2892例腹腔镜胆囊切除术无胆道损伤的临床经验

腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopiccholecystectomy,LC)具有创伤小、对腹腔内脏干扰少、术后恢复快以及住院时间短等优点,但LC最严重的并发症为胆道损伤,一旦发生,处理困难。1993年11月至2004年7月行LC2892例,中转开腹92例,无胆道损伤及死亡病例,体会如下。1.一般资料:本组2892例患者中,男1105例,女1787例,年龄6～96岁,平均47.7岁。术前B超诊断:慢性结石性胆囊炎1908例,急性结石性胆囊炎656例,胆囊息肉样病变324例,非结石性胆囊炎4例。上腹手术史22例,下腹手术史230例。术后病理诊断:胆囊良性病变2885例,胆囊癌7例(胆囊原位癌1例)。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗86例急性结石性胆囊炎患者的临床效果

目的总结分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的临床应用效果。方法回顾性总结2016年5月-2017年5月南京医科大学附属南京江宁医院普外科应用LC治疗急性结石性胆囊炎86例患者的临床资料。结果手术时间为发病后1周内,手术持续时间60~130 min,平均(75.5±10.5)min,术中出血量40~200 ml,平均(70±11.2)ml;术后住院时间3~14d,平均(6±1.5)d。86例患者中急性单纯性胆囊炎40例、急性化脓性胆囊炎38例、急性坏疽性胆囊炎5例,3例慢性胆囊炎急性发作;有6例中转为开腹胆囊切除术,其余80例均成功完成LC,包含1例胆囊十二指肠内瘘加行十二指肠一期修补术。术中行胆道造影20例,1例发现合并有胆总管结石,遂行胆总管探查术、T管引流;另有2例经造影确定存在胆道损伤,均在术中予以修补,1例放置T管引流,1例行一期缝合。1例患者术后胆漏,经保守治疗后治愈,余患者均无胆漏、出血等并发症。结论对于急性结石性胆囊炎,遵守严格的适应证和掌握充分的腹腔镜技术,创伤较小且安全有效。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的危险因素分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2014年9月至2016年8月行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的急性结石性胆囊炎患者的临床资料,根据患者是否中转开腹分为中转组(38例)和未中转组(52例)。比较两组的年龄、性别、术前白细胞计数、总胆红素水平、出现症状至手术的时间、胆囊壁厚度、胆囊管结石嵌顿、黄疸、腹肌紧张、胆囊三角解剖是否清楚、胆囊周围渗出等方面的资料,采取多因素Logistic回归分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中中转开腹的危险因素。结果中转组在年龄、术前白细胞计数、胆囊管结石嵌顿、总胆红素水平、胆囊三角解剖是否清楚等方面与非中转组相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistic多因素回归分析显示,出现症状至手术的时间≥48 h、胆囊管结石嵌顿、胆囊壁增厚且≥5 mm是腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中中转开腹手术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的独立危险因素。结论急性结石性胆囊炎患者应及早手术治疗,若患者发作时间≥48 h、胆囊管结石嵌顿、胆囊壁≥5 mm,则腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的危险性增加,术前应予以综合考虑。     

腹腔镜逆行次全胆囊切除术治疗慢性结石性胆囊炎疗效观察

目的观察腹腔镜逆行次全胆囊切除术治疗慢性结石性胆囊炎的疗效。方法 39例慢性结石性胆囊炎患者,其中21例（A组）采用腹腔镜逆行全胆囊切除术治疗,18例（B组）采用腹腔镜逆行次全胆囊切除术治疗。结果两组患者均在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,均无胆道损伤及术中、术后大出血等并发症;术后1 d即进低脂、半流饮食。随访1个月,均无腹痛、腹胀等不适。A组手术时间、术中出血量、所需补液量少于B组（P均〈0.05）。结论采用腹腔镜逆行次全胆囊切除术治疗慢性结石性胆囊炎疗效满意,与腹腔镜逆行全胆囊切除术相比手术操作更简单,手术时间更短。     

糖尿病并胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的护理体会

目的糖尿病并胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的护理体会。方法纳入该院于2016年8月—2017年9月间收治的73例糖尿病合并胆囊炎患者,患者均行腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗,回顾性分析患者一般资料,总结围手术期护理体会。结果 73例糖尿病合并胆囊炎患者手术均成功,术后并发症发生情况:脐孔渗血3例(4.11%);未发生其他并发症,术后平均住院时间为(1.98±0.22)d;术后空腹血糖(6.30±0.14)mmol/L、餐后2 h血糖(8.57±0.63)mmol/L;康复出院。结论糖尿病合并胆囊炎行LC手术治疗的患者经围手术护理干预后可促进康复。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊颈部结石嵌顿并急性化脓性胆囊炎疗效观察

