扩散张量成像对多发性硬化脑深部灰质核团纵向定量研究

目的 利用3.0T MR扩散张量成像(DTI)技术纵向定量测量复发-缓解型多发性硬化(RRMS)患者脑深部灰质核团相关参数的动态变化及其与临床相关性.方法 选取RRMS患者30例及健康对照组30名,检查前根据临床残疾状态量表(EDSS)对患者进行评分.患者行间隔平均时间约2年共2次常规MRI及DTI检查,必要时行增强扫描.选取测量大脑深部灰质核团的部分各向异性分数(FA)值及平均扩散率(MD)值,比较两次测量结果的变化并评价与临床的相关性.结果 (1)与对照组相比患者脑深部部分灰质核团FA值降低,MD值增高;(2)分析各指标与EDSS评分的相关性,结果EDSS评分与丘脑(r=0.25,P=0.04)和黑质(r=0.27,P=0.046) MD值呈正相关,与丘脑(r =0.24,P=0.03)、尾状核(r=0.414,P=0.024)FA值呈负相关性.(3)患者前后两次参数对比各核团的FA值无明显变化(P＞0.05),但尾状核(=2.36,P=0.013)、丘脑(t=3.01,P=0.009)、黑质(t=2.35,P=0.015)、红核(t=2.50,P=0.012)等核团MD值增高,以丘脑增高最明显.结论 DTI能够提示RRMS患者脑深部灰质核团受累,并且在纵向观测中可以监测患者深部灰质的病理改变.     

T2?值在健康成年人脑铁含量与年龄的相关性分析

目的：采用3.0T ESWAN 定量测量健康成年人额叶白质区及灰质核团的 T2?值,探讨额叶白质区及灰质核团与年龄的相关性。方法收集年龄20~85岁的157例健康成年人进行 MRI 常规及 ESWAN 扫描,按其年龄段分为6组。A 组：20~29岁;B 组：30~39岁;C 组：40~49岁;D 组：50~59岁;E 组：60~69岁;F 组：≥70岁。经后处理在 T2?图像上分别测量左右侧额叶白质区、红核、黑质网状带、黑质致密带、尾状核头、壳核、苍白球和丘脑的 T2?值,分析 T2?值与年龄的相关性。结果健康成年人在黑质网状带、苍白球的T2?值最低,额叶白质区的T2?值最高。红核、壳核、苍白球、尾状核头和丘脑的T2?值在部分年龄段间有统计学意义(P <0.05),有一定规律性。而黑质网状带、黑质致密带、额叶白质区的 T2?值在不同年龄段间差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。红核、黑质网状部、黑质致密部、壳核、苍白球、尾状核头的 T2?值与年龄呈明显负相关(r 值=-0.258、-0.229、-0.231、-0.584、-0.320、-0.437, P 值均<0.001),而丘脑、额叶白质区的 T2?值与年龄呈正相关(r 值=0.319、0.161,P <0.001及0.05)。结论ESWAN 能清晰显示脑内核团的结构,准确评估脑内的铁含量和随年龄变化的规律。     

扩散张量成像对多发性硬化及视神经脊髓炎脑深部核团的定量研究

目的运用3.0 T MR扩散张量成像(DTI)技术探讨复发-缓解型多发性硬化(RRMS)和复发型视神经脊髓炎(RNMO)患者脑深部核团的DTI指标是否存在差异,以及该指标与临床残疾评分(EDSS)是否存在相关性。方法用3.0 T MR分别对RRMS患者(MS组)、RNMO患者(NMO组)及健康志愿者(对照组)各30名进行脑部DTI扫描,分别测量脑深部核团的平均扩散率(MD)和部分各向异性分数(FA),并分析所得结果与临床评分的相关性。统计学分析采用单因素方差分析、Dunnett-t检验、Spearman相关分析、配对t检验等。结果 (1)MS组与对照组比较:前者丘脑(t=0.239,P=0.002)和黑质(t=0.667,P=0.016)的MD值升高,苍白球(t=-0.057,P=0.002)和齿状核(t=-0.052,P=0.012)的FA值降低;NMO组与对照组比较:前者红核的MD值升高(t=-0.034,P=0.034),差异有统计学意义;MS组与NMO组比较,两者壳核的FA值差异显著(t=-0.339,P=0.034)。(2)分析各指标同EDSS评分的相关性,结果 EDSS评分与丘脑(r=0.26,P=0.045)和黑质(r=0.329,P=0.01)MD值呈正相关,与FA值无显著相关性(P>0.05)。结论 MS和NMO患者灰质均有受累,壳核对鉴别MS与NMO具有潜在的应用价值,其FA值可作为监测MS及NMO临床进展的重要生物学指标。     

