多层螺旋CT在创伤性关节骨折中的应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT在创伤性关节骨折诊断中的应用价值。方法 对45例关节外伤患者进行普通X线片和MSCT检查，并通过多平面重建法(MPR)、三维表面遮盖法(SSD)及容积重建技术(VRT)观察骨折细节。结果 12例隐匿骨折和33例复杂关节骨折通过MSCT检查能清晰地显示骨折线的位置、范围和骨折块的移位。结论 MSCT对关节骨折的诊断具有特殊的诊断价值，能提高诊断的准确性，为手术方案提供了科学依据。     

多层螺旋CT在儿童肘关节隐匿性骨折的应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)在儿童肘关节隐匿性骨折方面的应用价值.方法 由2名资深放射科医师和1名资深小儿骨科医师采用双盲法,对71例X线检查阴性而临床怀疑有骨折的儿童肘关节MSCT横断面、多平面重建(MPR,含CPR)、表面遮盖显示(SSD)图像进行评估,同时回顾性分析X线平片检查阴性的影像资料.结果 经随访最终证实54例56处儿童肘关节骨折中,MSCT诊断52例共54处骨折,MSCT技术的敏感性96.43%(54/56),特异性100%(17/17).回顾性分析X线平片,误诊1例,可疑7例,余46例仍诊断为阴性.结论 MSCT对X线检查阴性而临床怀疑骨折的儿童肘关节病例能作出准确的分型诊断,对治疗方案的选择具有重要临床价值.     

MSCT重建技术在四肢关节隐匿性骨折诊断中的研究

目的讨论MSCT重建技术在四肢关节隐匿性骨折诊断中的应用价值。方法通过选入本院自2013年6月至2018年6月收治的四肢关节隐匿性骨折的患者360例作为研究对象,共计检查431个关节。其中男211例,女349例;年龄15至81岁,平均年龄(42.51±11.7)岁,中位数41岁。通过对所有患者进行DR平片检查,对于其中的阴性结果的患者采用MSCT进行进一步检查。结果 DR平片检查结果显示对360例患者共计431个关节行DR检查,DR检出22例患者共计23个关节,对肩关节、腕关节、髋关节、膝关节、踝关节和肘关节的检出效能总体不高;MSCT的检出率为肩关节86.79%(46/53)、腕关节81.82%(27/33)、78.18%髋关节(43/55)、膝关节89.80%(88/98)、踝关节91.46%(75/82)和肘关节88.51%(77/87)。DR平片与MSCT与比较,对于四肢隐匿性骨折,两者一致性较差,差异显著。结论对于四肢隐匿性骨折的诊断,DR片不能做出良好的诊断,其检验效能和MDCT比较差异较大,对于四肢的隐匿性骨折的影像学检查,MDCT值得临床推广。     

多层螺旋CT不同重建技术对肋骨骨折准确性诊断的价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT不同重建技术对肋骨骨折准确性诊断的价值。方法对42例临床怀疑肋骨骨折的患者进行胸部正斜位检查和MSCT扫描,CT采集数据后进行薄层处理、多平面重建(Multi-planar reconstruction,MPR)、容积显示(Volume rendering,VR)重建,将重建结果与X线平片对比观察。结果 MSCT不同重建图像能全面、直观地显示X线漏诊的肋骨骨折线和X线不能显示的肋软骨骨折。MSCT不同重建技术与临床符合率高。MSCT与X线平片对比P<0.05,具有统计学意义。而MSCT各重建技术之间P>0.05,不具有统计学意义。结论多层螺旋CT对肋骨骨折能提供更多直观、立体的信息,为临床医师提供更加全面的参考资料。     

数字化摄影与多层螺旋CT在足踝部骨折及脱位的诊断价值比较

目的:比较数字化摄影(DR)与多层螺旋CT(MSCT)在诊断足踝部骨折及关节脱位的应用价值。方法:分析2010年8月至2012年8月收治的52例足踝部骨折及脱位患者(男37例,女15例,年龄15～49岁)的DR及MSCT资料,并与手术或出院诊断对比,比较两者诊断骨折数量、关节脱位的区别,采用R统计软件Wilcoxon符号秩检验(Wilcoxon signed rank test)进行统计学分析。结果:52例MSCT结果与术后或出院诊断结果完全相符。MSCT诊断骨折172处,DR诊断骨折98处,两者在骨折诊断中差异有统计学意义(V=1081,P<0.05);MSCT诊断关节脱位24例,DR诊断关节脱位16例,两者在关节脱位诊断中差异有统计学意义(V=21,P<0.05)。MSCT纠正DR骨折诊断定位6例。结论:MSCT对足踝部骨折及关节脱位的诊断优于DR。DR应首选2个部位的检查。当DR诊断结果不明确或与临床症状不相符时应选择MSCT及多平面重建(MPR)检查,可避免漏诊及误诊。     

