肾移植术后脑默认网络和认知功能变化的研究

目的:采用静息态功能磁共振成像(rs-fMRI)研究肾移植对终末期肾病患者脑默认网络(DMN)的影响.方法:21例拟行肾移植手术的终末期肾病患者(患者组)和22例健康志愿者(对照组)纳入本组研究.22例健康志愿者及21例患者术前、术后(平均38d,范围25～69d)均行rs-fMRI检查.利用独立成分分析方法分离得到各受试者的默认网络脑区,采用单样本t检验对患者术前和对照组进行组内分析,观察各自的DMN空间分布模式;分别对患者肾移植术前与正常对照组、紧移植后与术前DMN功能连接进行组间比较,观察静息状态下脑默认网络的改变情况.结果:肾移植术前患者组和正常对照组均显示出典型的脑默认网络空间分布模式.与正常对照组相比,肾移植术前患者组默认网络脑区功能连接既有降低也有增高,降低脑区包括双侧额上回、双侧海马旁回、右侧颞中回及颞上回;增高脑区主要位于双侧楔前叶、双侧顶下小叶及内侧前额叶.与肾移植术前相比,肾移植术后患者出现右侧颞中回、双侧内侧额上回及额上回功能连接的增强.结论:终末期肾病患者肾移植术后早期即出现脑默认网络功能连接的增强,提示肾移植可改善终末期肾病患者默认网络脑区的功能.     

基于低频振荡振幅算法静息态功能MRI研究终末期肾病血液透析患者的脑活动

目的 采用低频振荡振幅(ALFF)算法静息态fMRI(rs-fMRI)研究终末期肾病(ESRD)血液透析(HD)患者脑功能改变特点.方法 对64例ESRD血液透析(HD-ESRD组)患者和45名年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者(正常对照组)行rs-fMRI.对所有受试者进行神经心理测试[数字连接试验A(NCT-A)和数字符号试验(DST)]评估其认知功能;检查HD-ESRD组血肌酐、尿素等.采用统计参数图(SPM)8及REST 1.6软件分析2组受试者数据得到ALFF图.对HD-ESRD组和正常对照组ALFF值分别进行组内单样本t检验以及组间两样本t检验,并提取组间差异性脑区ALFF值与神经心理测试结果、病程、透析时程和实验室检查指标进行Pearson相关分析.结果 2组受试者的双侧楔前叶、额上回、额中回、顶下小叶、楔叶和颞上回等脑区ALFF值均高于全脑平均水平.与正常对照组相比,HD-ESRD组的双侧楔前叶、额叶、颞中回及右侧顶下小叶等脑区ALFF值减低(体素体积为270～6 804 mm3,t值为-7.41～-3.78,P值均＜0.01).HD-ESRD患者右侧额中回ALFF值与DST分值呈正相关(r=0.273,P＜0.05);左、右楔前叶,左侧缘上回和左侧额内侧回ALFF值与患者肾病病程呈负相关(r值分别为-0.301、-0.278、-0.298和-0.287,P值均＜0.05);ALFF值与患者的NCT-A值、血肌酐值、尿素值和透析时程无相关性(P值均＞0.05).结论 HD-ESRD患者存在多个脑区ALFF值的异常,主要位于脑默认网络分布区,提示存在自发脑活动损伤,且与肾病病程有关.     

静息态fMRI在无痴呆型血管性认知障碍基线脑活动变化中的初步研究

目的 利用基于低频振幅算法(ALFF)的静息功能磁共振成像(fMRI)技术探讨无痴呆型血管性认知障碍(VCIND)与正常老年人静息状态下默认网络的改变情况.方法 将22例VCIND患者作为研究对象,23名正常老年人作为对照组,采用ALFF分析方法,比较两组平均脑ALFF图的差异.结果 VCIND患者在静息状态下较对照组在以下脑区ALFF值增高:左额下回/左颞上回(Maximum Z=-4.0682)、右额下回/右颞上回(Maximum Z=-3.9720)、左侧岛叶(Maximum Z=-3.5773);VCIND组患者在以下脑区出现ALFF值减低:舌回/小脑后叶(Maximum Z =3.8921)、前扣带皮层(Maximum Z=3.8081)、右楔叶/右舌回(Maximum Z=4.8272)、后扣带回/楔前叶(Maximum Z=3.9741)(P＜0.05).结论 VCIND患者在静息状态下ALFF有显著改变,主要表现为语言中枢等认知区域的局部ALFF增强及默认网络等功能连接点的ALFF减低.     

