K-ras基因状态与结直肠癌临床病理特征的关系

目的观察结直肠癌原发灶K-ras基因的突变,探讨其与临床病理特征的关系。方法运用实时荧光定量PCR法检测230例结直肠癌组织K-ras基因12、13密码子的突变,利用χ2检验分析其与临床病理特征的相关性。结果 230例结直肠癌患者中,84例K-ras基因发生突变,突变率为36.5%,其中12密码子突变65例(28.2%)、13密码子突变19例(8.3%)。结直肠癌肺转移患者K-ras基因突变率较无肺转移患者高(P=0.022),12、13单密码子突变与临床病理特征(患者年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、病理分型、TNM分期、Dukes分期、区域淋巴结及肝肺转移)无关(P>0.05)。结论结直肠癌K-ras基因突变可能与肺转移存在相关性,检测K-ras基因突变对结直肠癌患者临床个体化治疗具有指导意义。     

K-ras基因突变与结直肠癌生物学行为的关系

目的: 观察结直肠癌组织中k-ras基因突变情况,探讨k-ras基因突变与结直肠癌生物学行为的关系。方法: 采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测123例结直肠癌组织中k-ras基因1号外显子12、13密码子突变情况,结合其临床病理资料分析。结果: 123例结直肠癌组织中k-ras基因突变者53例(40.8%),其中12密码子突变42例(34.1%),13密码子突变者11例(8.9%)。基因突变率与肿瘤大小、肿瘤侵润深度、分化程度无明显相关性,与淋巴结转移、肝脏转移及TNM分期有相关性（P<0.05）。淋巴结转移多者k-ras基因突变率高,有肝脏转移者基因突变率高,TNM分期越晚基因突变率越高。结论: K-ras基因突变可能在结直肠癌的发生、发展中起重要作用,而且与淋巴结转移和肝脏转移有密切相关,可作为判断结直肠癌恶性程度的一个分子生物学指标。     

结直肠癌原发灶、门静脉血和肝转移灶K-ras基因突变的研究

目的:观察结直肠癌患者门静脉血液、原发肿瘤组织及相应肝转移灶K-ras基因突变情况,分析三者的一致性,探讨结直肠癌患者门静脉血K-ras基因突变与肝转移关系。方法:实时荧光定量PCR技术和基因测序技术检测59例结直肠癌患者门静脉血液、原发肿瘤组织及15例肝转移灶K-ras基因突变,结合其临床资料分析。结果:59例结直肠癌组织中20例(33.9%)发现K-ras基因突变,18例(30.5%)结直肠癌患者的门静脉血中也发现K-ras基因突变,15例肝转移灶中8例(53.3%)发现K-ras基因突变,与原发癌组织的基因突变率差异不明显(P0.05)。18例门静脉血存在K-ras基因突变者,其相应的肿瘤组织中均发现K-ras突变。结直肠癌组织中无K-ras基因突变者,患者门静脉血未发现基因突变。8例肝转移灶发现K-ras基因突变者门静脉血亦均有K-ras基因突变,7例肝转移灶无K-ras突变者门静脉血也无K-ras突变。原发肿瘤组织、相应门静脉血和5例同时性、2例异时性肝转移灶的K-ras基因突变类型基本一致(即K-ras基因12密码子GGT突变为GAT或GTT),1例异时性肝转移灶K-ras基因突变类型为13密码子GGC突变为GAC。原发癌组织与门静脉血K-ras基因突变一致率为96.6%(57/59),肝转移灶与门静脉血K-ras基因突变情况基本一致,但突变类型有不同。结论:结直肠癌的原发灶、门静脉血及肝转移灶的K-ras基因突变较为一致,原发癌组织和门静脉血均有K-ras基因的突变,预示着肿瘤可能通过血行转移至肝脏。     