ESWAN序列在小血管病性血管性认知障碍非痴呆型中的应用研究

目的探讨多回波采集的重度T2*加权的三维梯度回波序列(enhanced T2star weighted angiography,ES-WAN)在小血管病性血管性认知障碍非痴呆型(vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia with small vessel disease,VCIND-SVD)中的应用价值。方法 VCIND-SVD患者27例(VCIND-SVD组);年龄、性别、受教育程度时间基本匹配的正常对照者11名(正常对照组),同时行ESWAN序列扫描和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(montreal cognitive assess-ment,MoCA)评估。在T2*mapping及R2*mapping上测量双侧前额叶内侧回、楔叶、背外侧前额叶白质、侧脑室后角旁白质、半卵圆中心、尾状核头、豆状核、丘脑等感兴趣区(ROI)的T2*值和R2*值,计算各ROI区T2*值和R2*值及MoCA各项得分之间的相关性,采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计分析。结果与正常对照组相比,VCIND-SVD患者双侧前额叶内侧回、背外侧前额叶白质、侧脑室后角旁白质、半卵圆中心、丘脑的T2*值升高,R2*值降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而尾状核头及豆状核T2*值降低,R2*值升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。VCIND-SVD患者双侧背外侧前额叶白质、侧脑室后角旁白质、半卵圆中心的T2*值和R2*值分别与记忆力得分具有中度相关性(P<0.05);双侧背外侧前额叶白质的T2*值和R2*值与抽象思维得分具有中度相关性(P<0.05)。结论 T2*值和R2*值能反映VCIND-SVD患者部分微细结构及氧代谢变化,且有助于反映VCIND-SVD患者认知缺损可能的病理学基础。     

正常人脑核团铁含量分布及年龄相关性MR磁敏感成像初步研究

目的 利用3.0T MRI的ESWAN相位值评估正常人脑各核团的铁含量,观察其分布规律及随年龄变化的趋势.方法 正常志愿者30例,按年龄分3组:第一组,11~30岁,共11例;第二组,31~60岁,共13例;第三组,61岁以上,共6例.各组均行MRI检查,包括横断位T2WI、ESWAN等,检查结束后手工绘出各核团的感兴趣区,测量其ESWAN相位值,采用单因素方差分析(LSD法)、配对t检验评价各核团间、核团的左右两侧间及各年龄组间的统计学差异.结果 ①苍白球、壳核、尾状核、黑质及红核等核团的均值分别为-0.192 0±0.066 92,-0.139 3±0.072 50,-0.149 4±0.041 73,-0.191 0±0.078 89,-0.128 6±0.077 82.②苍白球和黑质与壳核、红核及尾状核之间的差异性分别有统计学意义.③除红核外其余核团左右两侧均存在统计学差异.④壳核及尾状核在3个年龄组存在统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论 ESWAN相位值可评估苍白球、壳核、尾状核、黑质及红核等核团间、核团的左右两侧的铁含量的差异性及随年龄变化铁含量的变化趋势.     

