术前影像学检查评估胰腺肿瘤可切除性的价值

目的探讨胰腺癌可切除性的术前评估。方法通过回顾性分析患者术前的CT、MRI、MRCP等影像学资料,对1990年6月至2006年6月间115例胰腺癌患者进行术前可切除性评估。结果本组115例,有29例术前判断为无法切除,86例可切除;术中实际行胰十二指肠切除术的病例为78例,未能手术切除的病例为37例。CT等影像学检查术前判断肿瘤可切除的阳性预测值为87.2%（75/86）,阴性预测值为89.7%（26/29）,准确性为87.8%（101/115）。结论胰腺癌术前可切除性判断,既可提高手术切除率,降低手术风险,减少术后并发症及病死率;同时可避免不必要的手术给患者带来的侵害,提高患者的生活质量。     

术前影像学检查评估胰腺肿瘤可切除性的价值

目的 探讨胰腺癌可切除性的术前评估.方法 通过回顾性分析患者术前的CT、MRI、MRCP等影像学资料,对1990年6月至2006年6月间115例胰腺癌患者进行术前可切除性评估.结果 本组115例,有29例术前判断为无法切除,86例可切除;术中实际行胰十二指肠切除术的病例为78例,未能手术切除的病例为37例.CT等影像学检查术前判断肿瘤可切除的阳性预测值为87.2%(75/86),阴性预测值为89.7%(26/29),准确性为87.8%(101/115).结论 胰腺癌术前可切除性判断,既可提高手术切除率,降低手术风险,减少术后并发症及病死率;同时可避免不必要的手术给患者带来的侵害,提高患者的生活质量.     

多层螺旋CT对胰腺癌血管侵犯的可切除性评价标准探讨

目的 探讨不同标准对胰腺癌血管侵犯的判断作用.方法 回顾性分析经手术证实的56例胰腺癌MSCT图像,对胰腺周围5支大血管分别按照Loyer等、Lu等及长海医院标准评价各支血管的侵犯程度及肿瘤可切除性.以手术结果 为金标准,统计各标准评价的准确性,并计算其与手术间的Kappa系数.结果 Loyer等分型标准判断肿瘤可切除性的正确率、敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为86.79%、86.27%、86.90%、59.46%和96.60%,Kappa系数为0.623;Lu等分级法判断肿瘤可切除性的正确率、敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为93.21%、84.31%、95.20%、79.63%和96.46%,Kappa系数为0.777;长海医院标准判断肿瘤可切除性的正确率、敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为95.36%、84.31%、97.82%、89.58%和96.55%,Kappa系数为0.841.结论 长海医院标准对胰腺癌血管侵犯的评价是切实可行的.     

儿童肝脏肿瘤的影像学诊断

原发性儿童肝脏肿瘤并不罕见,儿童肝脏恶性肿瘤发生率位居儿童腹部恶性肿瘤第3位,具有恶性率高,先天性肿瘤多见和好发年龄明显的特点。而且儿童肝脏肿瘤无特异性临床表现,发病隐匿、肿瘤病灶体积大、病理类型多、发生部位复杂,与成人相比处理更为困难。对小儿肝脏肿瘤的影像诊断进行了综合阐述,指出随着影像医学的迅猛发展,影像学检查在明确肝脏肿瘤的发生部位、提示肿瘤良恶性及肿瘤分级方面具有越来越重要的参考价值。     

胰腺癌可切除性的预测

近年来 ,由于治疗技术的发展 ,内支撑治疗、姑息性放、化疗及腹腔镜手术等可很好地代替不能切除胰头癌的姑息手术 ,可减少患者痛苦 ,提高生存质量。因此术前对胰头癌可切除性的正确判断并确定最佳治疗方案已显得愈来愈重要。随着影像学技术的发展 ,通过影像学检查术前对胰腺癌患者进行手术可切除性的评估越来越受到重视。1　螺旋 CT扫描螺旋 CT双期扫描能有效利用对比剂增强作用 ,通过三维重建很好地显示肿瘤的形态特征及其与周围血管的关系 ,反映其侵犯转移征象 ,发现远处转移性 ,准确地预测肿瘤病灶的可切除性。若与彩色多普勒血流显像…     

