联合治疗策略在应答不佳/耐药HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者中的临床研究

目的比较采用聚乙二醇干扰素(pegylated interferon,Peg-IFN)+核苷(酸)类似物[nucleos(t)ide analogues,NAs]和NAs+NAs二种方案治疗NAs治疗应答不佳/耐药的HBe Ag阳性慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)的疗效和安全性,探求具有停药终点的优化治疗方案。方法选择NAs抗病毒治疗应答不佳/耐药的HBe Ag阳性CHB患者110例,根据既往NAs用药史、耐药检测结果及个人意愿,采用Peg-IFN+NAs(IFN组)或NAs+NAs(NA组)进行抗病毒治疗。比较2组在治疗48周和96周时完全病毒学应答(HBV DNA20 IU/ml)率、HBe Ag血清学转换率及HBs Ag清除/血清学转换率。结果 IFN组58例,NA组52例,2组分别有45例和42例完成96周疗程。在治疗48周IFN组和NA组完全病毒学应答率分别为96.55%(56/58)和67.31%(35/52);96周分别为100%(45/45)和71.43%(30/42),IFN组均高于NA组(P值均为0.001)。IFN组在治疗48周和96周HBe Ag血清学转换率(20.69%、46.67%)高于NA组(5.77%、21.43%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.023、0.013)。24、48、96周时IFN组HBs Ag水平明显低于NA组。截至96周IFN组8例(17.78%)HBs Ag清除,其中3例(6.67%)发生HBs Ag血清学转换。NA组在治疗96周出现1例(2.38%)HBs Ag清除。IFN组的HBs Ag清除率高于NA组(P=0.045)。结论对于NAs治疗应答不佳/耐药的CHB患者,采用Peg-IFN+NAs和NAs+NAs的治疗方案均可有效抑制病毒复制;在HBe Ag血清学转换及HBs Ag清除方面,Peg-IFN+NAs联合治疗方案更具优势。采用以IFN为基础的联合治疗可使NAs应答不佳/耐药患者获得可靠的停药终点。     

血清HBsAg水平检测在干扰素联合阿德福韦酯治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者疗效评估中的意义

目的探讨血清HBs Ag水平检测在干扰素联合阿德福韦酯(ADV)治疗慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者疗效评估中的临床价值。方法应用化学发光法检测60例CHB患者在干扰素联合ADV治疗前和治疗过程中HBs Ag水平,以聚合酶链反应技术检测HBV DNA,并以连续监测法监测ALT水平并分析HBV DNA与HBs Ag的相关性。结果观察组30例CHB患者治疗前HBV DNA水平为(7.1±0.6)log10 IU/ml,HBs Ag水平为(3.5±0.4)log10 IU/ml。经干扰素联合ADV治疗3个月后HBs Ag下降,6个月后显著下降(P=0.000);治疗6个月后HBV DNA显著下降(P=0.000);治疗12个月后HBs Ag和HBV DNA均降至较低水平,分别为(2.1±0.3)log10 IU/ml和(2.7±0.3)log10 IU/ml;治疗3个月后ALT水平显著下降,治疗6个月后基本正常;治疗12个月无CHB患者产生耐药;患者HBs Ag水平与HBV DNA水平呈正相关。结论干扰素联合ADV治疗可显著降低慢性乙型肝炎患者血清ALT水平、提高HBe Ag低于检测下限的比率及HBV DNA低于检测下限的比率。定期检测HBs Ag浓度有助于评估ADV联合干扰素治疗CHB的疗效、及时发现耐药及是否需延长疗程。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBsAg浓度与HBV DNA定量及HBeAg滴度的关系分析

