肝局灶性结节性增生患者螺旋CT多期增强扫描结果分析（附10例报告）

目的探讨肝局灶性结节性增生（FNH）患者螺旋CT多期增强扫描的影像特点。方法对10例经手术病理证实的FNH患者CT平扫及动态增强扫描表现进行回顾性分析。结果患者病灶均呈多叶状或单发结节状肿块,肿块直径2.1～7.2 cm,平均4.8 cm。平扫病灶呈低密度或等密度,边界清晰。增强扫描动脉期9例除中心呈星状瘢痕征外,均呈明显均匀强化,其中2例还可见病灶中心或周边扩张、扭曲的动脉;静脉期病灶密度稍有下降,但仍呈略高密度;延迟期病灶密度进一步降低,6例病灶呈略高密度,4例病灶呈等密度或略低密度,2例延迟强化。结论螺旋CT增强扫描病灶中央见星状瘢痕是诊断FNH的重要征象。     

肝脏局灶性结节增生的多层螺旋CT和MRI表现及其病理基础

目的探讨肝脏局灶性结节增生(FNH)的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)和MRI表现及其病理基础,以提高影像诊断的准确率。方法回顾性分析2010年1月-2016年12月江南大学附属医院无锡市第四人民医院收治的40例经病理证实的肝脏FNH患者的MSCT和MRI表现。结果 MSCT检查30例,平扫24例病灶呈低密度,其中18例中央可见更低不规则密度影(瘢痕),6例病灶呈稍高密度(脂肪肝背景);增强动脉期所有病灶均明显强化,呈均匀或不均匀密度;门静脉期病灶呈稍高或等密度;18例病灶的中央更低密度延时强化或范围变小。MRI检查40例,平扫病灶均呈T1WI稍低信号,T2WI和DWI稍高信号,其中32例病灶内见星状、线条状、斑点状低信号;增强动脉期所有病灶除了瘢痕均明显强化,门静脉期呈稍高或近等信号,延迟期呈近等信号;32例病灶内低信号延迟期强化或范围变小;4例门静脉期及延迟期病灶周围见不完整环形强化;28例病灶周围见血管影或病灶内见血管穿行。结论 MSCT和MRI对肝脏FNH的诊断具有特征性和准确性,二者结合能提高对FNH的诊断率。     

MRI在肝腺瘤诊断中的应用

目的探讨MRI对肝腺瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析10例肝腺瘤患者的MRI表现。结果病理证实肝腺瘤10例,其中MRI诊断为肝腺瘤5例。7例单发,直径为(5.2±1.9)cm;3例多发,最大病灶直径为(9.0±3.0)cm。8例T1WI序列和T2WI序列呈长T1和长(稍长)T2信号,1例呈长T1稍短T2信号,1例呈短T1等T2信号;9例回波序列见大量脂质成分。增强扫描时,7例动脉期病灶明显强化,门脉期及延迟期造影剂消退,病灶为等信号或稍高信号;2例动脉期轻度不均匀强化;1例动脉期病灶增强与肝实质近似,门脉期和延迟期造影剂较前消退。肝腺瘤呈现"快进慢出"信号特征;8例门脉期及延迟期病灶周围可见环形强化假包膜。结论肝腺瘤的增强MRI有特征性表现,有助于与其他肝内肿瘤鉴别,但明确诊断仍须要病理支持。     

MSCT多期增强扫描诊断肝门区胆管癌15例

目的:评价MSCT多期动态增强扫描对肝门胆管癌的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析15例经病理确诊的肝门区胆管癌的临床资料及MSCT图像特征,所有病例均行平扫及四期动态增强扫描(即早动脉期、晚动脉期、门脉期及延迟期).结果:15例肝门胆管癌按CT表现形式分为肿块型、结节型及管壁浸润型,所有病灶均表现为等密度或略低密度.7例肿块型动脉期肿块边缘呈轻度不均匀强化,晚动脉期、门静脉期及延迟期病灶进一步强化:5例结节型多表现为肝门部<2 cm的结节,动脉期主要为边缘环状强化,门静脉期及延迟期持续明显强化,且向中心部充填:3例管壁浸润型表现为肝门部胆管壁局限性不规则增厚>2 mm,增厚的胆管壁四期扫描均呈明显环状强化,其中2例表现为延迟强化.     