多层螺旋CT三维血管重建对胰腺癌可切除性的术前评价

对胰腺癌患者进行术前多层螺旋CT（MSCT）检查和三维血管重建,将图像进行容积重建（VR）、多平面重建（MPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）等处理,显示胰腺癌对周围血管的侵犯情况,通过手术结果进行分析对比。结果接受手术治疗的78例中,术前综合评估不能切除的40例,36例手术无法切除,准确度为90％;手术前综合评估能切除的38例,实际切除29例,准确度为76％。认为术前MSCT对胰腺癌患者进行三维血管重建,对胰腺癌术前可切除性评估有重要的临床意义。     

MSCT重建技术在胰腺癌术前评估中的应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）重建技术在胰腺癌手术可切除性评估中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析35例经手术证实的胰腺癌患者的多期增强CT图像及包括容积重建（VR）、多平面重建（MPR）、曲面重建（CPR）等的后处理方法,重点观察胰腺肿瘤与周围结构、邻近血管、胆管的关系,进行肿瘤能否手术切除的评估,并与实际手术的结果进行对比.结果 35例患者中9例共27支血管受侵犯;19例总胆管、12例胰管受侵犯;7例十二指肠受侵,2例胃后壁受侵,1例脾肿大伴区域性门脉高压;14例次胰头周围淋巴结肿大,4例次腹主动脉旁淋巴结肿大,3例肝转移.CT术前评估手术可切除21例,最终19例行胰腺癌根治术,2例行姑息术;术前评估手术不可切除14例,均行姑息术.根治术、姑息术术前评估与术后结果符合率分别为90％、88％.结论 MSCT重建技术能提高对胰腺癌局部侵犯、转移的诊断,可提高对肿瘤可切除性的评估.     

MRI联合MRA和MRCP对胰腺癌的诊断及术前分期

胰腺癌的早期诊断极为困难,约50%患者确诊时已有远处转移,35%患者肿瘤呈局部浸润性改变[1].外科手术为目前唯一可能治愈胰腺癌的治疗手段.     

螺旋CT双期扫描对胰腺癌可切除性的研究

目的探讨胰腺癌在螺旋CT双期扫描图上的CT特征;术前评估肿瘤的可切除性.方法68例经手术和(或)病理证实的胰腺癌,增强扫描按(1～1.5)mL/kg体重静脉注射总量为75mL～100mL的造影剂,(2.5～3)mL/s,动脉期和门静脉期的分别为18s～20s,60s～70s,层厚3mm～5mm,pitch1～1.5;重建间隔2.5mm～4.8mm.结果术前判断为可切除的胰腺癌,手术符合率为75%;术前判断为不可切除的胰腺癌,手术符合率为95.8%.结论螺旋CT双期扫描在显示胰周血管受累;邻近器官的侵犯;肿瘤的大小、形态和范围;肝转移及淋巴结转移方面具有明显的优势,提高了胰腺癌患者肿瘤可切除的预见性.     

胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤15例影像学分析

目的提高胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤的诊断水平。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的15例浆液性囊腺瘤的CT(10例)和MRI(5例)特点。结果肿瘤最大径2.1～7.2 cm,平均4.6 cm;微囊型10例,由大量微囊(直径<2 cm)组成伴纤维间隔,呈蜂窝状或海绵状外观;寡囊型2例,由少数(个数<6)和大囊(直径>2 cm)构成,伴少许纤维间隔;混合型3例,内部表现同微囊型,伴周围大囊(直径>2 cm)。15例肿瘤均呈分叶状,边界清楚,5例中央见星芒状瘢痕组织,1例伴钙化。肿瘤囊壁薄(厚度<2 mm),囊内纤维间隔(厚度<3 mm)及中央瘢痕呈延迟强化。结论胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤CT和MRI表现具有一定特征性。分叶状、边界清楚的分房状肿物伴间隔延迟强化为其影像学特征性表现。     

Evaluation of preoperative staging in advanced gastric cancer with MRI

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State-of-the-art preoperative staging of gastric cancer by MDCT and magnetic resonance imaging

Gastric cancer is one of the most common and fatal cancers.The importance of accurate staging for gastric cancer has become more critical due to the recent introduction of less invasive treatment options,such as endoscopic mucosal resection or laparoscopic surgery.The tumor-node-metastasis staging system is the generally accepted staging system for predicting the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer.Multidetector row computed tomography(MDCT)is a widely accepted imaging modality for the preoperative staging of gastric cancer that can simultaneously assess locoregional staging,including the gastric mass,regional lymph nodes,and distant metastasis.The diagnostic performance of MDCT for T-and N-staging has been improved by the technical development of isotropic imaging and 3D reformation.Although magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)was not previously used to evaluate gastric cancer due to the modality’s limitations,the development of high-speed sequences has made MRI a feasible tool for the staging of gastric cancer.     