2型糖尿病患者左侧小脑Ⅵ区与全脑功能连接改变的fMRI研究

【摘要】目的：探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者左侧小脑Ⅵ区与全脑功能连接的改变及其是否与视觉空间功能损伤有关。方法：纳入32例T2DM患者(T2DM组)及年龄、性别相匹配的30 例健康被试（HC组）行静息态fMRI检查及神经心理学量表测试,对比左侧小脑Ⅵ区与全脑功能连接以及神经心理学量表的组间差异,提取存在显著差异脑区的功能连接平均值与行为学评分行相关性分析。结果：相对于HC组,T2DM组患者左侧小脑Ⅵ区与右侧海马旁回/梭状回, 右侧颞中/上回, 双侧楔前叶/右侧中、后扣带,双侧额内侧回/右侧额中、上回,右侧角回/颞中回/枕中回/缘上回/顶下小叶的功能连接减低（单个体素P＜0.001,矫正后P＜0.05,GRF矫正）,未发现功能连接增高的脑区。T2DM组患者左侧小脑Ⅵ区和左侧楔前叶功能连接强度与连线测试A(TMT-A)评分呈负相关（r=-0.38,P=0.048）。结论：T2DM组患者左侧小脑Ⅵ区与全脑多个脑区存在异常功能连接,并与视觉空间损伤有关,为进一步了解T2DM视觉空间功能损伤的神经机制提供了新的见解。     

Granger因果检验对创伤后应激障碍杏仁核效应连接网络的研究

目的探讨创伤后应激障碍(posttraumatic stress disorder,PTSD)患者杏仁核与全脑其它脑区间效应连接的改变。方法对经历汶川大地震的57例PTSD患者及77例对照行静息状态下的功能磁共振扫描,采用Granger因果(granger causality,GC)检验方法分析双侧杏仁核与全脑其它脑区间影响的因果关系,进行组间比较并计算患者的临床用PTSD诊断量表(clinician-Administered PTSD Scale,CAPS)评分和异常脑区GC平均值的相关性。结果与对照组相比,PTSD患者杏仁核对内侧额回、扣带回、额上回、额下回、颞上回、颞下回和壳核的影响减弱,对海马和海马旁回、楔叶、楔前叶、丘脑的影响增强;而内侧额回、额中回、颞上回、颞中回、岛叶和壳核对杏仁核的影响减弱,楔叶、楔前叶和海马旁回对杏仁核的影响增强。PTSD患者的CAPS评分与杏仁核对颞上回和颞下回,额中回对杏仁核的影响呈负相关;而与杏仁核对楔前叶的影响呈正相关。结论 PTSD患者杏仁核与全脑其它脑区间的效应连接存在广泛异常,且与患者的症状严重程度相关。     

肝性脊髓病患者自发脑活动局部一致性的变化

目的 探讨肝性脊髓病(HM)患者静息态下局部一致性(ReHo)的差异.方法 对22例HM患者及25例人口学特征匹配的健康对照组(HC)进行静息态功能磁共振成像(rs-fMRI)扫描,用处理软件获得ReHo数据,比较HM患者与正常人在静息状态下大脑ReHo的差异.结果 与HC相比,HM患者ReHo值降低的脑区有左侧颞中回、右侧梭状回、右侧楔前叶和左侧海马旁回,ReHo值升高的脑区有双侧扣带回、双侧中央旁小叶、双侧额中回、右侧中央前回、双侧岛叶、右侧额上回和左侧额下回.结论HM患者的若干脑区存在ReHo升高或降低,提示HM的病理生理机制并非只存在单一脑区的功能异常,而涉及多个大脑功能网络,是一种大脑功能失连接的表现.     

ⅢB型前列腺炎患者静息态脑功能改变与临床症状相关性研究

目的 通过分析ⅢB型前列腺炎患者大脑不同区域分数低频振幅均值(mfALFF)变化及其与临床症状的相关性，探索ⅢB型前列腺炎的中枢病理机制。方法 搜集38例20～60岁的ⅢB型前列腺炎患者和31名年龄、文化程度相匹配的正常对照者。使用美国国立卫生研究院慢性前列腺炎症状指数(NIH-CPSI)、广泛性焦虑障碍量表(GAD-7)及抑郁症筛查量表(PHQ-9)评估患者临床症状的严重程度，并对其行静息态功能磁共振成像(rs-fMRI)扫描。使用DPABI软件包对扫描数据进行预处理，计算全脑mfALFF值；并对两组间大脑所有区域mfALFF值进行双样本t检验，提取差异性脑区；最后将患者组差异性脑区mfALFF值与其NIH-CPSI评分、GAD-7评分及PHQ-9评分进行Pearson相关性分析。结果 与对照组相比，患者组mfALFF值下降的脑区分布于左背外侧额上回、右内侧额上回、双侧中央前回、左侧中央后回、右侧颞中回、右侧楔叶及右侧角回；上升的脑区主要分布于右侧额中回及楔前叶(均通过GRF校正，体素水平设为P<0.001,簇水平设为P<0.05)。患者组左背外侧额上回mfALFF值与G...     