帕金森病脑深部灰质核团MR T_2值的初步研究

目的探讨脑深部灰质核团MRT2值在帕金森病(PD)中的诊断价值及意义。资料与方法选取PD患者20例和对照组10名,分别对黑质、红核、尾状核、壳核、丘脑进行MRI扫描,根据Block方程求T2值,对两组各核团T2值采用成组设计定量资料是否呈正态分布、方差是否齐性,选择t检验、近似t检验;PD患侧黑质T2值与疾病分期进行相关分析;采用随机成组设计对不同分期(1～2期、2.5～3期、4期)PD组患侧感兴趣区(ROI)T2值进行组间比较,P<0.05有统计学意义。结果(1)20例PD组患侧黑质与10名对照组黑质T2值比较有统计学意义(P<0.05),PD组黑质T2值(29.65±3.41)较对照组黑质T2值(32.45±1.78)明显减低;PD组患侧红核、尾状核、壳核及丘脑ROI与对照组ROI无明显统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)PD组患侧黑质T2值与疾病不同分期呈负相关性(r=-0.733)。(3)不同分期(1～2期、2.5～3期、4期)PD组患侧黑质T2值有统计学意义(P<0.05),且T2值逐渐减低;壳核在2.5～3期与4期有统计学意义(P<0.05),且表现为2.5～3期T2值减低(31.74±2.80),...     

ESWAN技术定量分析原发性不宁腿综合征患者的脑铁含量变化

目的 探讨多回波采集T2WI三维梯度回波(ESWAN)技术在定量分析成人原发性不宁腿综合征(RLS)患者脑内灰质核团铁含量改变及其与国际不宁腿综合征研究组(IRLS)评分的相关性,评估其与RLS患者病情程度的敏感性与特异性.方法 使用GE Signa Excite HD 3.0 T超导磁共振扫描仪对符合RLS临床诊断标准的35例患者和与35名相匹配的健康志愿者行ESWAN及常规扫描.应用GE Medical Systems Functool 4.4工作站软件进行图像后处理,并测得相应的幅度值和相位值.采用独立样本t检验比较RLS组和对照组实验数据,并与RLS组患者临床评分进行双变量相关分析(Pearson相关),采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)对RLS患者病情程度敏感性比较.结果 (1)与对照组比较,RLS组的红核(P =0.004)、黑质致密部(P=0.002)、丘脑(P =0.027)差异具有统计学意义.(2)与临床评分的相关性分析:红核(r=0.836,P=0.000)、黑质致密部(r=0.763,P=0.000)、丘脑(r=0.797,P =0.000)的幅度log值与临床评分具有相关性,即与RLS的病情呈正相关.丘脑的相位值与临床评分具有正性相关(r=0.399,P=0.018).(3)以丘脑的幅度log值绘制的AUC最大为0.949.结论 ESWAN技术能定量评价RLS患者脑内灰质核团铁含量变化、评估病情程度等,为临床诊疗提供更多信息.     

三维增强T2*加权血管成像对多发性硬化脑内病灶铁沉积的分析

目的 探讨三维增强T2*加权血管成像(3D-ESWAN)在研究多发性硬化(MS)患者脑内病灶铁沉积中的价值.方法 选取22例复发-缓解型MS(RR-MS)患者和22名年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者行常规MRI和3D-ESWAN检查,患者扩展残疾状态量表(EDSS)评分为0～8.5分,病程为0.5 ～15.0年.ESWAN数据经后处理获得幅度图和相位图,由2名经验丰富的放射医师肓法评定MS病灶在常规MRI和ESWAN的表现,并在相位图分别测量患者半卵圆中心和正中侧脑室体旁之间层面的病灶和健康志愿者相应ROI的相位值.采用Wilcoxon秩和检验比较MS患者病灶和对照组相应ROI相位值的差异,相位值以“中位数±四分位间距(M±Q)”表示,Spearman等级相关分析MS病灶相位值与EDSS评分、病程之间的相关性.结果 (1)ESWAN后处理的幅度图和相位图分别观察MS病灶:共观察到650个病灶,其中213个(32.8％)病灶在幅度图和相位图同时显示,164个(25.2％)病灶单独在幅度图显示,273个(42.0％)病灶单独在相位图显示,较常规MRI(608个病灶)多观察到42个病灶.在相位图显示的486(273 +213)个病灶中,205个(31.5％)病灶表现为均匀低信号,45个(6.9％)病灶表现为环形低信号,236个(36.4％)病灶表现为不均匀低信号.(2)424个(65.2％)侧脑室体旁病灶显示有“穿通静脉”,其中,198个(30.5％)急性病灶内“穿通静脉”扩张、延长,208个(32.9％)慢性病灶内“穿通静脉”变细、变短,但在5例稳定期MS患者中,12个(1.8％)慢性病灶显示“穿通静脉”扩张、延长.(3)MS病灶和对照组相应ROI相位值分别为- 0.05±0.08、0.06±0.05,二者比较差异有统计学意义(Z =22.30,P＜0.01).(4)MS病灶相位值与MS患者EDSS评分和病程均具有相关性(r值分别为-0.98、0.99,P值均＜0.01).结论 ESWAN所测的相位值能量化MS病灶内铁含量,为研究MS的发病机制和病理改变提供重要价值.     