MRI检查在直肠癌诊断与术前分期的应用研究

目的探讨3.0T MRI对直肠癌患者术前判断T、N分期以及测量直肠肿瘤下缘与肛缘间曲线距离的准确性。 方法经术前肠镜活检病理证实为直肠癌的患者53例,于术前行MRI扫描,进行T、N分期并测量肿瘤下缘与肛缘间的距离。以术后病理结果为标准,验证3.0T MRI评价肿瘤T、N分期的准确性;用MRI测量出的肿瘤下缘与肛缘曲线的距离与手术标本测量的结果相比较,找出两种结果的相关性。 结果MRI对直肠癌患者T、N分期判定的准确率分别为83.1%、67.9%,统计学分析显示与病理结果有较好的一致性。MRI测量肿瘤下缘与肛缘的曲线距离与手术标本测得的数值无明显统计学差异。 结论MRI对直肠癌患者术前T、N分期的判定以及测量肿瘤下缘与肛缘间的曲线距离有较高的准确性,对术前治疗及手术方式的选择有很好的指导意义。     

Pre-operative staging of rectal cancer: a review of imaging techniques

Introduction: The treatment of rectal cancer has diversified in recent years, presenting the clinician and patient with increasingly challenging management decisions. At the heart of this decision-making process are two competing interests; more radical but more morbid treatments which optimize oncological outcome, and less radical treatments which preserve organs and function but may pose a greater risk of disease recurrence.

Areas covered: Imaging plays a vital role informing this decision-making process, both by providing prognostic details about the cancer before the start of treatment and by updating this picture as the cancer responds or fails to respond to treatment. There is a range of available imaging modalities, each with its strengths and weaknesses. Optimizing rectal cancer treatment requires a clear understanding of the important questions that imaging needs to answer and the optimum imaging strategy.

Expert Commentary: This article provides an evidence-based review of the available imaging techniques and an expert commentary on the best imaging strategy.     

术前应用MRI评估直肠癌T分期的价值

目的探讨影响MRI术前评价直肠癌T分期的准确性的相关因素,比较不同影响因素对MRI术前评价直肠癌T分期的准确性的影响。 方法回顾性分析哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院结直肠肿瘤外科2011年8月至2014年4月收治入院的60例患者,所选取的病例术前均行盆腔MRI检查且术后病理证实为直肠癌,实施手术方式为直肠癌扩大根治术(AR)或直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术(APR),不伴有多发癌、同时性癌及异时性癌,病例资料完善,比较术前MRI评价直肠癌T分期与病理T分期的一致性及MRI判定的准确性。并进行相关影响因素的分析。对1例离体直肠标本行MRI扫描,将其影像结果与术前MRI进行对比。 结果术前MRI诊断直肠癌T分期中,总例数为60例,诊断与病理T分期一致的例数为52例,总体准确率为86.67%。对纳入的影响MRI术前评价直肠癌T分期的准确性的相关因素,进行单因素分析显示,BMI和肿瘤最大直径有统计学意义(P<0.0001),直肠系膜浸润程度(D1/D0)、年龄、肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤距离肛缘的距离、术前CEA、CA199、性别、病理回报的神经侵犯、血管瘤栓、淋巴管瘤栓、淋巴结转移数目、术前贫血、手术方式无统计学意义(P>0.05),进行多元logistic逐步回归分析,BMI的P值为0.0012,有统计学意义;肿瘤最大直径的P值为0.0981,无统计学意义。统计分析BMI和D1/D0的P值,P值为0.5509,无统计学意义。离体直肠1例标本进行MRI扫描与术前MRI影像吻合。 结论术前MRI评价直肠癌T分期的诊断准确率高,一致性强,应用价值高。BMI越小,术前MRI评价直肠癌T分期的诊断准确率可能越高。     

Preoperative staging and evaluation of resectability in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Background

Cancer of the pancreas is a common disease, but the large majority of patients have tumours that are irresectable at the time of diagnosis. Moreover, patients whose tumours are clearly beyond surgical cure are best treated non-operatively, if possible, by relief of biliary obstruction and percutaneous biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and then consideration of oncological treatment, notably chemotherapy. These facts underline the importance of a standard protocol for the preoperative determination of operability (is it worth operating?) and resectability (is there a chance that the tumour can be removed?). Recent years have seen the advent of many new techniques, both radiological and endoscopic, for the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer. It would be impracticable in time and cost to submit every patient to every test. This review will evaluate the available techniques and offer a possible algorithm for use in routine clinical practice.