目的:定量检测慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者血清中乙肝病毒(HBV)表面抗原(HBs Ag)、e抗原(HBe Ag)浓度、HBV DNA、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)等4项指标,并探讨之间的关系。方法:收集437例CHB患者HBs Ag阳性血清,应用化学发光微粒子免疫分析法定量检测HBV血清学标志物和荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测HBV DNA载量。结果:将HBs Ag按浓度由低到高依次分为5组,并分别与HBV DNA、HBe Ag和ALT比较分析。统计结果显示,不同HBs Ag浓度组之间HBV DNA定量水平差异有显著性意义(F=119.753,P0.01),组间两两分别比较,各组之间差异有显著性意义(P0.01);不同HBs Ag浓度组间HBe Ag滴度的比较,差异有显著性意义(F=175.457,P0.01),各组间两两比较,差异有显著性意义(P0.01)。不同HBs Ag浓度组间ALT水平的比较,差异无统计学意义(F=2.545,P=0.056)。结论:HBs Ag在高浓度时(10 000IU/ml)与HBV DNA的关联性较高,当HBs Ag浓度达到1 000IU/ml以上时与HBe Ag有较高的关联性,而HBs Ag浓度与血清ALT活性无关联性。所以在HBs Ag浓度下降后,坚持检测HBs Ag、HBV DNA及HBe Ag,将对治疗方案的调整和监测疗效提供更加全面的参考依据。     

HBsAg定量检测对聚乙二醇干扰素治疗慢性乙型肝炎效果的预测价值

抗病毒治疗是慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)治疗的关键。聚乙二醇干扰素(PEG-IFN)兼有抗病毒和免疫调节作用,停药后可使30%~40%患者发生HBe Ag血清学转换实现持续病毒学应答。许多研究表明HBs Ag定量可作为PEG-IFN抗HBV疗效预测指标,以及停药后持久免疫控制的预测指标。综述了PEG-IFN在CHB抗病毒治疗前、治疗过程中及治疗结束时HBs Ag水平与抗病毒治疗的关系,以阐明HBs Ag定量监测对PEG-IFN治疗CHB的意义,更好的指导和调整抗病毒治疗方案。     

聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患儿的疗效观察

目的研究聚乙二醇干扰素(PEG-IFN)α-2a治疗HBe Ag阳性的慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患儿的疗效。方法随机入组的来自昆明市第三人民医院31例2~16岁儿童CHB患儿,按年龄分为小龄组(2~6岁,n=17)及大龄组(7~16岁,n=14)。所有患儿均接受PEG-IFNα-2a治疗(首剂104μg/m2,1次/周,逐渐增加剂量至135μg/周),疗程24~72周不等。研究过程中监测ALT、HBV DNA、HBV血清学标志物及HBs Ag定量水平等指标,比较两年龄组在不同时间点的生化学、病毒学、血清学应答,分析疗效与年龄、疗程及治疗过程中HBs Ag定量水平动态变化的关系及安全性。计量资料组间比较采用t检验,计数资料比较采用χ2检验。结果小龄组与大龄组各时间点的生化学、病毒学应答方面差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。治疗24周时小龄组的HBs Ag阴转率明显高于大龄组(41.2%vs 7.1%;χ2=4.644,P<0.05);治疗52及72周时小龄组的HBs Ag定量水平分别为129.22±78.99和51.80±31.54 IU/ml;大龄组患儿52及72周HBs Ag定量水平分别为4677.12±2557.85和1031.37±546.37 IU/ml,与基线相比小龄组患儿52及72周HBs Ag定量水平下降幅度显著高于大龄组,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为2.25、2.23,P值均<0.05)。治疗52周,小龄组与大龄组HBV DNA阴转率、HBe Ag阴转率、HBe Ag血清学转换率、HBs Ag清除率与血清学转换率均有增加的趋势,但差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。延长治疗至72周的患儿HBV DNA阴转率100%,HBe Ag血清学转换率为80%,HBs Ag血清学转换率为60%。25例停药随访的患儿均无复发。研究中常见的不良反应为流感样症状、血象改变、食欲下降。治疗前后身高、体质量与同龄儿童差异无统计学意义。结论对于小儿CHB而言,PEG-IFNα-2a是可选治疗方案,PEG-IFNα-2a的疗效与患儿年龄和疗程有关。年龄越小,HBs Ag定量水平下降幅度越大,HBs Ag阴转率越高;延长疗程可提高疗效。治疗过程中HBs Ag定量水平变化具有预测疗效的价值。儿童应用安全性较好。     