肝内胆管乳头状肿瘤的多排螺旋CT动态增强表现

目的 分析肝内胆管乳头状肿瘤的多排螺旋CT (MSCT)表现,探讨MSCT在其诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值. 方法 回顾性分析16例手术并经病理学证实的肝内胆管乳头状肿瘤的MSCT和临床资料.经方差齐性检验后,采用t检验对2组计量资料进行统计学分析. 结果 16例患者中,乳头状腺瘤9例,5例为多发,4例为单发;乳头状腺癌7例,4例为多发,3例为单发.9例乳头状腺瘤患者中,7例表现为扩张的肝内胆管内结节或肿块,CT平扫呈不均匀低密度;2例表现为胆管重度扩张,内壁毛糙如绒毛状.7例乳头状腺癌表现为扩张的肝内胆管内结节或肿块,形态及密度类似于乳头状腺瘤.增强扫描9例乳头状腺瘤均表现为轻-中度不均匀持续强化;乳头状腺癌7例,2例表现为轻-中度强化类似于乳头状腺瘤,5例持续较明显强化;1例突破胆管壁并侵犯邻近肝组织.9例瘤和7例癌患者平扫CT值差异无统计学意义(t=-1.17,P=0.2632),但动脉期(t=6.53,P＜0.01)和门静脉期(t=5.63,P＜0.01)增强CT扫描CT值差异有统计学意义.所有病例均见肝内胆管呈弥漫性或局限性不同程度扩张,4例伴胆总管中度扩张,1例癌患者见腹腔肿大淋巴结不均匀中度强化. 结论 MSCT对该肿瘤的良、恶性诊断及其与肝脏其他肿瘤的鉴别有较大价值.     

螺旋CT增强三期扫描对原发性小肝癌血供的影像学观察

目的　观察原发性小肝细胞癌(SHCC)的血供特点,提高螺旋CT对SHCC的定性诊断能力。方法　盲法下观察34例经手术病理证实的原发性SHCC患者,术前采用单层动态肝动脉、门静脉及静脉期螺旋CT分别于注入造影剂后2 8～30秒、6 5～70秒及180秒行靶区动态增强扫描,造影剂注射速率为3.0 m/ s,用量90～10 0 ml。结果　共发现37个结节病灶,平扫、动脉期、门静脉期、静脉期的检出率分别为75 .6 %、94 .6 %、97.3%、81.1% ,动脉期和门静脉双期的检出率较平扫和静脉期高(P<0 .0 5 ) ,动脉期与门静脉期、平扫与静脉期检出率无显著性差异(P均>0 .0 5 )。34例中,2 8例肝癌组织为单纯肝动脉供血,其中动脉期强化密度明显高于正常肝脏2 2例,边缘轻度高密度6例;6例为肝动脉和门静脉双重供血,其中4例在三期扫描过程表现为“向心性”强化。结论　原发性SHCC由肝动脉供血者占绝对优势;部分可见肝动脉和门静脉双重供血,并呈现“向心性”强化征象,此征象在与肝脏海绵状血管瘤的鉴别中起重要作用。     

64例原发性肝癌的螺旋CT检查结果分析

目的观察原发性肝癌在螺旋CT扫描图像上的特征。方法对64例原发性肝癌患者的螺旋CT扫描结果进行分析。结果64例患者螺旋CT扫描均确诊为肝癌,共发现病灶95个,其中平扫期发现45个（密度均匀15个、不均匀23个、高密度7个）、肝动脉期扫描发现70个（均匀性高密度强化26个、中心低密度强化32个、低密度无明显强化12个）、门静脉期扫描发现80个（低密度70个、等密度6个、高密度4个）。结论螺旋CT在增强扫描的不同时期能够显示不同密度的肝癌病灶。     

