中国结核病防治工作的进展与展望

结核病是伴随人类历史最长,造成人类死亡最多的慢性传染病[1].据WHO的最新估计,全球现有活动性肺结核患者1200万例,每年新发结核病患者870万例,有近99万例死于结核病[2]. 全国结核病疫情态势 1.肺结核发病例数较多:我国结核病感染人群基数大,全人口Mtb感染率为44.5％,约有5.5亿人感染了Mtb.近年来我国肺结核报告发病例数始终位于甲、乙类传染病的前2位.据估计,全国活动性肺结核年发病率为75/10万,每年发病例数约为100万,占全球每年新发患者例数的11.5％[2].     

利巴韦林引起溶血性贫血的相关机制及应对措施

全球约1.7亿人感染丙型肝炎病毒(HCV),丙型肝炎病毒感染的流行率约2.2%～3.0%,每年有300～400万新发病例[1]。我国一般人群抗-HCV阳性率为3.2%,约有3700～4000万人感染HCV。HCV感染具有较高的慢性化比例,其中75%～85%的急性感染者将转变为慢性感染,慢性丙型肝炎是一种缓慢进展性疾病,如不进行有效地抗病毒治疗,最终     

腺苷脱氨酶低表达的结核性胸腔积液36例临床特点

据世界卫生组织(WHO)估计,全球约1/3人口感染结核分枝杆菌.2006年全球新发病例数达920万例,死亡170万例.2000年全国结核病流行病学调查,我国有5.5亿人感染结核分枝杆菌,目前全国约有肺结核病患者450万人,其中传染性肺结核病患者150万,每年因患结核病死亡的人数达到13万.     

丙型肝炎的肝外表现与抗病毒治疗进展

全球约有1.7～2.0亿人感染丙肝病毒(HCV),流行率平均为3%～5%,每年新感染者300～400万例,死亡25万例.丙型肝炎易呈慢性化,约75%～85%甚至90%急性丙型肝炎可发展为慢性丙型肝炎(CHC).感染HCV 10～20年后,肝硬化的年发生率为10%～20%,一旦发展为肝硬化,每年肝癌的发生率为1%～7%.我国一般自然人群的丙型肝炎抗体流行率为3.2%,约有4 000万HCV感染者.     

丙型肝炎防治,任重道远

世界卫生组织报告,全球丙型肝炎流行率平均为3.0％,每年新发HCV感染300万～400万例,估计已有1.3 ～ 3.7亿慢性HCV感染者.东南亚国家丙型肝炎的平均流行率为2.2％,西太平洋地区平均流行率为3.9％,而我国HCV感染的流行病学现状还有待最新的流行病学调查.从2003至2012年,历年公布的丙型肝炎病例数逐年增加.2010年报告的我国丙型肝炎发病人数约为15万例,是2003年的7倍多,比2009年增长16％;2011年增加至17万例,比2010年增长13.6％;而卫生部《2012年度全国法定传染病疫情概况》数据显示,2012年我国报告的丙型肝炎发病人数超过20万例,比2011年增长了12.7％,且隐性丙型肝炎是传染病中漏报率最高的一种疾病.患者感染HCV 20年后,肝硬化年发生率为10％～ 15％,而肝硬化患者每年肝癌发生率为1％ ～ 7％.据估计,今后10～ 15年内,丙型肝炎相关死亡病例将继续上升,到2015年将增加2倍,2025年增至3倍[1].     

丙型肝炎病毒感染与自身免疫的关系

据世界卫生组织估计,全球丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)感染率约为3%,大约有1.7亿人感染HCV,每年新发丙型肝炎病例约315万例,慢性HCV感染者体内常能检测出多种自身抗体.通过对HCV与自身免疫关系的研究,有助于从一个新的角度探讨HCV感染的发病机制,了解慢性丙肝发展的自然史,同时对指导丙肝诊断和治疗也有重要意义.     

血液透析患者与丙肝病毒感染

丙型肝炎(丙肝)是由丙肝病毒(HCV)感染所致的一种慢性肝脏疾病.全球约有1.7亿慢性感染者,每年有300～400万新发感染病例[1].在我国,血清流行病学调查数据显示普通人群中抗HCV的阳性率为3.2%[2].     

丙型肝炎肝硬化中西医治疗近况

丙型病毒性肝炎(简称丙型肝炎)是由丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)引起的肝脏炎症性疾病.HCV感染呈全球性分布,主要通过血液传播.据世界卫生组织统计,全球HCV感染率约为3%,估计有1.7亿人感染HCV,每年新发丙型肝炎病例约3.5万.     

重视对慢性病毒性肝炎合并肝脂肪变的研究

慢性乙型肝炎是我国最常见的慢性传染病之一,资料显示,全球至少有20亿人感染过HBV,我国HBV携带率为9.75%,约有1.2亿人感染过HBV.丙型肝炎呈全球性流行,以往文献报道我国一般人群抗HCV阳性率为3.2%,感染者约为4100万,根据中国疾病预防控制中心提供的数据,我国每年的新发丙型肝炎已从2003年的2万多人发展为2005年的近6万人.     

丙型肝炎抗病毒治疗热点追踪

丙型肝炎呈世界性分布,全世界至少有 1 亿名丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis C Virus, HCV)携带者。HCV感染是一个主要的公众健康问题,大部分发展为持续感染,70%发展为慢性肝炎,HCV相关的慢性肝病每年导致8 000~10 000人死亡,急、慢性肝病每年平均费用超过 6 亿美元,估计目前感染有3 900万人,大部分为无症状携带者或未被发现者,南欧、中东、南美和部分亚洲国家人群抗-HCV阳性率 l%~l.5%,西欧、北美诸国和澳大利亚人群抗-HCV 阳性率为0.3%~ 0.6%,我国一般人群HCV感染的流行率为1.35%~5.89%,各地区差异很大,北方高于南方。男性中更常见。…     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.