结直肠腺癌中Fascin-1、β-catenin蛋白表达及其与K-ras基因突变状态的相关性

目的探讨结直肠腺癌中Fascin-1、β-catenin蛋白的表达和K-ras基因突变状态,分析三者在结直肠腺癌侵袭转移过程中的相关性。方法应用免疫组化En Vision两步法检测Fascin-1、β-catenin蛋白的表达,采用ARMS荧光定量PCR法检测Kras基因突变情况,分析Fascin-1、β-catenin蛋白的表达及K-ras基因突变与结直肠腺癌临床病理特征的关系,并对三者进行相关性分析。结果 112例结直肠腺癌中,Fascin-1蛋白高表达率为27. 7%(31/112),显著高于癌旁正常组织(P 0. 01);β-catenin蛋白核的高表达率为29. 5%(33/112),显著高于癌旁正常组织(P 0. 01); Fascin-1蛋白的高表达及β-catenin蛋白核的高表达与淋巴结转移(P=0. 022,P=0. 027)、TNM分期(P=0. 042,P=0. 019)相关; Fascin-1蛋白的高表达与肿瘤位置相关(P=0. 004); K-ras基因突变39例,突变率为34. 8%(39/112); K-ras基因突变与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤位置、分化程度、淋巴结转移及TNM分期均无关(P 0. 05); Fascin-1蛋白高表达、β-catenin蛋白核表达与K-ras基因突变存在相关性(rs=0. 252,rs=0. 258,P 0. 05); Fascin-1蛋白高表达与β-catenin蛋白核表达呈正相关(rs=0. 213,P 0. 05)。结论 Fascin-1蛋白和β-catenin蛋白参与结直肠腺癌的侵袭转移,与K-ras基因突变相关; K-ras可能通过β-catenin蛋白促进Fascin-1蛋白的表达,从而为K-ras基因突变型结直肠癌的靶向治疗提供新的研究方向。     

结直肠癌原发灶与肝转移灶中KRAS、PIK3CA基因突变的一致性分析

目的探讨结直肠癌原发灶及相应肝转移灶中KRAS、PIK3CA基因突变及临床意义。方法采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测58例结直肠癌原发灶癌组织及相应肝转移灶组织中KRAS、PIK3CA基因突变情况。结果结直肠癌原发灶与肝转移灶中KRAS基因的突变率分别为31.03%(18/58)、25.86%(15/58),最常见的突变位点为G12D;PIK3CA基因的突变率分别为8.62%(5/58)、10.34%(6/58),最常见的突变位点为E545K。有1例同时发生KRAS(G12D)、PIK3CA(E545K)基因突变。结直肠癌原发灶与肝转移灶中KRAS、PIK3CA基因突变的一致性较好。单因素分析显示:KRAS突变与结直肠癌原发灶肿瘤部位、转移灶多少、大体类型相关(P0.05),PIK3CA突变与同时性/异时性肝转移、转移灶多少相关(P0.05)。多因素Cox回归模型显示:同时性/异时性肝转移、KRAS突变状态是影响结直肠癌预后的危险因素。结直肠癌同时性肝转移比异时性肝转移患者的总生存期延长,KRAS野生型比突变型患者总生存期延长(P0.05)。结论结直肠癌中KRAS基因G12D位点突变率最高,原发灶与肝转移灶中KRAS、PIK3CA基因突变一致性较好。原发灶可以作为分子检测的标本来源,基于精准医疗对于靶向治疗的选择,则需再次评估肝转移灶中的基因状态,以达到个体化治疗。     

结直肠癌原发灶与肝转移灶K-ras基因状态的研究

目的观察K-ras基因在结直肠癌原发灶及肝转移灶的突变状态。方法采用富集PCR配对测序法检测46例（男35例,女11例）结直肠癌肝转移患者原发灶及肝转移灶K-ras基因突变状态,其中结肠癌肝转移21例（45.7%）,直肠癌肝转移25例（54.3%）。结果46例中有18例（39.1%）原发灶K-ras基因为突变型,其中17例对应的肝转移灶K-ras基因为突变型,1例对应的肝转移灶K-ras基因为野生型。28例（60.9%）原发灶K-ras基因为野生型者中,26例对应的肝转移灶K-ras基因为野生型,2例对应的肝转移灶K-ras基因为突变型。统计分析表明,原发灶与肝转移灶K-ras基因突变状况差异无统计学意义（P=1.00）。结论转移性结直肠癌原发灶与肝转移灶的K-ras基因突变状态差异无统计学意义。     

