弹性，外形佳，感觉、运动功能恢复良好。结论 第二、三掌背动脉复合组织瓣的血运可靠，并含有感觉神经，手术操作简单，用于修复示、中、环指掌，背侧复合组织缺损是一种比较理想的手术方法。     

手部不同远端蒂皮瓣静脉回流障碍的原因分析

目的　分析手部不同远端蒂皮瓣修复手部皮肤缺损静脉回流障碍的原因及改善静脉回流的方法。 方法 对56例手部皮肤缺损的患者应用远端蒂拇指指背皮神经营养血管皮瓣、逆行掌背动脉皮瓣、远端蒂尺神经手背支营养血管皮瓣等不同方法分别进行修复。 结果 本组53例皮瓣全部成活,早期有3例远端蒂拇指指背皮神经营养血管皮瓣转移后出现边缘坏死,经换药后愈合。 结论 远端蒂皮瓣蒂部的处理是皮瓣成活的关键,在皮瓣蒂部结扎浅静脉干能够有效地降低皮瓣转位术后静脉危象的发生率,改善静脉回流。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008