DKI对震颤型帕金森患者脑深部核团微结构变化的诊断价值

【摘要】目的：探讨扩散峰度成像（DKI）对震颤型（TD）帕金森病（PD）患者脑微观结构变化的诊断价值。方法：对40例TD型PD患者及34例健康志愿者（对照组）行常规序列及DKI序列MRI检查,对PD患者的运动和认知功能障碍进行评估。MRI原始扫描数据经后处理获得DKI各定量参数图,包括各向异性分数（FA）、平均扩散率（MD）、平均扩散峰度（MK）、横向峰度（Ka）、径向峰度（Kr）、横向扩散率（Da）和径向扩散率（Dr）,分别测量双侧红核、黑质致密带、黑质网状带、壳核、尾状核头、苍白球和丘脑的各项参数值,对各项参数值在两组间及患者左、右侧对称区域间的差异进行统计学分析。结果：①FA值：患者组症状侧及对侧红核的FA值与对照组的症状对侧比较,差异有统计学意义（P=0.013、0.036）;双侧尾状核头的FA值分别与对照组双侧对应部位比较,差异均有统计学意义（P=0.002、0.012、0.006和0.033）。②MD、Da、Dr、Ka值：双侧红核、壳核、黑质致密带、黑质网状带、苍白球、丘脑和尾状核头的各参数值分别与对照组双侧对应部位比较,差异均有统计学意义（P=0.000~0.030）。③MK值：患者组症状侧的黑质网状带、黑质致密带的MK值与对照组症状对侧之间的差异有统计学意义（P=0.043、0.042）;患者组双侧壳核的MK值分别与对照组双侧对应部位两两比较,差异均有统计学意义（P=0.046、0.006、0.008和0.001）;PD组中症状侧苍白球的MK值分别与对照组双侧对应部位比较,差异均有统计学意义（P=0.008、0.005））。④Kr值：患者组症状侧尾状核头的Kr值与对照组双侧对应部位比较,差异均有统计学意义（P=0.031、0.006）。结论：DKI在TD型PD患者亚临床期即可敏感的量化分析双侧各灰质核团微观结构的改变。     

SWI 测量脑铁在帕金森病病情评估中的应用价值

目的：探讨磁敏感加权成像(SWI)测量脑铁在帕金森病(PD)的诊断以及病情评估中的应用价值。方法30例经临床诊断为PD 的患者行颅脑磁共振常规序列和 SWI 序列扫描,PD 患者病情评估采用统一帕金森病评定量表(UPDRS)。在 SWI 序列相位图上手动测量患者黑质、红核、尾状核、苍白球和壳核的相位值,分析以上感兴趣区(ROI)核团的相位值与 UPDRS 评分的相关性。结果ROI 核团病重侧与病轻侧的相位值比较无差异(黑质,P =0.120;红核,P =0.402;尾状核,P =0.196;苍白球,P =0.616;壳核, P =0.985);PD 患者 UPDRS Ⅲ评分分别与黑质、尾状核和苍白球的相位值呈负相关(黑质-UPDRS Ⅲ：r =-0.407,P =0.026;尾状核-UPDRS Ⅲ：r=-0.424,P=0.02;苍白球-UPDRS Ⅲ：r=-0.363,P=0.048);黑质相位值与 UPDRS Ⅴ的分期呈负相关(r=-0.373, P =0.043);尾状核相位值与 UPDRSⅠ的评分呈负相关(r=-0.367,P =0.046);苍白球相位值与 UPDRS Ⅲ中的步态障碍评分呈负相关(r=-0.411,P =0.024),而其余核团的相位值与 UPDRS 评分不相关。结论SWI 可以定量评估 PD 患者脑部核团的异常铁沉积,为 PD 的临床诊断和病情评估提供参考。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）