K-ras基因突变在内蒙古地区结直肠癌患者中研究

目的检测内蒙地区结直肠癌K-ras基因突变情况,并结合临床病理资料加以分析。方法提取15例结直肠癌患者结直肠癌手术切除标本组织的DNA,对产物进行基因序列癌组织的DNA聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增、DNA直接测序分析。结果 K-ras基因突变率为0%,几种分化型的结直肠癌均未发现K-ras基因突变类型,包括12密码子（GGT）、13密码子（GGC）。结论我院结直肠癌患者k-ras基因突变率为0%,转移性结直肠癌患者原发肿瘤与转移灶肿瘤k-ras基因型均相同;结直肠癌患者k-ras基因突变与否与年龄、性别、肿瘤浸润深度、肿瘤组织学类型无关。     

结直肠癌患者BRAF,KRAS,NRAS和PIK3CA基因突变与其病理正的关系

目的:探讨265例结直肠癌患者BRAF,KRAS,NRAS和PIK3 CA基因突变及其病理特征关系.方法:选取2014年12月至2016年12月的265例结直肠癌患者肿瘤组织标本进行回顾性分析,采用PCR扩增-直接测序法检测BRAF基因(1 5外显子600密码子),KRAS基因(12,13,61密码子突变),NRAS(2号与3号外显子的12密码子、13密码子与61密码子常见的12个突变位点)及PIK3 CA(第9,20外显子)基因的突变状态,分析其与结直肠癌临床病理特征的关系.结果:265例患者中存在BRAF基因突变率为6.8％(18/265),KRAS基因突变率为32.1％(85/265),NRAS基因突变率为5.7％(15/265),PIK3 CA基因突变率为11.3％(30/265).NRAS基因和KRAS基因突变与年龄有关(P＜0.05),与性别、原发部位、组织学类型、分化程度、TNM分期、区域淋巴结转移、远处转移、术后复发转移均无关(P＞0.05);BRAF,PIK3 CA基因在原发部位为右半结肠患者中的突变率明显升高(P＜0.05),但与年龄、性别、组织学类型、分化程度、TNM分期、区域淋巴结转移、远处转移、术后复发转移均无关(P＞0.05).结论:NRAS,PIK3 CA基因在中国结直肠癌患者中的突变率较低.KRAS,NRAS基因突变与年龄相关,BRAF,PIK3 CA基因与肿瘤原发部位相关,联合检测这些基因的突变情况可以判断疾病的发生发展.     

XKRX在结直肠癌的表达和临床意义

目的　探讨XKRX（XK related, X-linked）在结直肠癌组织中的表达和临床意义。 方法　收集TCGA公共数据库中结直肠癌芯片数据,对结直肠癌组织样本中XKRX基因表达数据以及对应的临床资料进行回顾性分析和生存分析。在临床上收取结直肠癌样本,通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和蛋白免疫印迹（western blot）实验验证XKRX表达水平是否与芯片结果一致,为研究XKRX基因提供新的实验数据。 结果　芯片结果显示XKRX在结直肠癌组织的表达水平明显高于癌旁正常组织（P＜0.0001）。利用实时荧光定量PCR和蛋白免疫印迹实验检测21例结直肠癌临床样本中XKRX表达水平,结果显示结直肠癌组织中XKRX的信使RNA（mRNA）和蛋白质表达水平明显高于癌旁正常组织。XKRX表达与性别（P=0.9034）、年龄(P=0.886)、TMN分期(P=0.3979)、淋巴结转移(P=0.7995)和远处转移(P=0.6032)无明显统计学差异。但XKRX高表达组的生存时间明显低于低表达组（P=0.0075）。 结论　XKRX在结直肠癌组织中表达上调,可能发挥原癌基因的作用,影响结直肠癌的恶性进展,进而降低患者的生存时间,提示患者不良预后。     

结直肠癌中KRAS基因突变及意义

目的观察结直肠癌患者的KRAS基因突变,探讨其生物学意义。方法收集湖北省荆门市第一人民医院2012年9月~2015年7月以双脱氧末端标记法行KRAS基因测序的结直肠癌根治标本378例,分析KRAS基因12/13密码子基因状态。结果 378例标本中,KRAS基因12/13密码子野生型247例,突变型131例(34.7%)。KRAS基因突变与患者年龄、性别无关;密码子G12突变率在有淋巴结转移组中较高,而G13突变与淋巴结转移无关。实验共检测到8种突变类型,以G12D、G12V、G13D三种类型最多,G12F(GGTTTT)为罕见突变类型。结论 KRAS基因突变的机制尚不明确,测序法能够判读少见的突变类型,有利于精准化治疗。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.