Discussion

In deciding whether to operate with a view to resecting a pancreatic cancer, the surgeon must take into account factors related to the patient, the tumour and the institution and team entrusted with the patient''s care. Patient-related factors include age, general health, pain and the presence or absence of malnutrition and an acute phase inflammatory response. Tumour-related factors include tumour size and evidence of spread, whether to adjacent organs (notably major blood vessels) or further afield. Hospital-related factors chiefly concern the volume of pancreatic cancer treated and thus the experience of the whole team. Determination of resectability is heavily dependent upon detailed imaging. Nowadays conventional ultrasonography can be supplemented by endoscopic, laparoscopic and intra-operative techniques. Computed tomography (CT) remains the single most useful staging modality, but MRI continues to improve. PET scanning may demonstrate unsuspected metastases and likewise laparoscopy. Diagnostic cholangiography can be performed more easily by MR techniques than by endoscopy, but ERCP is still valuable for preoperative biliary decompression in appropriate patients. The role of angiography has declined. Percutaneous biopsy and peritoneal cytology are not usually required in patients with an apparently resectable tumour. The prognostic value of tumour marker levels and bone marrow biopsy is yet to be established. Preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiation may have a role in down-staging an irresectable tumour sufficiently to render it resectable. Selective use of diagnostic laparoscopy staging is potentially helpful in determination of resectability. Laparotomy remains the definitive method for determining the resectability of pancreatic cancer, with or without portal vein resection, and should be undertaken in suitable patients without clear-cut evidence of irresectability.     

Imaging diagnosis of pancreatic cancer:A state-of-the-art review

Pancreatic cancer(PC)remains one of the deadliest cancers worldwide,and has a poor,five-year survival rate of 5%.Although complete surgical resection is the only curative therapy for pancreatic cancer,less than20%of newly-diagnosed patients undergo surgical resection with a curative intent.Due to the lack of early symptoms and the tendency of pancreatic adenocarcinoma to invade adjacent structures or to metastasize at an early stage,many patients with pancreatic cancer already have advanced disease at the time of their diagnosis and,therefore,there is a high mortality rate.To improve the patient survival rate,early detection of PC is critical.The diagnosis of PC relies on computed tomography(CT)and/or magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography(MRCP),or biopsy or fine-needle aspiration using endoscopic ultrasound(EUS).Although multi-detector row computed tomography currently has a major role in the evaluation of PC,MRI with MRCP facilitates better detection of tumors at an early stage by allowing a comprehensive analysis of the morphological changes of the pancreas parenchyma and pancreatic duct.The diagnosis could be improved using positron emission tomography techniques in special conditions in which CT and EUS are not completely diagnostic.It is essential for clinicians to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the various pancreatic imaging modalities in order to be able to make optimal treatment and management decisions.Our study investigates the current role and innovative techniques of pancreatic imaging focused on the detection of pancreatic cancer.     

Magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of pancreatic neoplasms

Recently, with the rapid scanning time and improved image quality, outstanding advances in magnetic resonance (MR) methods have resulted in an increase in the use of MRI for patients with a variety of pancreatic neoplasms. MR multi-imaging protocol, which includes MR cross-sectional imaging, MR cholangiopancreatography and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR angiography, integrates the advantages of various special imaging techniques. The non-invasive all-in-one MR multi-imaging techniques may provide the comprehensive information needed for the preoperative diagnosis and evaluation of pancreatic neoplasms. Pancreatic neoplasms include primary tumors and pancreatic metastases. Primary tumors of the pancreas may be mainly classified as ductal adenocarcinomas, cystic tumors and islet cell tumors (ICT). Pancreatic adenocarcinomas can be diagnosed in a MRI study depending on direct evidence or both direct and indirect evidence. The combined MRI features of a focal pancreatic mass, pancreatic duct dilatation and parenchymal atrophy are highly suggestive of a ductal adenocarcinoma. Most cystic neoplasms of the pancreas are either microcystic adenomas or mucinous cystic neoplasms. Intraductal papillary mucinous tumors are the uncommon low-grade malignancy of the pancreatic duct. ICT are rare neoplasms arising from neuroendocrine cells in the pancreas or the periampullary region. ICT are classified as functioning and non-functioning. The most frequent tumors to metastasize to the pancreas are cancers of the breast, lung, kidney and melanoma. The majority of metastases present as large solitary masses with well-defined margins.