目的观察腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）治疗胆囊颈部结石嵌顿并急性化脓性胆囊炎的疗效。方法采用LC治疗胆囊颈部结石嵌顿并急性化脓性胆囊炎113例。结果发病72 h内手术者69例,LC成功率100%,术中、术后均未发生出血、胆漏及其他严重并发症。发病72 h后手术者44例,2例因胆囊三角区出血镜下止血困难而中转开腹手术,2例因术中胆道侧壁损伤而中转开腹修补胆道并放置T管引流;术后1例因急性心肌梗死抢救无效死亡,1例合并多器官功能衰竭死亡,4例出现胆漏,4例切口感染;长期随访,未发生与手术相关的并发症。结论 LC治疗胆囊颈部结石嵌顿并急性化脓性胆囊炎疗效确切,发病72 h内手术效果好。     

早期腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性非结石性胆囊炎的效果

目的比较早期(≤72 h)腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性非结石性胆囊炎(AAC)及急性结石性胆囊炎(ACC)的临床疗效。方法2010年11月至2014年9月,该院采用早期(≤72 h)腹腔镜胆囊切除术对125例急性胆囊炎患者行手术治疗,其中AAC 28例,ACC 97例,观察两组患者术后并发症发生率、手术时间、住院时间、中转开腹率、围术期死亡率,并作对比分析。结果两组手术时间,住院时间,围术期死亡率及其他术后并发症未见明显差异(P0.05)。AAC组术中中转开腹率明显高于ACC组(P0.05),胆囊坏疽率明显高于ACC组(P0.05)。结论早期(≤72 h)腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗AAC效果与ACC相似,可作为AAC治疗的可靠选择。     

磁共振胰胆管成像对腹腔镜胆囊切除术的风险因素分析

目的 研究磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）术前发挥的作用。方法将2004年6月至2007年6月的944例胆囊结石患者在术前随机给予MRCP检查,了解胆囊结石合并胆总管结石,及胆道解剖异常的发生率。将合并胆总管结石或存在胆道解剖异常患者的术前资料和MRCP的结果进行对比分析。结果胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的发生率为8．1％（77／944）,其中无征兆胆总管结石的发生率为1．2％（11／944）,胆道解剖异常的发生率3．7％（35／944）。胆总管直径〉0．8cm者MRCP阳性率83％;胆囊结石病史5年以上者MRCP阳性率11％;有黄疸病史者MRCP阳性率65％;有胆源性胰腺炎病史者MRCP阳性率29％;实验室检查肝功能异常者MRCP阳性率33％;多发胆囊结石者MRCP阳性率13％,其中〈0．3cm的泥沙样结石MRCP阳性率15％。结论MRCP对胆总管结石及胆道解剖异常有很高的诊断价值。对于有危险因素的患者术前给予MRCP检查可降低LC术后胆总管残余结石及胆道损伤的发生率。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的效果分析

目的分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的效果。方法在我院收治的急性结石性胆囊炎患者中选取70例,起止时间是2017年3月-2019年6月。按照入院编号分为两组:开腹胆囊切除术35例作为对照组,腹腔镜胆囊切除术35例作为试验组。评定术后疗效。结果在手术、排气、住院时间上,试验组均明显短于对照组(P<0.05)。术后,试验组并发症出现2例(5.7%),少于对照组的8例(22.9%),差异显著(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎疗效优于开腹手术,能减少术后并发症、缩短恢复时间,推荐患者优先选用。     

胆囊颈管结石嵌顿的腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的探讨腹腔镜下胆囊颈管结石嵌顿及部分合并Mirizzi综合征Ⅰ型患者的安全处理方法及可行性。方法回顾分析我院2006年9月～2011年9月收集的120例胆囊颈管结石嵌顿合并急慢性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)手术的临床资料,采取胆囊穿刺减压,显露Calot三角,辨明"三管一壶腹"结构;试行将结石推入胆囊内,或于结石表面偏胆囊侧切开胆囊颈管,取出结石,以便于胆囊颈管的处理;结石嵌顿形成Mirizzi综合征者在Calot三角区不要强行分离,应采用顺逆结合的方法切除胆囊;Calot三角确实无法分离者行胆囊大部分切除术。结果 120例均在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,术后无胆管损伤及继发性胆总管结石等并发症,随访3～12个月预后良好,无胆管狭窄。结论术前明确诊断,术中熟练操作,精细的解剖分离是胆囊颈管结石嵌顿及Mirizzi综合征行LC手术成功的关键。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.