再谈2019中国乙型肝炎母婴传播防治指南:证据,证据,还是证据

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)母婴传播是导致慢性HBV感染的主要原因,因此如何阻断HBV母婴传播,实现HBV阳性母亲所生新生儿HBV“零感染”的目标一直是临床研究的热点问题,国际和我国的乙型肝炎防治指南中都重点讨论这个问题,也发表了相关共识。由中华医学会感染病学分会和GRADE中国中心制定的《中国乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播防治指南(2019年版)》(以下简称《指南》),并在《中华传染病杂志》发表.     

乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播及其阻断研究的现状与存在问题

HBV可经血液、母婴、性接触等多种途径传播,其中母婴传播是我国HBV传播的主要途径之一.乙型肝炎母婴阻断是指通过产前、产时,产后采取一系列措施对新生儿进行保护以减少感染HBV机会的方法.近年来,HBV的母婴阻断取得了较好效果,总体阻断成功率约在90%以上,但仍有一定的失败率,在相关机制、方案优化等方面仍面临一些亟待解决的问题.     

乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播阻断的临床研究现状

宫内感染是我国HBV母婴传播的主要途径,胎儿HBV感染与出生后免疫系统耐受有关。乙型肝炎病毒免疫球蛋白（HBIG）的传统免疫法不足以有效地阻断HBV的母婴传播。有研究认为,于妊娠20W给予HBIG,并加大乙型肝炎疫苗（HBVac）的剂量或增加注射次数,可有效提高HBV感染的阻断率。拉米夫定具有良好的HBV母婴传播阻断效果,但其安全性尚需进一步确定。本文综述了阻断HBV母婴传播的一些临床研究进展。     

194例HIV阳性孕妇HBV HCV及梅毒合并感染状况分析

目的了解广西艾滋病病毒(HIV)阳性孕妇合并感染乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、梅毒状况,为医疗部门及相关部门采取有效的措施,实施母婴阻断、提高人口素质提供科学的依据。方法对广西贺州、柳州、南宁和横县发现的194名HIV阳性孕妇的HBV、HCV及梅毒合并感染状况进行检测分析。结果在调查的194名HIV阳性孕妇中,HIV/HCV、HIV/HBV和HIV/梅毒合并感染率分别为14.14%、9.42%和5.24%。2.62%和1.05%的妇女分别有HIV/HBV/HCV和HIV/HCV/梅毒混合感染,吸毒是HIV/HCV合并感染的危险因素,HIV/HBV合并感染存在地区差异。结论研究地区HIV阳性孕妇的HBV、HCV及梅毒感染率显著高于普通孕妇,应早期发现并采取有效的干预措施以预防母婴垂直传播。     

HBV感染垂直传播阻断研究的现状与问题

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染是严重的公共卫生问题.随着献血管理的加强和乙肝疫苗的逐步推广,HBV感染水平传播的流行势头已经得到遏制,而垂直传播成为导致HBV慢性感染的主要途径之一.HBV感染垂直传播包括母婴传播和父婴传播,以前者为主.传播的途径包括:宫前感染、宫内感染、产程感染、出生后感染.对新生儿联合使用乙肝免疫球蛋白和乙肝疫苗已成为阻断母婴传播的重要措施,但仍有部分病例未能获得有效保护.其中,HBV宫内感染的存在是导致阻断措施失败的重要原因之一.     

乙型肝炎病毒感染防控三十年成就

接种乙肝疫苗和阻断乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）母婴传播对于HBV感染防控有重要意义。接种乙肝疫苗是预防 HBV感染的最有效方法。加强育龄期女性HBV筛查，对高病毒载量慢性HBV携带孕妇孕期进行抗病毒治疗，以及 对HBsAg阳性母亲的新生儿采取乙肝疫苗和乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白的联合免疫接种等措施，大大降低HBV的母婴传 播。近30年，我国乙型肝炎病毒感染防控已取得了显著性成就。     

再谈《中国乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播防治指南(2019年版)》:证据,证据,还是证据

HBV母婴传播是导致慢性HBV感染的主要原因,因此如何阻断HBV母婴传播,实现HBV阳性母亲所生新生儿HBV“零感染”的目标一直是临床研究的热点问题,国际和我国的乙型肝炎防治指南中都重点讨论这个问题,也发表了相关共识。由中华医学会感染病学分会和GRADE中国中心制定的《中国乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播防治指南(2019年版)》 [1] (以下简称《指南》)已在中华传染病杂志发表。     

北京市上地医院流动人口孕产妇中4种传染病的流行病学调查

目的 调查北京市上地医院流动人口孕产妇中HBV、HCV、HIV和梅毒感染情况,为有效阻断母婴传播提供依据.方法 对2007-2010年到上地医院就诊的26 819例流动人口孕产妇的血清进行HBV、HCV、HIV和梅毒抗体检测.结果 26 819例中,HBsAg阳性率为1.70％,抗HCV阳性率为0.03％,HIV抗体阳性率为0.01％,梅毒感染率为0.15％.结论 揭示了北京市流动人口孕产妇中HBV、HCV、HIV、梅毒感染血清流行病学特征.建议孕产妇进行HBV、HCV、HIV、梅毒血清学检查,早发现、早治疗,阻断母婴传播,以利于优生优育.     