不典型肝脓肿的CT图像分析

目的 分析不典型肝脓肿的CT图像特点,以提高对肝脓肿的诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析经临床或病理检查证实的21例不典型肝脓肿的CT动态增强扫描图像.结果 CT平扫全部病灶呈不均匀等低混杂密度,动态增强扫描动脉期病灶轻度强化,17例出现病灶所在肝段一过性强化;门静脉期病灶强化明显,7例出现“晕征”,13例出现“簇形征”或“蜂窝征”,5例出现花瓣样强化,3例出现团块状强化;延迟期病灶持续强化,11例病灶范围较平扫时缩小.结论 不典型肝脓肿CT平扫图像不具有特征性,动态增强扫描图像有一定特征性,这将有助于不典型肝脓肿的诊断及鉴别诊断.     

并殖吸虫病肝损害的CT、MRI特征

目的探讨并殖吸虫病肝损害的CT及MR特征性表现。方法对18例经临床治疗奏效或病理证实的并殖吸虫病肝损害的CT及MRI征象进行回顾性分析。经CT检查10例,MRI检查2例,同时行CT及MRI检查6例。结果单发病灶4例,多发病灶14例。病灶均分布在肝包膜下或门脉分支周围肝实质内,呈楔形、不规则形或条形,部分病例可见“隧道征”及“围管征”;16例CT平扫病灶呈稍低密度12例,等密度4例,边缘模糊;动态增强动脉期大部分病变轻度强化或周边轻度强化,少数无强化;门脉期病灶显示最多,边界清晰,呈相对低密度;延迟期病灶强化消失。MRI检查8例中,呈等T1、稍长T2信号2例,呈稍长T1、稍长T2信号6例;动态增强扫描,多发病灶在动脉期可见斑片状强化;门脉期呈多发低信号,边缘清晰;延迟期病灶强化呈等信号改变。肝内单发病灶表现为环状及分隔样强化,门脉期显示最清。结论并殖吸虫病肝损害白}『CT蜃MRT嘉瑚有一事特征．对该病有赫高的诊断价倌．     

6例肝脏结节/肿块型淋巴瘤患者的CT诊断及鉴别

目的分析肝脏结节/肿块型淋巴瘤的CT表现,以期提高其诊断水平。方法回顾性分析2008年12月-2016年4月上海市金山区中西医结合医院和温州医科大学附属慈溪医院诊治的6例经病理或临床治疗证实的肝脏结节/肿块型淋巴瘤患者的CT资料。主要观察病灶的部位、数目、形态、大小、边界及平扫密度特点,动态增强的强化特征,内部及周边结构的改变,体表、腹腔/腹膜后有无积液及肿大淋巴结等。结果 6例患者中,2例肝脏原发性淋巴瘤均表现为肝内单发结节;4例继发性淋巴瘤中1例表现为单发结节,3例表现为多个大小不等的结节及肿块。共15个病灶,病灶最大直径为17~108 mm。5例病灶边界较清晰,1例病灶边界较模糊。CT平扫示4例病灶呈较均匀较低密度(平均CT值为29.8~41.4 Hu),其余2例病灶密度不均匀,外周为较低密度(平均CT值为26.7~39.6 Hu),中央见片状低密度区(平均CT值为16.5~27.8 Hu)。CT增强扫描动脉期及门静脉期6例均呈轻-中度持续强化,弱于正常肝脏组织呈较低密度,以门静脉期强化相对明显(平均CT值为45.6~63.9 Hu);延迟期强化均减弱,呈较低密度。4例病灶呈较均匀强化,2例平扫密度不均匀者呈周边强化,中央见斑片未强化区域。5例患者肿瘤内可见"血管漂浮征"。所有患者肿瘤均未见钙化。2例见病灶上游胆管局限稍增宽,4例见浅表及腹腔/腹膜后肿大淋巴结,1例继发性淋巴瘤见脾脏浸润。结论肝脏结节/肿块型淋巴瘤虽然罕见,但其表现有一定特征,CT对其诊断及鉴别具有较大价值。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。