MSCT三维重建与X线平片对踝关节骨折分型的评估价值比较

目的探讨MSCT三维重建与X线平片对踝关节骨折分型的评估价值比较。方法选取2017年2月至2019年2月踝关节骨折患者60例,所有患者均给予MSCT三维重建与X线平片检查,以手术结果为对照。结果 MSCT三维检查的Lauge-Hansen分型符合率明显高于X线平片检查,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。MSCT三维检查的Denis-Weber分型符合率明显高于X线平片检查,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。MSCT三维检查的骨折损伤检出率明显高于X线平片检查,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与X线比较,MSCT三维成像对踝关节骨折的Lauge-Hansen分型、Denis-W eber分型的评估价值高,且可有效提高骨折损伤的检出率,值得临床推广。     

多层螺旋CT不同重建技术在复杂腕关节损伤中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT不同重建技术对复杂腕损伤的临床应用价值。方法对65例X线诊断腕关节多发骨折患者进行MSCT扫描,采集数据后进行薄层处理、多平面重建（multi-planarre construction,MPR）、容积显示（volume rendering,VR）重建,将重建结果与X线平片对比观察。结果与X线平片比较,MSCT不同重建图像能全面、直观地显示相应的腕关节骨折、脱位及关节腔内骨片情况。MSCT诊断不同重建技术与临床符合率均为100%。MSCT与X线平片对比P〈0.05,具有统计学意义。而MSCT各重建技术之间P〉0.05,不具有无统计学意义。结论多层螺旋CT对复杂腕关节骨折能提供更多直观、立体腕关节损伤的信息,应做为常规检查手段之一。     

MSCT三维重建技术在踝关节骨折术前分期及术后评估中的应用价值

目的研究多层螺旋CT(MSCT)三维重建技术在踝关节骨折术前分期及术后评估中的应用价值,为患者的诊断提供指导。方法选择2017年3月至2019年3月期间本院收治的140例疑似踝关节骨折的患者作为本次的研究对象。所有患者均给予数字X线摄影术(DR)与多层螺旋CT(MSCT)三维重建技术对患者骨折部位的情况进行检查,比较两种检查的结果的结果。结果 MSCT三维重建技术的Kappa值,手术最终确定结果的一致性,检测的特异度、灵敏度均明显高于DR检查结果,数据差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。MSCT三维重建检出分型的解剖复位率明显高于DR技术,MSCT三维重建分为旋前外展型(PAB)、旋前外旋型(PER)、旋后外旋型(SER)复位质量明显高于DR技术,数据差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MSCT三维重建技术在踝关节骨折术前分期及术后评估中有较高的应用价值,可以作为诊断踝关节骨折的有效依据,值得临床推广运用。     

多层螺旋CT成像技术对肋骨微细骨折的应用价值分析

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)对肋骨微细骨折的诊断价值.方法:对40例临床怀疑肋骨骨折,常规X线平片显示阴性的病例,应用多层螺旋CT扫描并行采用薄层重建,常规采用骨算法重建层厚1mm的横断面图像,然后调入3D工作站,进行图像后处理,并行统计学分析.结果:35例数字化X线摄影均未见明确肋骨骨折,多层螺旋CT检出56处骨折,其中,多发骨折28例,单发骨折7例.结论:多层螺旋CT能准确诊断不同程度的肋骨骨折,可作为肋骨微细骨折的首选检查方法,多层螺旋CT显示肋骨无错位细微骨折优于数字化X线摄影.     

DR及MSCT在儿童肘关节不同类型细微骨折中的诊断价值研究

目的 探究X射线摄影（digital radiography,DR）与多层螺旋CT(multisliecs helieal CT,MSCT)对儿童肘关节不同类型细微骨折的诊断价值。方法 收集本院2019年6月至2022年6月收治的76例疑似肘关节细微骨折患儿资料，均对患者行DR与MSCT检查辅助诊断，以MRI结果为金标准，观察两种影像学检查的诊出情况、诊断效能以及骨折分型情况。结果 76例患儿中，MRI确诊肘关节细微骨折为69例，其余骨折数7例。MSCT检查患儿肘关节细微骨折的误诊率14.29%(1/7)，漏诊率4.35%(3/69);DR检查的误诊率28.58%(2/7)，漏诊率18.84%(13/69)。DR检查的灵敏度、准确度、阴性预测值以及特异度分别是81.16%(56/69)、80.26%(61/76)、27.78%(5/18)、71.43%(5/7);MSCT检查的灵敏度、准确度、阴性预测值以及特异度分别是95.65%(66/69)、94.74%(72/76)、66.67%(6/9)、85.71%(6/7)；与DR检查相比，MSCT诊断灵敏度、准确度、阴性预测值以及特异度更...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.