IFN-α 1b治疗核苷（酸）类似物经治未达满意终点的CHB多中心疗效分析

目的评估序贯联合重组人干扰素α1b（IFN-α1b）治疗核苷（酸）类似物（NAs）经治HBe Ag阳性CHB患者48周的疗效与安全性。方法 159例NAs治疗12-36个月HBV DNA检测不到但未发生血清学应答的HBe Ag阳性CHB患者,77例接受序贯联合IFN-α1b治疗48周,82例继续NAs单药治疗48周。基线和治疗期间每12周进行生物化学、病毒学和血清学评估。计量资料采用t检验,计数资料采用χ^2检验。结果治疗48周,试验组HBe Ag低于检测下限和转换率分别为21.74%和20.29%,对照组HBe Ag低于检测下限和转换率分别为5.63%和5.63%,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=7.738、6.709,P〈0.05）。试验组和对照组HBs Ag清除率分别为7.25%和0%,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=5.335,P〈0.05）。试验组和对照组病毒学反弹率分别为0%和4.22%,差异无统计学意义（χ^2=2.979,P〉0.05）。无论是试验组还是对照组,HBs Ag基线水平高的患者（〉2000 IU/ml）的HBe Ag血清学转换率高于基线水平低（≤2000 IU/ml）的患者;差异无统计学意义（χ^2=2.833、0.147,P〉0.05）。HBs Ag下降幅度与HBe Ag下降幅度具有相关性（r=0.606）。NAs基础治疗时间可能对序贯联合干扰素后的HBe Ag低于检测下限和转换有一定影响,但无论基础治疗时间长短,序贯联合干扰素均可增加HBe Ag应答率。结论序贯联合IFN-α1b有助于提高NAs经治未达满意治疗终点的HBe Ag阳性CHB患者的血清学应答率。     

基线HBsAg水平对聚乙二醇干扰素α-2 b治疗慢性乙型肝炎效果的预测价值

目的评估基线HBsAg定量值对聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b(PEG-IFNα-2b)治疗低水平HBsAg慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者HBsAg清除的预测价值。方法选取2016年3月-2018年9月于吉林省肝胆病医院接受核苷酸类似物治疗达到HBV DNA20 IU/ml、ALT水平正常、0.05 IU/mlHBsAg定量1500 IU/ml,序贯PEG-IFNα-2b治疗的HBeAg阴性CHB患者51例。收集基线及治疗12、24、36、48周时血清HBsAg定量、抗-HBs定量、HBV DNA定量、ALT检测结果。治疗48周时,出现HBsAg清除为应答组(19例),HBsAg未清除为非应答组(32例)。非正态分布的计量资料两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。采用受试者工作曲线(ROC曲线)分析基线HBsAg定量对治疗48周HBsAg清除的预测价值。结果 PEG-INFα-2b治疗48周时HBsAg清除19例(37.25%),其中基线HBsAg定量≤10 IU/ml者7例、10 IU/mlHBsAg定量≤100 IU/ml者9例、100 IU/mlHBsAg定量≤500 IU/ml、500 IU/mlHBsAg定量≤1000 IU/ml及1000 IU/mlHBsAg定量≤1500 IU/ml各1例; HBsAg血清学转换8例(15.69%),其中10 IU/L抗-HBs≤100 IU/L 4例,100 IU/L抗-HBs≤500 IU/L 3例,抗-HBs500 IU/L 1例。应答组基线HBsAg定量明显低于非应答组[16.38(2.25～61.62) IU/ml vs 363.73(110.14～927.72) IU/ml],差异有统计学意义(Z=-4.442,P0.001)。治疗12、24周两组血清ALT水平均升高,应答组与非应答组比较差异有统计学意义[82.00(55.00～123.00) U/L vs49.00(34.00～65.00) U/L、78.00 (46.00～88.00) U/L vs 48.08 (29.79～71.75) U/L,Z值分别为-2.286、-2.617,P值均0.05]。PEG-INFα-2b治疗12、24周时,应答组HBsAg水平下降幅度明显高于非应答组[91.77 (49.62～99.28)%vs 44.03(15.75～68.90)%,99.00(98.00～100.00)%vs 77.94(37.02～89.60)%,Z值分别为-3.312、-5.100,P值均0.05]。停药随访24周19例HBsAg清除者均维持应答,HBsAg血清学转换7例。ROC曲线分析结果显示,基线HBsAg水平可预测治疗48周HBsAg的清除率,其最佳预测值为86.36 IU/ml,ROC曲线下面积为0.875(95%可信区间:0.764～0.986),敏感度和特异度分别为84.4%和84.2%。阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为84.21%和84.37%。结论核苷酸类似物经治的HBs Ag低水平(≤100 IU/ml)的CHB患者,序贯PEG-INFα-2b治疗能够明显提高HBs Ag清除和血清学转换,特别是治疗早期HBs Ag降幅明显、ALT水平明显升高者,有助于治疗48周HBs Ag的清除。基线HBs Ag定量86.36 IU/ml可预测48周HBs Ag的清除。     