重视育龄期女性慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染的筛查与治疗

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的主要传播途径是母婴传播,新生儿感染HBV后慢性化比例超过90%。通过妊娠期抗病毒治疗及对新生儿的联合免疫阻断,可以使95%以上的HBV阳性孕妇所生新生儿不被感染。因此,对育龄女性和孕妇进行HBV感染筛查和及时治疗既可以阻断HBV母婴传播,又可以保证孕妇和胎儿安全。     

再谈《中国乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播防治指南 (2019年版)》:证据,证据,还是证据

HBV母婴传播是导致慢性HBV感染的主要原因,因此如何阻断HBV母婴传播,实现HBV阳性母亲所生新生儿HBV“零感染”的目标一直是临床研究的热点问题,国际和我国的乙型肝炎防治指南中都重点讨论这个问题,也发表了相关共识。由中华医学会感染病学分会和GRADE中国中心制定的《中国乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播防治指南(2019年版)》[1](以下简称《指南》)已在中华传染病杂志发表。     

Dual chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection

Dual hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are common in HBV or HCV endemic areas. However, several clinical and pathogenetic issues remain unresolved. First, clinical and in vitro studies suggest the interactions between two viruses. The dynamics of the interaction in untreated setting versus treated setting and its influence on the long-term outcomes await further studies. A key issue regarding viral interactions is whether modulation of infection occurs in the same dually infected individual hepatocyte of the liver. Clarifying this issue may help to understand the reciprocal interference between HCV and HBV and provide clues for future immunopathogenetic studies. Second, the prevalence and clinical significance of coexisting occult HBV infection in patients with chronic HCV infection need further investigations. Third, combination therapy of peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin appears to be just as effective and safe for the treatment of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients chronically infected with active chronic hepatitis C as it is in patients with HCV monoinfection. Nevertheless, one-third of dually infected patients with nondetectable serum HBV DNA-level pretreatment developed HBV reactivation posttreatment. How to prevent and treat this reactivation should be clarified. Furthermore, about 10% of the dually infected patients lost HBsAg. Underlying mechanisms await further investigations. Finally, the optimal treatment strategies for dually infected patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B should be identified in future clinical trials.     

HBV/HCV重叠感染的抗病毒治疗

从全球范围看,乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)重叠感染估计约有700-2000万人口感染.重叠感染和单一HBV或HCV感染比较,更易发展为肝硬化、肝细胞癌甚至肝衰竭的比例也高,HBV和HCV重叠感染可有四种不同的临床模式,即HCV活动...     

Vietnamese community screening for hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus

Summary. Asian Americans represent an important cohort at high risk for viral hepatitis. To determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HBV vaccination in a Vietnamese community, a total of 322 Vietnamese subjects from a local doctor’s office and annual Vietnamese Health Fair were included in this study. Demographic and clinical data were collected. 2.2% of the screened cohort tested positive for anti‐HCV and 9.3% tested positive for HBsAg. Unlike HBV‐positive subjects, HCV‐positive subjects had significantly higher liver enzymes (P = 0.0045 and P = 0.0332, respectively). The HBV‐positive group was more likely to report jaundice (P = 0.0138) and a family history of HBV (P = 0.0115) compared to HBV‐negative subjects. Forty‐eight patients (15.5%) reported a family history of liver disease (HBV, HCV, HCC, cirrhosis, other). Of this 48, 68.8% reported no personal history of HBV vaccination and 77.1% reported no family history of vaccination for HBV. Among the 183 subjects without a family history of liver disease, 156 (85.2%) reported no personal history of vaccination and 168 (91.8%) reported no family history of vaccination. HBV vaccination rates in those reporting a family history of liver disease were significantly higher (P = 0.020). There was a high prevalence of HBV infection in this community screening. Nevertheless, the rate for HBV vaccination was low. The low prevalence of abnormal liver enzymes in HBV‐positive subjects emphasizes the need for screening to be triggered by risk factors and not by abnormal liver enzymes.     

乙型肝炎病毒和丙型肝炎病毒在肝癌发生中的作用研究进展

肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是世界上最常见的十大恶性肿瘤之一,目前全世界每年新增5.O×10~6～1.0×11~6病例。在我国,HCC已占恶性肿瘤死亡的第三位。目前对乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B Virus,HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)感染与HCC发生的关系最为重视。研究表明,全世界现有4亿慢性HBV携带者,80％以上的HCC患者伴有HBV感染,持续HBV感染者发生HCC的机率比正常人高100～200倍;60％～80％HCV感染者将转为慢性,最终将有20％发展为HCC,而HCV相关肝硬化患者15年     

MiR-122 in hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus dual infection

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are the most common causes of chronic liver diseases and hepatocelluar carcinomas. Over the past few years, the liver-enriched microRNA-122 (miR-122) has been shown to differentially regulate viral replication of HBV and HCV. It is notable that the level of miR-122 is positively and negatively regulated by HCV and HBV, respectively. Consistent with the well-documented phenomenon that miR-122 promotes HCV accumulation, inhibition of miR-122 has been shown as an effective therapy for the treatment of HCV infection in both chimpanzees and humans. On the other hand, miR-122 is also known to block HBV replication, and HBV has recently been shown to inhibit miR-122 expression; such a reciprocal inhibition between miR-122 and HBV suggests an intriguing possibility that miR-122 replacement may represent a potential therapy for treatment of HBV infection. As HBV and HCV have shared transmission routes, dual infection is not an uncommon scenario, which is associated with more advanced liver disease than either HBV or HCV mono-infection. Thus, there is a clear need to further understand the interaction between HBV and HCV and to delineate the role of miR-122 in HBV/HCV dual infection in order to devise effective therapy. This review summarizes the current understanding of HBV/HCV dual infection, focusing on the pathobiological role and therapeutic potential of miR-122.