广泛性焦虑症静息态功能MRI的局部一致性研究

目的：应用静息态功能磁共振成像（rs-fMRI）探讨广泛性焦虑症（GAD）患者脑静息态局部一致性异常。方法：24例 GAD 患者及24例年龄、性别及教育程度相匹配的健康志愿者行 rs-fMRI,应用基于体素的局部一致性（ReHo）分析法,比较两组中脑 rs-fMRI 的差异（t 检验）,并对差异脑区的 ReHo 值与焦虑自评量表（SAS）和汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评分进行相关性分析。结果：与对照组比较,GAD 组中 ReHo 值降低的脑区有右侧丘脑、右侧枕中回、左侧额中回和右侧梭状回,ReHo 值增高的脑区有右侧额下回、右侧楔前叶、右侧中央前回、左侧额中回和左侧额上回（P ＜0．001、簇大小＞10个体素）。GAD 组中仅右侧丘脑的 ReHo 值与 HAMA 评分呈显著负相关（γ＝－0．637,P ＝0．001）。结论：rs-fMRI 可以反映 GAD 患者脑功能区的局部一致性改变。     

椎间盘源性下腰痛患者静息态fMRI局部一致性研究

目的：应用静息态fMRI（rs-fMRI）局部一致性（ReHo）方法,观察椎间盘源性下腰痛（DLBP）患者各脑区ReHo值的改变。方法：对25例DLBP患者（DLBP组）及20例健康志愿者（对照组）行rs-fMRI扫描,数据行组内和组间比较,对DLBP组有差异脑区的ReHo值与患者病程、视觉模拟评分（VAS）行相关分析。结果：与对照组比较,DLBP组右侧背外侧额上回、右侧内侧额上回及眶部额中回、前扣带回、右侧岛叶、右侧颞上回、左侧枕中回ReHo值显著升高,右侧楔前叶、后扣带回、左侧颞中回、左侧枕下回、双侧小脑后叶、右侧小脑扁桃体、右中央后回、右侧舌回及梭状回ReHo值显著降低（均P<0.05）。DLBP组右侧额中回ReHo值的增加与病程呈负相关（r=-0.577,P<0.05）;DLBP组差异脑区ReHo值与VAS评分之间尚未发现显著相关性。结论：DLBP患者存在多个脑区ReHo值升高或降低的双向性变化,涉及疼痛感觉、情绪、认知、运动及默认网络的重要集散点等,可能导致机体对疼痛相关的感觉、记忆等信息的加工整合减低,且DLBP可能与患者的负性情绪产生增多、疼痛调节失衡相关。     

基于复杂网络图论分析的慢性肩周炎患者脑功能连接及拓扑结构研究

目的：通过基于复杂网络的图论分析方法 探讨慢性肩周炎患者（CSP）的脑功能连接及拓扑结构的变化。方法 ：选择37例CSP患者（CSP组）,同期选择年龄、性别及教育程度与其相匹配的24例健康志愿者为对照组;获取2组静息态f MRI数据,采用图论分析方法分析2组大脑功能网络的差异;将2组具有显著差异的功能连接与视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分行Spearman相关分析。结果：CSP组拓扑结构参数中聚类系数和局部效率显著低于对照组（t=-3.461,P=0.001;t=-2.502,P=0.015）。通过对功能连接（复杂网络的边）进行统计分析发现,与对照组相比,CSP组右侧眶内额上回与左侧枕中回、右侧前扣带和旁扣带脑回与左侧枕中回之间的功能连接增强（均P<0.05）;左侧眶部额上回与右侧回直肌、左侧眶部额中回与右侧眶部额中回、左侧回直肌与右侧回直肌、左侧楔叶与右侧梭状回之间的功能连接降低（均P<0.001）。CSP组左侧楔叶与右侧梭状回的功能连接值与VAS评分呈正相关（r=0.368,P=0.025）。结论：CSP患者脑网络拓扑结构及功能连接发生了改变,可能与其疼痛的发生发展机制有关。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.