HBV相关肝细胞癌防治进展

HBV相关肝细胞癌(HCC)占目前中国大陆HCC总数的63.9%,HBV通过直接和间接致癌作用2个途径导致HCC产生或复发,理论上抗病毒治疗可以减少或推迟HCC的发生。核苷(酸)类似物(NAs)具有明确的循证医学证据可以减少HCC发生,最新研究提出聚乙二醇干扰素(PEG-IFN)的二级预防作用优于NAs;数据显示NAs可以有效降低治愈性手术后HCC的累积复发率,而IFN的应用可以延长患者的总生存期。HBV相关HCC的二级/三级预防应重视以下2点:重视IFN/PEG-IFN在慢性乙型肝炎患者中的合理应用,将HBV DNA20 IU/ml和HBs Ag1000 IU/ml作为治疗的长期控制目标。在抗病毒时代应个体化应用2类抗病毒药物,把HCC的发生率和复发率降到最低。     

经治慢性乙型肝炎低病毒血症患者人群特征及其相关影响因素：一项单中心横断面回顾性研究

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者核苷(酸)类似物(NAs)经治发生持续或间歇性低病毒血症(LLV)可能的相关人群特征及其临床影响因素。方法单中心对接受NAs治疗≥(48±2)周的门诊CHB患者进行回顾性分析。依据治疗(48±2)周血清乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA载量进行研究分组:LLV组(20 IU/ml相似文献   

HBsAg定量检测对慢性重型乙型肝炎患者预后的预测价值

目的探索HBs Ag定量对慢性重型乙型肝炎患者预后的预测价值。方法回顾性分析2012年1月~(-2)015年8月吉林大学第一医院收治的慢性HBV感染的重型肝炎患者61例,并随访患者90 d。患者血清HBs Ag水平通过微粒子发光法检测。受试者工作特征曲线用于选取HBs Ag的临界值,据此将患者分为4组:HBs Ag1.63 log10IU/ml组、1.63 log10IU/ml~2.61 log10IU/ml组、2.61 log10IU/ml~3.62 log10IU/ml组和HBs Ag3.62 log10IU/ml组。计量资料多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis检验,2组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料组间比较采用Fisher精确检验。多组间生存曲线比较采用log-rank检验。Cox单因素和多因素回归用于分析与慢性重型乙型肝炎预后相关的因素,获得每个变量的风险比(HR)。相关性比较采用Spearman相关分析。结果4组患者的生存时间差异有统计学意义(χ~2=18.261,P0.001)。HBs Ag1.63 log10IU/ml组的90 d生存率显著低于2.61log10IU/ml~3.62 log10IU/ml组(χ~2=10.283,P=0.001)和HBs Ag3.62 log10IU/ml组(χ~2=17.236,P0.001)。Cox多因素回归分析结果显示:HBs Ag[HR=0.562,95%可信区间(95%CI):0.364~0.870,P=0.010]、血尿素氮(HR=1.111,95%CI:1.042~1.185,P=0.001)、肝性脑病(HR=4.123,95%CI:1.729~9.830,P=0.001)和MELD评分(HR=1.093,95%CI:1.024~1.166,P=0.007)是影响慢性重型乙型肝炎患者90 d生存率的独立因素。HBs Ag与HBV DNA呈低度正相关(r=0.326,P=0.01)。结论血清HBs Ag水平为预测慢性重型乙型肝炎预后的重要因子。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。